Electric Steering System Full Report

8/13/2019 Electric Steering System Full Report

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teeringSteeringis the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc.which will allow a vessel(ship, boat) or vehicle(car, motorcycle, bicycle) to

follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transportby whichrail trackscombined together with railroad switches(and also known as'points' in ritish !nglish) provide the steering function.

"art of car steering mechanism# tie rod, steering arm, king pinaxis (using ball $oints).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suspension.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft


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Contents

1 &ntroduction % heeled vehicle steering

o %.1 asic geometry

o %.% ack and pinion, recirculating ball, worm and sector

o %. "ower steering

o %.* +peed Ad$ustable +teering

o %. -ourwheel steering

%..1 ecent application

%..% "roduction cars with active four wheel steering

o %./ Articulated steering

o %.0 ear wheel steering

o %. +teerbywire

o %.2 +afety

o %.13 4ycles

+hip and boat steering

* +ee also

eferences

/ !xternal links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Introductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Wheeled_vehicle_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Basic_geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Rack_and_pinion.2C_recirculating_ball.2C_worm_and_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Speed_Adjustable_Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Four-wheel_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Recent_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Production_cars_with_active_four_wheel_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Articulated_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Rear_wheel_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Steer-by-wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Cycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Ship_and_boat_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Introductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Wheeled_vehicle_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Basic_geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Rack_and_pinion.2C_recirculating_ball.2C_worm_and_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Speed_Adjustable_Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Four-wheel_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Recent_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Production_cars_with_active_four_wheel_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Articulated_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Rear_wheel_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Steer-by-wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Safetyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Cycleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Ship_and_boat_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering#External_links


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Introduction5he most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the frontwheelsusing a hand6operated steering wheelwhich is positioned

in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may containuniversal $oints(which may also be part of the collapsible steeringcolumn design), to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straightline. 7ther arrangements are sometimes found on different typesof vehicles, for example, a tilleror rear6wheel steering.5rackedvehiclessuch as tanks usually employ differential steering8 thatis, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even inopposite directions to bring about a change of course.

Wheeled vehicle steeringBasic geometry

5he basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointingin the desired directions. 5his is typically achieved by a series oflinkages, rods, pivots and gears. 7ne of the fundamental conceptsis that of caster angle each wheel is steered with a pivot pointahead of the wheel9 this makes the steering tend to be selfcentering towards the direction travel.

Ackermann steering geometry

5he steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheelsusually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry,to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actuallytravelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracked_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracked_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caster_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_jointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracked_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracked_vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caster_anglehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometry


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the degree of toesuitable for driving in a straight path is notsuitable for turns.

Rack and pinion, recirculating ball, worm and sector

ack and pinion animation

ack and pinion unit mounted in the cockpit of an Ariel Atomsports car chassis. -or most high volume production, this isusually mounted on the other side of this panel

:any modern cars use rack and pinionsteering mechanisms,where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear9 the pinion moves

the rack, which is a linear gear that meshes with the pinion,converting circular motion into linear motion along the transverseaxis of the car (side to side motion). 5his motion applies steeringtor;ueto the swivel pin ball $oints that replaced previously usedkingpinsof the stub axle of the steered wheels via tie rodsand ashort leverarm called the steering arm.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe_(automotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_and_pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingpin_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_rodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WrightspeedStearingRack4888.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rack_and_pinion_animation.gifhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toe_(automotive)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_and_pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingpin_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tie_rodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lever


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5he rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degreeof feedback and direct steering


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to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on thefront of the steering wheel, rather than wrapping around theinside of the rim. 5his effect is even stronger with a heavy vehiclelike a truck9 recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of

feedback, $ust as it prevents desirable feedback under normalcircumstances.

5he worm and sector was an older design, used for example inillys and 4hrysler vehicles, and the -ord -alcon (12/3s).

7ther systems for steering exist, but are uncommon on roadvehicles. 4hildren's toys and go kartsoften use a very directlinkage in the form of a bell crank(also commonly known as a"itman arm) attached directly between the steering column and

the steering arms, and the use of cableoperated steeringlinkages (e.g. the 4apstan and owstringmechanism) is alsofound on some homebuilt vehicles such as soapbox carsandrecumbent tricycles.

Power steering"ower steering assists the driver of an automobile in steering bydirecting a portion of the vehicle's power to traverse the axis ofone or more of the road wheels. As vehicles have become heavierand switched to front wheel drive, particularly using negativeoffset geometry, along with increases in tire width and diameter,the effort needed to turn the steering wheel manually hasincreased 8 often to the point where ma$or physical exertion isre;uired. 5o alleviate this, auto makershave developed powersteeringsystems# or more correctly powerassisted steering 8 onroad going vehicles there has to be a mechanical linkage as afailsafe. 5here are two types of power steering systems8hydraulic and electric=electronic. A hydraulicelectric hybrid

system is also possible.

A hydraulic power steering(>"+) uses hydraulic pressure suppliedby an enginedriven pump to assist the motion of turning thesteering wheel. !lectric power steering(!"+) is more efficientthan the hydraulic power steering, since the electric powersteering motor only needs to provide assistance when the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_karthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellcrankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitman_armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_and_Bowstringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapbox_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recumbent_tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_makerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_karthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellcrankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitman_armhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capstan_and_Bowstringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soapbox_carhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recumbent_tricyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_wheel_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_makerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_steering


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steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must runconstantly. &n !"+, the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicletype, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit isthe elimination of environmental ha?ard posed by leakage and

disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid. Also in the event of theengine cutting out, assist will not be lost whereas hydraulic willstop working, as well as making the steering doubly heavy as thedriver has to turn the powerassist mechanism on top of thesteering system itself.

peed Adjustable teeringAn outgrowth of power steering is speed ad$ustable steering,where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightlyassisted at high speed. 5he auto makers perceive that motoristsmight need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering forparking, but not while traveling at high speed. 5he first vehiclewith this feature was the 4itro@n +:with its iravilayout,although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in

modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on acentering cam which made the steering wheel try to


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+ierra enali with Buadra steer, rear steering angle

&n most activefourwheel steering systems, the rear wheels aresteered by a computer and actuators. 5he rear wheels generallycannot turn as far as the front wheels. +ome systems, includingelphi's Buadra steerand the system in >onda's "relude line,allow the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction asthe front wheels during low speeds. 5his allows the vehicle to turnin a significantly smaller radius 8 sometimes critical for largetrucksor tractors and vehicles with trailers.

:any modern vehicles offer a form ofpassiverear steering tocounteract normal vehicle tendencies. -or example, +ubaru useda passive steering system to correct for the rear wheel's tendency

to toeout. 7n many vehicles, when cornering, the rear wheelstend to steer slightly to the outside of a turn, which can reducestability. 5he passive steering system uses the lateral forcesgenerated in a turn (through suspension geometry) and thebushingsto correct this tendency and steer the wheels slightly tothe inside of the corner. 5his improves the stability of the car,through the turn. 5his effect is called compliance under steerandit, or its opposite, is present on all suspensions. 5ypical methodsof achieving compliance under steer are to use a att's Cinkon alive rear axle, or the use of toe control bushings on a twist beamsuspension. 7n an independent rear suspensionit is normallyachieved by changing the rates of the rubber bushings in thesuspension. +ome suspensions will always have compliance oversteerdue to geometry, such as >otchkiss live axlesor a semitrailing arm &+.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrasteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushing_(isolator)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understeerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt's_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist-beam_rear_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist-beam_rear_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_rear_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_drivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quadrasteer61.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrasteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_truckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushing_(isolator)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understeerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt's_linkagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist-beam_rear_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist-beam_rear_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_rear_suspensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversteerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive


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Recent application&n an active fourwheel steering system, all four wheels turn atthe same time when the driver steers. 5here can be controls to

switch off the rear steer and options to steer only the rear wheelindependent of the front wheels. At slow speeds (e.g.parking) therear wheels turn opposite of the front wheels, reducing theturning radius by up to twentyfive percent, while at higherspeeds both front and rear wheels turn alike (electronicallycontrolled), so that the vehicle may change position with lessyaw, enhancing straightline stability. 5he


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: 0+eries (%332 onwards, part of sport package)

4hevrolet +ilverado (%33%6%33) (high and low speed)

!fini :+2 (high and low speed)

D:4 +ierra (%33%%33) (high and low speed)

D:4 +ierra enali (%33%%33*) (high and low speed)

>onda "relude (high and low speed, mechanical from 120to 1221, computeri?ed from 122%%331)

>onda Accord (1221) (high and low speed, mechanical)

>onda ascot innova (122%) (high and low speed, full turn)

&nfiniti -F3 A (option on +ports package) (%336"resent)(high and low speed, fully electronic)

&nfiniti D +edan (option on +port models) (%3306"resent)(high speed onlyG)

&nfiniti D 4oupe (option on +port models) (%33/6"resent)(high speed only)

&nfiniti D0

&nfiniti H3t (touring package) (1226122*)

&nfiniti : (option on +port models) (%33/6"resent) (highspeed onlyG)

&nfiniti :* (option on +port models) (%33/6"resent) (highspeed onlyG)

&nfiniti B*t (1226122*) (high speed onlyG)

:a?da 2%2 (122%6122)(computeri?ed, high and low speed)(all models)

:a?da /%/ (12) (high and low speed)

:a?da :F/ (12261220) (high and low speed)

:a?da F0 (optional, computeri?ed, high and low speed)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_7-Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Silveradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efini_MS-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Sierrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GMC_Sierra_Denali&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GMC_Sierra_Denali&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Preludehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Accordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_ascot_innova&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infiniti_FX50_AWD&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_G37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_J30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_M35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_M45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_Q45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_929http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_626http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_MX-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_RX-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_7-Serieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Silveradohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efini_MS-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_Sierrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GMC_Sierra_Denali&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Preludehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Accordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_ascot_innova&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infiniti_FX50_AWD&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_Ghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_G37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_J30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_M35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_M45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infiniti_Q45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_929http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_626http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_MX-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_RX-7


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:a?da !unos 33 (122/6%33) (7ptional, computeri?ed, highand low speed)

:itsubishi Dalant=+igma (high speed only)

:itsubishi D57 (also sold as the :itsubishi 333D5 and theodge +tealth) (:echanical) (high speed only)

Iissan 4efiro (A1) (high speed only)

Iissan %*3+F=+ilvia (option on +! models) (high speed only)

Iissan 33JF (all 5win5urbo J% models) (high speed only)

Iissan Caurel (later versions) (high speed only)

Iissan -uga=&nfiniti :(high speed only) Iissan +ilvia (option on all +1 models) (high speed only)

Iissan +kyline D5+, D5+, D5+F (12/) (high speed only)

Iissan +kyline D5 (high and low speed)

enault Caguna (only in D5 version of rd generation whichwas launched 7ctober %330, D5 launched on April %33)

+ubaru Alcyone +KFH: (12216122/) (Hapanese version#


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A front loaderwith articulated steering.

Articulated steering is a system by which a fourwheel drivevehicle is split into front and rear halves which are connected by avertical hinge. 5he front and rear halves are connected with oneor more hydraulic cylindersthat change the angle between the

halves, including the front and rear axles and wheels, thussteering the vehicle. 5his system does not use steering arms, kingpins, tie rods, etc. as does fourwheel steering. &f the verticalhinge is placed e;uidistant between the two axles, it alsoeliminates the need for a central differential, as both front andrear axles will follow the same path, and thus rotate at the samespeed.

Rear wheel steeringA few types of vehicle use rear wheel steering, notably fork lifttrucks, uckminster -uller's ymaxion car, and the5hrust++4.

ear wheel steering can tend to be unstable because in turns thesteering geometry tends to decrease the turn radius (over steer),rather than increase it (under steer). A rear wheel steeredautomobile exhibits nonminimum phasebehavior. &t turns in thedirection opposite of how it is initially steered. A rapid steeringinput will cause two accelerations, first in the direction that the

wheel is steered, and then in the opposite direction# a


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5he aim of steer-by-wiretechnology is to completely do away withas many mechanical components (steering shaft, column, gearreduction mechanism, etc.) as possible. 4ompletely replacingconventional steering system with steerbywire holds several

advantages, such as#

5he absence of steering column simplifies the car interiordesign.

5he absence of steering shaft, column and gear reductionmechanism allows much better space utili?ation in theengine compartment.

5he steering mechanism can be designed and installed as amodular unit.

ithout mechanical connection between the steering wheeland the road wheel, it is less likely that the impact of afrontal crash will force the steering wheel to intrude into thedriver's survival space.

+teering system characteristics can easily and infinitely bead$usted to optimi?e the steering response and feel.

As of %330 there are no production cars available that rely solelyon steerbywire technology due to safety, reliability andeconomic concerns, but this technology has been demonstratedin numerous concept carsand the similar fly-by-wiretechnology isin use in both military and civilian aviation applications. emovingthe mechanical steering linkage in road going vehicles wouldre;uire new legislation in most countries.

a"ety-or safety reasons all modern cars feature a collapsible steeringcolumn (energy absorbing steering column) which will collapse inthe event of a heavy frontal impact to avoid excessive in$uries tothe driver. Airbags are also generally fitted as standard. Ion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steer-by-wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steer-by-wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly-by-wire


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collapsible steering columns fitted to older vehicles very oftenimpaleddrivers in frontal crashes, particularly when the steeringbox or rack was mounted in front of the front axle line, at thefront of the crumple ?one. 5his was particularly a problem on

vehicles that had a rigid separate chassis frame, with no crumple?one. :ost modern vehicle steering boxes=racks are mountedbehind the front axle on the front bulkhead, at the rear of thefront crumple ?one.

Audiused a retractable steering wheel and seat belt tensioningsystem called proconten, but it has since been discontinued infavor of airbags and pyrotechnic seat belt pretensioners.

4ollapsible steering columns were invented by ela arenyiand

was introduced in the 122 :ercedesen? 111-intail, alongwith 4rumple ?ones.

5his safety feature first appeared on cars built by Deneral :otorsafter an extensive and very public lobbyingcampaign enacted byalph Iader.

-ordstarted to install collapsible steering columns in 12/

#ycles+teering is crucial to the stability of bicycles and motorcycles. -ordetails, see articles on bicycle and motorcycle dynamicsandcountersteering.

Steering wheel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumple_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procon-tenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Barenyihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumple_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Naderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countersteeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumple_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procon-tenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bela_Barenyihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W111http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crumple_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_Corporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Naderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_and_motorcycle_dynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countersteering


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A steering wheel(also called a driving wheelor hand wheel

is a type of steering controlin vehiclesand vessels (shipsandboats).

+teering wheels are used in most modern land vehicles, includingall massproduction automobilesas well as light and heavy trucks.

5he steering wheel is the part of the steeringsystem that ismanipulated by the driver9 the rest of the steering systemresponds to such driver inputs. 5his can be through directmechanical contact as in recirculating ballor rack and pinionsteering gears, without or with the assistance of hydraulic powersteering, >"+, or as in some modern production cars with theassistance of computer controlled motors, known as !lectric"ower +teering. ith the introduction of federal vehicle regulation

in the Nnited +tates in 12/, -:K++ 11* re;uired the impairmentof steering wheel rotation, to hinder motor vehicle theft9 in mostvehicles this is accomplished when the ignition keyis removedfrom the ignitionlock. +ee steering lock.

emote car audio controls are often included on the steeringwheels of newer vehicles.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recirculating_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_and_pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_thefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(lock)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_lockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehiclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recirculating_ballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_and_pinionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_thefthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(lock)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_lock


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#ontents 1 >istory % "assenger cars

7ther designs

o .1 an$o steering wheel

* Ad$ustable steering wheels

Nsage

/ uttons and controls on the steering wheel

0 Daming imitations

+ee also

2 Iotes

13 eferences
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Passenger_carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Other_designshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Banjo_steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Banjo_steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Adjustable_steering_wheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Buttons_and_controls_on_the_steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Buttons_and_controls_on_the_steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Gaming_imitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Passenger_carshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Other_designshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Banjo_steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Adjustable_steering_wheelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Usagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Buttons_and_controls_on_the_steering_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Gaming_imitationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#References


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$istory5he first automobiles were steered with a tiller, but in 12* AlfredKacheron took part in the "arisouen race with a "anhard* hpmodel which he had fitted with a steering wheel. 5hat is believedto be one of the earliest employments of the principle.

-rom 12 the "anhard et Cevassor cars were e;uipped asstandard with steering wheels. 4 + ollsintroduced the first car inritain fitted with a steering wheel when he imported a / hp"anhard from -rance in 12. Arthur 4onstantin Orebsreplacedthe tiller with an inclined steering wheel for the "anhard car hedesigned for the "arisAmsterdam race which ran from the 0th to1 Huly 12L*M. &n 122 "ackardused a steering wheel on thesecond car they built. ithin a decade, the steering wheel hadentirely replaced the tiller in automobiles.

Passenger cars

Ion safety steering wheel in a 4hrysler Airflowfrom the 123s.5he steering wheel is rigid and the steering columnis noncollapsible, thus increasing the risk of impalingthe driver in case

of crash

+teering wheels for passenger automobiles are generally circular,and are mounted to the steering columnby a hub connected tothe outer ring of the steering wheel by one or more spokes(singlespoke wheels being a rather rare exception). 7ther types ofvehicles may use the circular design, a butterfly shape, or some
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rollshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Krebshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Airflowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:'34_chrysler_airflow_interior.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rollshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Krebshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Airflowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoke


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other shape. &n countries where cars must drive on the left side ofthe road, the steering wheel is typically on the right side of thecar (righthand drive or >)9 the converse applies in countrieswhere cars drive on the right side of the road (lefthand drive or

C>).

esides its use in steering, the steering wheel is the usuallocation for a button to activate the car's horn. Additionally, manymodern automobiles may have other controls, such as cruisecontroland audio system controls built into the steering wheel tominimi?e the extent to which the driver must take their hands offthe wheel.

&n 12/ in the Nnited +tates regulations (-:K+++tandard Io.

%3*) were edited concerning the acceptable rearward movementof the steering wheel in case of crash. 4ollapsible steeringcolumns were re;uired to meet that +tandard.

"ower steeringgives the driver an easier means by which thesteering of a car can be accomplished. :odern power steering hasalmost universally relied on a hydraulic system, althoughelectrical systemsare steadily replacing this technology.:echanical power steering systems (ex. +tudebaker, 12%) havebeen invented, but their weight and complexity negate thebenefits that they provide.

hile other methods of steering passenger cars have resultedfrom experiments, none have been deployed as successfully asthe steering wheel.

%ther designs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMVSShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_controlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMVSShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_steeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Power_Steering


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A modern -ormula 7necar's steering wheel has buttons andknobs to control various functions as well as gauges and otherimportant items normally found on a ashboard.

5he steering wheel is centrally located on certain highperformance sports cars, such as the :cCaren -1, and in thema$ority of singleseat racing cars.

As a driver may have his hands on the steering wheel for hours ata time these are designed with ergonomicsin mind. >owever, themost important concern is that the driver can effectively conveytor;ue to the steering system9 this is especially important invehicles without power steering or in the rare event of a loss of

steering assist. A typical design for circular steering wheels is asteelor magnesiumrim with a plastic or rubberi?ed grip moldedover and around it. +ome drivers purchase vinyl or textile steeringwheel coversto enhance grip or comfort, or simply as decoration.Another device used to make steering easier is the brodie knob.

A similar device in aircraftis the yoke. ater vessels not steeredfrom a sternmounted tillerare directed with the ship's wheel,which may have inspired the concept of the steering wheel.

Banjo steering wheel
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_F1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel_coverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel_coverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_knobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke_(aircraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship's_wheelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_steering_wheel.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Onehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_F1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel_coverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steering_wheel_coverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodie_knobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke_(aircraft)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship's_wheel


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an$o steering wheel

A an$o +teering heel was an option on many earlyautomobiles. an$o heels predate power steering. 5he wirespokes were a buffer or absorber between the driver's hands andthe drum of the road. :ost were or * spokes made of four or

five wires in each spoke, hence the name


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positions in a inch range. 5he 5ilt and5elescope steering wheelwas introduced as an exclusive option on 4adillacautomobiles in12/.

Adjustable teering #olumn&n contrast, an ad$ustable steering column allows steering wheelheight to be ad$usted with only a small, useful change in tilt. :ostof these systems work with compression locks or electric motorsinstead of ratchet mechanisms9 the latter may be capable ofmoving to a memori?ed position when a given driver uses the car,or of moving up and forward for entry or exit.

wing!away teering Wheel&ntroduced on the 12/1 -ord 5hunderbird, and made available on

other -ordproducts throughout the 12/3s, the +wingawaysteering wheel allowed the steering wheel to move nine inches tothe right when the transmission selector was in "ark, so as tomake driver exit and entry easier.

'sage5he steering wheel should be used with strategic movements ofthe hand and wrist in spinning motions. 4aution and care should

be used to ensure safety of the extremities. 5he constant motionsused must be performed with caution. emember to follow theandy rule< hich states


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%%

5he first button added to the steering wheel was a switch toactivate the car's electric horn. 5raditionally located on thesteering wheel hub or center pad, the horn switch was sometimesplaced on the spokes or activated via a decorative horn ring

which obviated the necessity to move a hand away from the rim.A further development, the im lowsteering wheel, integratedthe horn switch into the steering wheel rim itself.

hen speed controlsystems were introduced in the 12/3s, someautomakers located the operating switches for this feature on thesteering wheel. &n the 1223s, a proliferation of new buttons beganto appear on automobile steering wheels. emote or alternatead$ustments for the audio system, the telephone and voicecontrol, acoustic repetition of the last navigation instruction,

infotainmentsystem, and on boardcomputer functionscan beoperated comfortably and safely using buttons on the steeringwheel. 5his ensures a high standard of additional safety since thedriver is able in this way to control and operate many systemswithout even taking hands off the wheel or eyes off the road.

5he scrollbuttonscan be used to set volume levels or pagethrough menus.

+teering wheel audio control can use universal interfaces andadapters.

5he buttons can be ad$usted manually for reachand height.

(lectric systemsElectric power steering(EPSor EPAS) is designed to use an electricmotorto reduce effort by providing steering assist to the driverof a vehicle.+ensors detect the motion and tor;ueof the steering column, and a

computer module applies assistive tor;ue via an electric motor coupleddirectly to either the steering gear or steering column. 5his allows varyingamounts of assistance to be applied depending on driving conditions. 5hesystem allows engineers to tailor steeringgear response to variablerate andvariabledamping suspension systems achieving an ideal blend of ride,handling, and steering for each vehicle. 7n -iat group cars the amount ofassistance can be regulated using a button named


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variable assist, which allows for more assistance as the speed of a vehicledecreases and less assistance from the system during highspeed situations.&n the event of component failure, a mechanical linkage such as a rack andpinionserves as a backup in a manner similar to that of hydraulic systems.!lectric power steering should not be confused with drivebywireor steer

bywire systems which use electric motors for steering, but without anymechanical linkage to the steering wheel.

!lectric systems have a slight advantage in fuel efficiencybecause there isno beltdriven hydraulic pump constantly running, whether assistance isre;uired or not, and this is a ma$or reason for their introduction. Anotherma$or advantage is the elimination of a beltdriven engine accessory, andseveral highpressure hydraulic hoses between the hydraulic pump, mountedon the engine, and the steering gear, mounted on the chassis. 5his greatlysimplifies manufacturing and maintenance. y incorporating electronicstability controlelectric power steering systems can instantly vary tor;ue

assist levels to aid the driver in evasive manoeuvres.

5he peak power output of the electrical system of a vehicle limits thecapability of electric steering assist. A 1%volt electrical system, for example,is limited to about 3 amps of current which, in turn, limits the si?e of themotor to less than 1 kilowatt (1%. volts times 3 amps e;uals 1333 watts).5his amount of power would be ade;uate for smaller vehicles. &t wouldprobably be considered insufficient for larger vehicles such as trucks and+NKs. 5here are other types of electrical systems such as the %*voltelectrical systemand other variants used for hybrid and electric vehicles.5hese have greater capacity that enables use of multi kilowatt motors

needed for large and midsi?e vehicles.

5he first electric power steering systems appeared on the >onda I+Fin1223, the >onda +%333in 1222, and on the : J*in %33%. 5oday anumber of manufacturers use electric power steering.

eviews in the automotive press often comment that certain steeringsystems with electric assist do not have a satisfactory amount of


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)ariable gear ratios&n %333, >onda launched the +%3335ype K e;uipped with the world's firstelectric power variable gear ratiosteering (KD+) system. &n %33%, 5oyotaintroduced their own

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Electric Steering System Full Report