Girish GhatikarTechnical ExecutiveElectric Power Research Institute

Electric Vehicles for Clean-Air, Grid-Integrated, and Connected Smart Infrastructure

Working Group 5 ChairIndia Smart Grid Forum

Reji Kumar PillaiPresidentIndia Smart Grid Forum

Chair, Board of DirectorsGlobal Smart Grid Federation

Smart Cities and E-Mobility: Project Experiences and Recommendations for India

Agenda

1. Prerogative of Zero Emission Vehicles and Smart Infrastructure

2. Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Opportunities

3. Charging Infrastructure and Interoperability Standards

4. Examples and Key Considerations (from studies)

2Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

References:1. Ghatikar G., R. Pillai, and A. Ahuja; Electric Transportation: Action Plan for India; IEEE Proceedings for Sustainable Green Buildings and Communities (SGBC), India, December 2016.2. Ghatikar G., A. Ahuja, and R. Pillai; Battery Electric Vehicle Global Adoption Practices & Distribution Grid Impacts: A Preliminary Case Study for Delhi, India, Proceedings of ISGW 2017.

Zero Emission Vehicles and Smart City Framework

India Smart Grid Forum (ISGF), Leveraging Smart Grid Assets for Building Smart Cities at Marginal Cost, Version 2.0, January 2016.

California Energy Commission (CEC), 2016-2017 Investment Plan Update for the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program, May 2016

3Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are key to Smart City infrastructure:1. Lower carbon emissions2. Improve air quality3. Enable technological innovation4. Enable new business services5. Improve citizen quality-of-life

Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) are:• Vehicles with no tailpipe emissions• Battery-based and Hydrogen fuel-cell

electric vehicles (BEV and FCEV) are two popular forms of ZEVs

Focus on Battery-based Electric Vehicles (BEV) and its links with Smart Grid.

Prioritized battery-based Electric Vehicles (BEV) and its links with

Smart Grid.

Smart City

Accelerated electrification of electric transportation, charging infrastructure, and the 21st century electric grid are key to

future-proof energy security, environment, and smart infrastructure.

Introduction and Motivation for the Indian Context

Policy Drivers:1. National Electricity Mobility Mission (NEMM) Plan 2020

• 6 to 7 million electric vehicles2. National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM)

• Grid-tied renewable generation of 175 GW by 2022 3. Development of 100 Smart Cities

• With smart and connected infrastructure4. Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and improved air-quality

• 68% power generated from coal.

India now overshadowing China

Bengaluru

Chennai

Chandrapur

Mumbai

Hyderabad

Pune

Agra

Varanasi

Kanpur

Ahmedabad

Faridabad

Lucknow

Delhi

-10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150

Guangzhou

Shanghai

Beijing

Jinan

Average PM2.5 concentration, micrograms per m2 July-November 2015

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Source: Greenpeace, Economist.com

4Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

Are we in midst of a major transformation?

5

Amid low gasoline prices, EV sales jumped 60 percent worldwide in 2015.

If that level of growth continues, the crash-triggering benchmark of 2 million barrels of reduced demand could come as early as 2023*.

*Bloomberg Business; The Rise of Electric Cars, http://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-ev-oil-crisis/

Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

The Grid, Yesterday/TodayCentralized Generation & Variable Demand

Transformation toward a decentralized energy generation creates opportunities and challenges to utilities, customers, and industry.

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The Grid, Today/FutureDistributed Resources & Demand Flexibility

Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

Challenges with enabling connected V2* services.

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The Most Common Warranty for Plug-In Vehicle

Batteries is 8 Years/100,000 Miles*

1. Battery Warranty

2. Battery Degradation

3. Power Systems

4. Market Value

Source: Compiled by Oak Ridge National Laboratory from manufacturer and industry websites, February 2016.

Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

Signet DCFC

CMI Level 2Lite-On Level 2

Eaton Level 2

Efacec DCFCABB DCFC

20kW / 50kW / 100kW

208V or 480V

Open Standards: Enables More Equipment Choice

8Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

Integration with EV infrastructure ownership and publicly-funded models*

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Ownership

Models

Description Installations Electricity Rate Tariffs

Customer Most widely used business model for level 1 with any available 108-120 V outlets and, partially, for level 2 charging.

Residential, Building,

and Campus Owners

Comprised of three types:

1. Dynamic day-ahead VGI rate to driver/host.

2. TOU rates to driver or host.

3. TOU rates to host.

Third-Party Increasingly popular business model for level 2 and DCFCs, where a charging station OEM, or a city/county deploys charging infrastructure.

Public Spaces, Highway

Corridors

Utility Evolving business model to deploy level 2 and DCFCs in to support aggressive national- and state-level BEV adoption and zero-emission vehicle mandates.

Public spaces, highway

corridors, &

disadvantaged

communities.

* Examples referenced from the California Investor-Owned Utility (IOU) planning for EV infrastructure rollout to meet the 1 Million EV target by 2020.

Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

Key Takeaways (Global Practices)

1. Zero emission vehicles (ZEV) represent an unique opportunity to improve city’s air quality.

2. EVs, as a distributed energy resource, can provide grid balancing services and better integration of renewable resources and a cleaner city.

3. EV Charging infrastructure, grid-integration, and infrastructure connectivity can enable multiple value streams.

4. Grid connectivity must consider standards, interoperability, and grid-stakeholder business models to enable multi-functional connectivity.

10Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

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Charging Station Types And Recommended Locations for India

Type of Chargers Recommended Locations

AC Slow ChargingResidential Colonies, Bungalows, CommercialCentres/Buildings, Industrial Parks, University Campuses

Type 2 EVSE(AC Fast Charging - Refer AIS138)

Bus Stands, Airports, Railway Stations, Sea Ports, Parking Lots ,Malls, Movie Halls, Restaurants, Commercial Centres, GovtOffices , Industrial Parks, Hospitals/Medical Centres,Campuses, Hotels, Religious Places, Party Places/MarriageHalls

DCFCFuel Stations, Railway Stations, Airports, Sea Ports, Bus Stands,Parking Lots, Metro Stations, Malls, Campuses, Hospitals,Hotels, Strategic Locations on Highways

Bus Chargers (also for Trucks) Bus Depots, Bus Routes

Two Wheeler Chargers Homes, Offices, Industries and Shops

Key Conclusions and Recommendations for India

1. VGI lessons serve as a model to accelerate adoption of EVs, and connected

smart city and smart grid infrastructure.

1. Public transportation (2-, 3-wheelers, & light-, medium-, and heavy-duty) in urban

areas (Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Mumbai etc.) represent greatest opportunity.

2. Optimal quantity and location of public charging with Level 2 and DCFC stations

encourage customer adoption of EV.

3. Review of payment settlement mechanisms and inter-ministerial (MoHI, MoP, and

MNRE) coordination is necessary.

12Copyright: Rish Ghatikar, 2017

THANK YOU