ELECTRICALENGINEERING

For the First Year Students of B.E./B.Tech. of U.P.T.U. (Lucknow) and U.T.U. (Dehradun)

Dr. J.P NAVANIB. Tech., M. Tech., Ph.D.

Er. SONAL SAPRAB. Tech., M. Tech.

S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.(AN ISO 9001 : 2008 COMPANY)

RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055

S. CHAND & COMPANY PVT. LTD.(An ISO 9001 : 2008 Company)Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888 Fax: 91-11-23677446Shop at: schandgroup.com; e-mail: info@schandgroup.com

Branches :AHMEDABAD : 1st Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 380 014,

Ph: 27541965, 27542369, ahmedabad@schandgroup.comBENGALURU : No. 6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumara Krupa Road, Bengaluru - 560 001,

Ph: 22268048, 22354008, bangalore@schandgroup.comBHOPAL : Bajaj Tower, Plot No. 2&3, Lala Lajpat Rai Colony, Raisen Road, Bhopal - 462 011,

Ph: 4274723, 4209587. bhopal@schandgroup.comCHANDIGARH : S.C.O. 2419-20, First Floor, Sector - 22-C (Near Aroma Hotel), Chandigarh -160 022,

Ph: 2725443, 2725446, chandigarh@schandgroup.comCHENNAI : No.1, Whites Road, Opposite Express Avenue, Royapettah, Chennai - 600014

Ph. 28410027, 28410058, chennai@schandgroup.comCOIMBATORE : 1790, Trichy Road, LGB Colony, Ramanathapuram, Coimbatore -6410045,

Ph: 2323620, 4217136 coimbatore@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)CUTTACK : 1st Floor, Bhartia Tower, Badambadi, Cuttack - 753 009, Ph: 2332580; 2332581,

cuttack@schandgroup.comDEHRADUN : 1st Floor, 20, New Road, Near Dwarka Store, Dehradun - 248 001,

Ph: 2711101, 2710861, dehradun@schandgroup.comGUWAHATI : DilipCommercial(Istfloor),M.N.Road,PanBazar,Guwahati - 781 001,

Ph: 2738811, 2735640 guwahati@schandgroup.comHALDWANI : BhattColony,TalliBamori,Mukhani,Haldwani -263139 (Marketing Office)Mob.09452294584HYDERABAD : PadmaPlaza,H.No.3-4-630,Opp.RatnaCollege,Narayanaguda,Hyderabad - 500 029,

Ph: 27550194, 27550195, hyderabad@schandgroup.comJAIPUR : 1stFloor,NandPlaza,HawaSadak,AjmerRoad,Jaipur - 302 006,

Ph: 2219175, 2219176, jaipur@schandgroup.comJALANDHAR : MaiHiranGate,Jalandhar - 144 008, Ph: 2401630, 5000630, jalandhar@schandgroup.comKOCHI : KachapillySquare,MullasseryCanalRoad,Ernakulam,Kochi - 682 011,

Ph: 2378740, 2378207-08, cochin@schandgroup.comKOLKATA : 285/J, Bipin Bihari Ganguli Street, Kolkata - 700 012, Ph: 22367459, 22373914,

kolkata@schandgroup.comLUCKNOW : 1stFloor,AryaPratinidhiSabha,5-MirabaiMarg,NearNarhiSabziMandi,Hazratganj,

Lucknow - 226 001, Ph: 4065646, 4026791, 4027188, 4022948 lucknow@schandgroup.comMUMBAI : BlackieHouse,IIndFloor,103/5,WalchandHirachandMarg,Opp.G.P.O.,Mumbai - 400 001,

Ph: 22690881, 22610885, mumbai@schandgroup.comNAGPUR : KarnalBagh,NearModelMillChowk, Nagpur - 440 032, Ph: 2720523, 2777666

nagpur@schandgroup.comPATNA : 104,CiticentreAshok,MahimaPalace,GovindMitraRoad,Patna - 800 004, Ph: 2300489, 2302100,

patna@schandgroup.comPUNE : SadguruEnclave,Groundfloor,SurveyNo.114/3,Plotno.8AlandiRoad,

Vishrantwadi Pune – 411015 Ph: 64017298 pune@schandgroup.comRAIPUR : Kailash Residency, Plot No. 4B, Bottle House Road, Shankar Nagar, Raipur - 492 007,

Ph:2443142,Mb.:09981200834,raipur@schandgroup.com(Marketing Office)RANCHI : ShantiDeepTower,Opp.HotelMaharaja,RadiumRoad, Ranchi-834001

Mob.09430246440ranchi@schandgroup.com SILIGURI : 122,RajaRamMohanRoyRoad,EastVivekanandapally,P.O.,Siliguri, Siliguri-734001,

Dist., Jalpaiguri, (W.B.) Ph. 0353-2520750 (Marketing Office) siliguri@schandgroup.comVISAKHAPATNAM : No. 49-54-15/53/8, Plot No. 7, 1st Floor, Opp. Radhakrishna Towers,

Seethammadhara North Extn., Visakhapatnam-530013,Ph-2782609(M)09440100555,

visakhapatnam@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)

© 2013, AuthorsAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photo copying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or not transient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner. Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, tribunals and forums of New Delhi, India only.

First Edition 2013; Reprint 2013Second Revised Edition 2015

ISBN : 978-81-219-9759-1 Code : 1010A 555printed in india

By Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Plot 20/4, Site-IV, Industrial Area Sahibabad, Ghaziabda-201010 and published by S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

DEDICATEDTO

SHRI SURESH KUMAR SAPRA

PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION

It is a matter of great pleasure to present the revised edition of the book “Electrical Engineering”. The primary purpose of this book is to provide the text to the students to understand the basic principles of Electrical Engineering. This is very useful to serve as a textbook for the subject of Electrical Engineering for B.E./B. Tech. degree students of all branches.

This book uses plain, lucid language to explain fundamentals of this subject. The book provides logical method of explaining various complicated concepts and stepwise methods to explain the important topics. The each chapter is well supported with practical examples and solved problems.

This book not only covers the entire scope of the subject but explains the philosophy of the subject. This makes the understanding of this subject more clear and make it more interesting. The book will be very useful not only to the students but also to the faculty members.

We wish to express our profound thanks to all those who helped in making this book a reality. At last but not least, we wish to thanks the S. Chand Publication and the entire team of editorial and sales team members who have taken immense pain to get this book in time with quality printing.

Any suggestion for the improvement of the book will be acknowledged and well appreciated.

Authors

Disclaimer : While the authors of this book have made every effort to avoid any mistake or omission and have used their skill, expertise and knowledge to the best of their capacity to provide accurate and updated information. The authors and S. Chand do not give any representation or warranty with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this publication and are selling this publication on the condition and understanding that they shall not be made liable in any manner whatsoever. S.Chand and the authors expressly disclaim all and any liability/responsibility to any person, whether a purchaser or reader of this publication or not, in respect of anything and everything forming part of the contents of this publication. S. Chand shall not be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in this publication.Further, the appearance of the personal name, location, place and incidence, if any; in the illustrations used herein is purely coincidental and work of imagination. Thus the same should in no manner be termed as defamatory to any individual.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

From the core of our hearts, we would like to express our deep gratitude and thanks to all those who helped us directly and indirectly to reduce failure. We express gratitude and special thanks to all those sources i.e. teachers, colleagues, staff, students, reference books and journal which have helped us in preparation and bringing out this book.

We are very grateful to Prof. B.K Gupta (Adviser, RKG Group), Dr. Rakesh Goel, Dr. Neeta Awasthy, Dr. N.K Sharma, Dr. Somshekher, Dr. K.K Tripathi, Dr. Manorma Sharma, Dr. Sanjay Garolla, Dr. Bhavesh Chauhan, Dr. A.K Vasisth, Prof. Ravi gupta and Prof. Neeraj Kumar who have always encouraged and helped us.

We are very thankful to all H.O.Ds, faculty members and staff of RKGIT & RKGITW, Ghaziabad. We also reserve our thanks to Prof. Kadambari Aggarwal, Prof. Reshu Gupta, Prof. J.G Yadav, Mr. Mayank Goel, Mr. Sandeep Singh, Mr. Amit Yadav, Ms. Reema Malik, Mr. Anubhav Kumar and all faculty members of RKGITW.

We are especially grateful to Mr. Shailesh Kumar, Mr. Manoj Kumar, Mr. Akhlish Kumar, Mr. Vikas Rajput, Mr. Varun Singhal, Mr. Madhur Chauhan, Mr. Rajnesh Sharma, Mrs. Isha Rajput and all faculty members of RKGIT.

We are also grateful to Ms. Megha Sapra and Mr. Pratek Kadam (Senior System Software Analyst), New Jersey, U.S.A

Dr. J.P. NavaniEr. Sonal Sapra

SYLLABUSNEE101 / NEE201: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGAs Per Revised Syllabus of U.P.T.U (Lucknow)B.Tech. First Year (Common to All Branches)

UNIT-ID.C. Circuit Analysis and Network Theorems: Circuit Concepts: Concepts of network, Active and passive elements, Voltage and current sources, Concept

of linearity and linear network, Unilateral and bilateral elements, R, L and C as linear elements, Source transformation, Kirchhoff ’s laws; Loop and nodal methods of analysis; Star-delta transformation

Network theorems: Superposition theorem, Thevenins theorem, Norton’s theorem, Maximum Power Transfer theorem (Simple numerical problems) UNIT-II

Steady-State Analysis of Single Phase AC Circuits: AC fundamentals: Sinusoidal, square and triangular waveforms – Average and effective values, Form and

peak factors, Concept of phasors, phasor representation of sinusoidally varying voltage and current, Analysis of series, parallel and series-parallel RLC Circuits, Resonance in series and parallel circuits, bandwidth and quality factor; Apparent, active & reactive powers, Power factor, Causes and problems of low power factor, Concept of power factor improvement (Simple numerical problems).UNIT-III

Three Phase AC Circuits: Three phase system-its necessity and advantages, Star and delta connections, Balanced supply and balanced

load, Line and phase voltage/current relations, Three-phase power and its measurement (simple numerical problems).

Measuring Instruments:Types of instruments, Construction and working principles of PMMC and moving iron type voltmeters

& ammeters, Single phase dynamometer wattmeter, Use of shunts and multipliers (Simple numerical problems on shunts and multipliers).UNIT-IV

Introduction to Earthing and Electrical Safety: Need of Earthing of equipment and devices, important electrical safety issues.Magnetic CircuitMagnetic circuit concepts, analogy between electric & magnetic circuits, B-H curve, Hysteresis and eddy

current losses, Mutual coupling with dot convention, Magnetic circuit calculations.Single Phase TransformerPrinciple of operation, Construction, EMF equation, Equivalent circuit, Power losses, Efficiency (Simple

numerical problems), Introduction to auto transformer.UNIT-V

Electrical MachinesConcept of electro mechanical energy conversion.DC machinesTypes, EMF equation of generator and torque equation of motor, Characteristics and applications of DC

motors (simple numerical problems).Three Phase Induction Motor Types, Principle of operation, Slip-torque characteristics, Applications (Numerical problems related to

slip only)Single Phase Induction motorPrinciple of operation and introduction to methods of starting, applications.Three Phase Synchronous MachinesPrinciple of operation of alternator and synchronous motor and their applications.

(ix)

(x)

TEE101 / 201: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGU.T.U (Dehradun)

B.Tech. First Year (Common to All Branches)

UNIT-1D.C. Network Theory: Circuit theory concepts-Mesh and node analysis. Network Theorems-

Super-position theorem. Thevenin‘s theorem, Norton‘s theorem, Maximum, Power Transfer theorem, Star Delta transformation.

Steady State Analysis of A.C. Circuits: Sinusoidal and phasor representation of voltage and current: single phase A.C. circuit behavior of resistance, inductance and capacitance and their combination in series & parallel and power factor, series parallel resonance-band width and quality factor : magnetic circuit.

UNIT-2Three Phase A.C. Circuits: Star-Delta connections, line and phase voltage/current relations,

three phase power and its measurement.

Measuring Instruments: Construction and principle of operation of voltage and current measuring instruments; introduction to power and energy meters.UNIT-3

Transformer: Principle of operation, types of construction, phasor diagram, equivalent circuit, efficiency and voltage regulation of single phase transformer, O.C. and S.C. tests.

Rotating Machine

UNIT-4D.C. Machines : Principle of electromechanical energy conversion, types of d.c. machines, E.M.F.

equation, Magnetization and load characteristics, losses and efficiency, Starter and speed control of d.c. motors, their applications.

Synchronous Machines: Principle of Operation of Alternator and synchronous motor.

UNIT-5Three phase induction Motor : Principle of operation, types and methods of starting, slip-

torque characteristics, applications.

Single phase Motors: Principle of operation and methods of starting of induction motor, Stepper motor and Universal motor

SYLLABUS

CONTENTS

(xi)

BASIC OF CONCEPTS 0.1–0.6 Modern Electron Theory 0.1 Electric current 0.1 Potential Difference 0.2 Voltage Drop 0.2 Basic Circuit 0.2 Electric Power 0.3 Electrical Energy 0.3 Use of Power And Energy Formulas 0.4 Circuit Elements 0.4 Resistors in Series 0.5 Resistors in Parallel 0.5 Ohm’s Law 0.5

Open Circuit and Short Circuit 0.6 How to use Calculator in Engineering 0.6

1. D.C. CIRCUIT ANALAYSIS 1–59 1.1 Concept of Network 1 1.2 Network Terminology 1 1.3 ClassificationofElectricalNetworks 2 1.4 Basic Circuit Elements 3 1.5 Energy Sources 4 1.6 Short Circuit & Open Circuit 6 1.7 Source Transformation 7 1.8 Voltage Division Rule in Series Circuit 8 1.9 Current Division Rule in Parallel Circuit 9 1.10 Kirchhoff’s Law 11 1.11 Loop Analysis 12 1.12 Nodal Analysis 19 1.13 Star Delta Transformation 29 1.14 Delta Star Transformation 29 1.15 Star Delta Transformation 32 University Solved Examples 36 Summary 52 Review Questions & Problems 53

2. NETWORK THEOREM 60–121 2.1 Introduction 60 2.2 Superposition Theorem 60

2.3 Proof of Superposition Theorem 61 2.4 Thevenins Theorem 69 2.5 Proof of Thevenins Theorem 70 2.6 Norton Theorem 77 2.7 Proof of Norton Theorem 78 2.8 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 84 2.9 Proof of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 85 University Solved Examples 89 Summary 115 Review Questions & Problems 116

3. A.C. FUNDAMENTALS 122–159 3.1 Introduction 122 3.2 Comparison of A.C & D.C 122 3.3 Types of A.C Waveform 123 3.4 Advantage of Sinusoidal Waveforms 123 3.5 Important Term related to Alternating Quantity 124 3.6 Generation of Alternating Quantity 125 3.7 Values of Alternating Quantity 126 3.8 Average Value for Sinusoidal Current or Voltage 129 3.9 RMS Value for Sinusoidal Current or Voltage 130 3.10 Form Factor 130 3.11 Peak factor 131 3.12 RMSValueandAverageValueofHalfWaveRectifiedCurrent 131 3.13 Average value and RMS value of square wave 132 3.14 Average value and RMS value of triangular wave 133 3.15 Phasor representation of an alternating quantity 134 3.16 Concept of phase of an alternating quantity 135 3.17 Phase difference 135 3.18 Phasor diagram 138 3.19 Addition of alternating quantities 139 3.20 Subtraction of alternating quantity 140 3.21 Mathematical representation of phasors 140 Solved Examples 142 University Solved Examples 147 Summary 155 Review Questions & Problems 156

4. ANALYSIS OF SINGLE PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT 160–227 Introduction 160 4.1 A.C. Circuit 160 4.2 A.C. Series circuit 167 4.3 A.C. Through Series R-L Circuit 167 4.4 A.C. Through Series R-C Circuit 171 4.5 A.C. Through Series R-L-C Circuit 174 4.6 Resonance in A.C. Circuit 176

(xii)

4.7 Resonance in Series A.C. Circuit 177 4.8 A.C. Parallel Circuit 183 4.9 Methods of Solving A.C Parallel Circuit 184 4.10 Resonance in Parallel Circuit (Current Resonance) 189 4.11 Series parallel A.C. Circuit 194 4.12 Concept of Power Factor Improvement 195 4.13 Importance of Power Factor 195 4.14 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor 196 4.15 Causes of Low Power Factor 197 4.16 Power Factor Improvement 197 Solved Examples 198 University Solved Examples 211 Summary 221 Review Questions & Problems 223

5. THREE PHASE A.C. CIRCUIT 228–258 5.1 Introduction 228 5.2 Necessity and Advantages of three phase system 228 5.3 Generation of Three Phase Voltage 228 5.4 Basic Terms Used in Three Phase System 230 5.5 Interconnection of Three Phase System 230 5.6 Power Measurement in Three Phase Circuits 239 5.7 Calculation of power factor by two wattmeter reading 241 5.8 Effect of power factor on Wattmeter Reading 242 Solved Examples 243 University Solved Examples 245 Summary 253 Review Questions & Problems 254

6. MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 259–284 6.1 Introduction 259 6.2 ClassificationofElectricalMeasuringInstrument 259 6.3 Essential Features of Indicating Instruments 260 6.4 Types of Measuring Instrument 261 6.5 Dynamometer type wattmeter 264 6.6 Extension of range of moving coil instrument 266 6.7 Moving iron instrument 267 6.8 Energy meter 270 6.9 Multi Meter 272 6.10 Digital Multi Meter 272 6.11 Block diagram of digital Multimeter 272 6.12 Megger 273 Solved examples 275 University solved examples 277 Summary 280 University solved examples 280

(xiii)

7. INTRODUCTION TO EARTHING AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY 85–306 7.1 Introduction 285 7.2 Earthing 285 7.3 Why earthing is Necessary 286 7.4 Methods of Earthing 288 7.5 Electric Shock & Human Body 291 7.6 Tolerable Current for Human Body 291 7.7 Elementary First Aid against Shock 292 7.8 Electrical Safety Precaution 293 7.9 Electrical Safety Rules 293 7.10 Electrical Safety Devices 294 7.11 Protection against Lightning 302 Summary 303 Review Questions & Problems 304

8. MAGNETIC CIRCUITS 307–352 8.1 Introduction 307 8.2 Magnetic circuit concept 307 8.3 Magnetic circuit with D.C. excitations 310 8.4 Magnetic circuit with A.C. excitation 314 8.5 Magnetic Leakage & Magnetic Fringing 315 8.6 Analogy between electric and magnetic circuit 316 8.7 B-H Curve 317 8.8 Magnetic circuit calculation from B-H Curve 319 8.9 Hysteresis Loop 319 8.10 Importance of Hysteresis Loop 320 8.11 Hysteresis Loss 321 8.12 Eddy Current Loss 322 8.13 Introduction to Electro Magnetic Induction 323 8.14 Faradays Experiments 323 8.15 Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 324 8.16 Nature of Induced EMF 325 8.17 CoefficientofCoupling 332 8.18 Dot Convention 334 Solved Examples 336 University Solved Examples 342 Summary 347 Review Questions & Problems 348

9. SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER 353–397 9.1 Introduction 353 9.2 Can Be D.C. supply used for transformer 354 9.3 Construction of transformer 354 9.4 Types of transformer 355 9.5 EMF Equation of transformer 357 9.6 Ratio of transformer 358 9.7 Ideal transformer 359

(xiv)

Introduction To Electrical Engineering

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121997591Author : Dr. J. P Navani, Er.Sonal Sapra

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/11702

Get this eBook

20%OFF