2. Introduction Pakistan was continuously unable to generate
sufficient quantity of electricity to fulfill the existing demand
for electricity. The shortfall in the supply of electricity
resulted in electricity load shedding and causing all sorts of
troubles for businesses as well as residents of Pakistan. The
business and industrial units were not able to survive and a large
number of businesses were shutting down their production units
resulting in outflows of capital investment from Pakistan.
3. Thar Coal Project Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and former
president Asif Ali Zardari Friday jointly performed ground-breaking
of the US 1.6 billion dollar Thar coal power project to help the
country meet its energy needs. The project, scheduled to complete
in 2017, will initially provide 660 MW of power for Pakistan's
energy starved industrial units. The project will be carried out by
Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (SECMC) a joint venture between
Engro Powergen and Government of Sindh.
4. Capacity The Thar coal field has an estimated lignite
reserves of 175 billion tonnes, equivalent to the total oil
reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran combined and can be used to
produce 100,000 MW for 200 years, according to the data available
by SECMC.
5. How can foreign investment overcome the electricity issue?
God gifted Pakistan with abundant natural resources which includes
coal reserves, differnt minerals, Different metal deposits etc. If
we just talk about coal reserves we have very large deposits. We
can utilize these reserves to overcome electricity issue but for
this we dont have financial stability to use modern machinery. So
here FDI can help us to get benefit with this great gift from God.
If we use foreign investment for this purpose with the protection
of national interest we can resolve the energy issue which will
boost our industries leading to the better economy of our
country.
6. FDI Help FDI can help us to get benefit with this great gift
from God. If we use foreign investment for this purpose with the
protection of national interest we can resolve the energy issue
which will boost our industries leading to the better economy of
our country Foreign investment creates opportunity of employment
and by utilizing investment in proper manner we can focus our
exports rather than imports so by this way we can produce a stable
economical structure.
7. Installed capacity Electricity. Total installed
capacity:22,797 MW(2014( Electricity Sources (2014( fossil fuel
14,635 MW 64.2% of total(oil-35.2% + gas- 29%( hydro 6,611 MW 29%
of total nuclear 1,322 MW 5.8% of total average demand-17,000 MW
shortfall-between 4,000 MW and 5,000 MW There are four major power
producers in country: WAPDA (Water & Power Development
Authority), KESC (Karachi Electric Supply Company), IPPs
(Independent Power Producers) and PAEC (Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission(. The break-up of the installed capacity of each of
these power producers (as of Jan-2012) is as follows
8. Electricity Electricity is a flow of electric charges along
a wire.
9. Electricity Electricity is a flow of electric charges along
a wire. This flow of electric charge is called a current.
10. Electricity Electricity can be supplied from either: A
battery. The mains supply.
11. Shortfall Claimed With most parts of the country sizzling
at up to 45 degree Celsius, the power situation, as expected,
worsened on Monday. Electricity shortfall crossed 6,000MW, with
urban areas facing 12 and rural areas up to 18 hours of
loadshedding. Officials, however, claimed the shortfall was only
2,300MW generation about 11,000MW and demand just over 13,000MW or
only 20 per cent. If the claim is accepted, load shedding should
not be more than four hours. But the situation on ground is that
there is an average load shedding of 15 hours, or 60pc, in 24
hours..
12. HYPOTHESES OF STUDY There is no relationship between all
independent variables and FDI inflow in Pakistan. At least one
independent variable has relationship with FDI inflow in Pakistan
There is no relationship between external debt and FDI inflow in
Pakistan. There is relationship between external debt and FDI
inflow in Pakistan. There is no relationship between imports and
FDI inflow in Pakistan. There is relationship between imports and
FDI inflow in Pakistan. H0: There is no relationship between
exports and FDI inflow in Pakistan. H1: There is relationship
between exports and FDI inflow in Pakistan. H0: There is no
relationship between gross capital formation and FDI inflow in
Pakistan. H1: There is relationship between gross capital formation
and FDI inflow in Pakistan. H0: There is no relationship between
gross national income and FDI inflow in Pakistan. H1: There is
relationship between gross national income and FDI inflow in
Pakistan. H0: There is no relationship between military
expenditures and FDI inflow in Pakistan. H1: There is relationship
between military expenditures and FDI inflow in Pakistan.
13. Electricity Electricity is a flow of along a wire which is
also called a . Electricity can be supplied from either a or from
the . The main advantage of electrical energy is that it can be
over . distances battery charges mains current large electric mains
transported supply
14. Electricity Check Test Answers Electricity is a flow of
electric charges along a wire which is also called a current.
Electricity can be supplied from either a battery or from the mains
supply. The main advantage of electrical energy is that it can be
transported over large distances.
15. Electric Shocks Electricity is dangerous and can kill!! An
electric shock can: You can get an electric shock from anything
which is plugged in or connected to the mains supply. Affect your
muscles. Affect your nerves. Paralyse you. Stop your heart
beating.
16. Electrical Safety The wires which carry electricity consist
of two parts: The metal wires. The plastic coating round the metal
wires.
17. Electrical Safety The metal wires act as a conductor of
electricity. The plastic coating acts as an insulator which
prevents people from being electrocuted. Conductors are materials
which allow electricity to pass through them easily. Insulators are
materials which do not allow electricity to pass through them
easily.
18. Electrical Safety Check Test The following questions test
your understanding of electrical safety so far. Answer ALL
questions in sentences!!
19. Electrical Safety Check Test Name three things that an
electric shock can do to you? A wire consists of two parts. Name
them and state whether they are a conductor or an insulator of
electricity.
20. Electrical Safety Check Test Answers Name three things that
an electric shock can do to you? A wire consists of two parts. Name
them and state whether they are a conductor or an insulator of
electricity. 1. Affect your muscles. 2. Affect your nerves. 3.
Paralyse you. 4. Stop your heart beating. 1. The metal wire
conductor. 2. The plastic coating around the metal wire
insulator.
21. The Plug Electrical cables allow you to: Plug appliances
into the mains supply. Draw electricity from the mains supply.
22. The Plug Most electric cables normally contain three wires:
Each of these three wire have different colours of insulation. The
live wire. The neutral wire. The earth wire.
23. The Plug You have to remember the names and colours of each
of these three wires. You also have to remember the position of
each of these three wires in a standard plug. Wire Insulation
Colour Location LIVE BRown BR bottom right NEUTRAL BLue BL bottom
left
24. Electrical Safety It is very important that all plugs are
wired correctly. If they are not, then a number of things can go
wrong!!!
25. The Plug Check Test The following questions test your
understanding of the plug so far. Answer ALL questions in
sentences!!
26. The Plug Check Test 1. What two things do electric cables
allow you to do? 2. How many wires do most electric cables normally
have? 3. Copy and complete the following table: LocationInsulation
Colour Wire 4. Why do all of the three wires have different colours
of insulation?
27. The Plug Check Test Answers 1. What two things do electric
cables allow you to do? 2. How many wires do most electric cables
normally have? Plug appliances into the mains supply. Draw
electricity from the mains supply. Three.
28. The Plug Check Test Answers3. Copy and complete the
following table: 4. Why do all of the three wires have different
colours of insulation? Centre Green/Yellow EARTH BL bottom left
BLueNEUTRAL BR bottom right BRownLIVE LocationInsulation Colour
Wire So you can clearly tell which one is which.
29. Electrical Safety Appliances have three safety devices: The
fuse. The earth wire. The switch. These devices are designed to
stop you from being electrocuted and to prevent the appliance from
being damaged.
30. The Fuse A fuse is a thin piece of wire which will melt
when too much current passes through it. A 3A fuse will melt when
the current is greater than 3A. When a fuse has blown, the wire
inside it has melted. Current is a flow of electricity and is
measured in amps (A). Example
31. The Fuse When the wire melts, all current is stopped from
reaching the appliance and switches it off. The fuse stops a large
current from flowing through the appliance which could cause wires
to overheat, melt or catch fire.
32. The Switch Together, the fuse and switch control the amount
of electricity that enters an appliance. The fuse and the switch
are connected to the live wire. Electricity comes in through the
live wire. If the fuse is blown, or the switch is off, then the
electricity cannot reach the appliance.
33. The Earth Wire Plugs have 3 pins on them. The live and
neutral pins allow electricity to pass through the appliance and
cause it to work. The earth wire does nothing unless something goes
wrong.
34. What can go wrong! The most dangerous thing that can happen
is that the live wire can become loose inside an appliance and
touches the casing. This makes the casing LIVE! If you touch the
LIVE casing, you could be electrocuted as you are providing a path
for the electricity to flow.
35. Prevention To prevent electrocution, the earth wire is
connected to the casing of the appliance. If the live wire touches
the casing, the earth wire provides a path for the electricity to
flow. This blows the fuse and switches the appliance off, leaving
you safe.
36. Fault Spotting Fault What could happen! bare wires showing
Danger of electrocution. live and neutral wires reversed The
appliance will still work but when it is switched off it can still
electrocute you. wrong fuse used The fuse will not blow when it
should and there is a danger of overheating and/or fire.
37. Electrical Safety Check Test 1. Name three safety devices
that appliances have. These are designed to stop you from being and
to prevent the appliance from being . electrocuted damaged devices
2. Copy and complete the following notes filling in the blanks
using words from the word bank.
38. Electrical Safety Check Test A is a thin piece of which
will when too much passes through it. is a flow of and is measured
in (A). 3. Copy and complete the following notes filling in the
blanks using words from the word bank. current amps melt fuse wire
current electricity
39. Electrical Safety Check Test 4. What 2 safety devices
control the amount of electricity that enters an appliance? 5.
Which wire are these 2 safety devices connected to ? 6. Which wire
allows electricity to enter an appliance?
40. Electrical Safety Check Test 7. Copy and complete the
following notes filling in the blanks using words from the word
bank. The and must be to the wire to the from remaining when the is
or the appliance is off. switched fuse live blown prevent connected
switch fuse live wire
41. Electrical Safety Check Test 8. Describe the most dangerous
thing that can happen to an appliance. 9. What happens to you if
you touch the casing of an appliance which is live and why? 10.
Describe how the earth wire acts as a safety device?
42. Electrical Safety Check Test11. Copy and complete the
following notes filling in the blanks using words from the word
bank. The wire is a device which is connected to the of appliances.
The earth wire provides a for the electrical to flow if the live
wire becomes and touches the casing making it . The large which
flows through the earth wire will the fuse switching the off.
appliance current live earth loose safety casing melt path
current
43. Electrical Safety Check Test Answers 1. Name three safety
devices that appliances have. 2. These devices are designed to stop
you from being electrocuted and to prevent the appliance from being
damaged. The fuse. The switch. The earth wire.
44. Electrical Safety Check Test Answers 3. A fuse is a thin
piece of wire which will melt when too much current passes through
it. Current is a flow of electricity and is measured in amps (A).
4. What 2 safety devices control the amount of electricity that
enters an appliance? The fuse. The switch.
45. Electrical Safety Check Test Answers 5. Which wire are
these 2 safety devices connected to ? 6. Which wire allows
electricity to enter an appliance? The live wire. The live
wire.
46. Electrical Safety Check Test 7. The fuse and switch must be
connected to the live wire to prevent the appliance from remaining
live when the fuse is blown or the appliance is switched off. 8.
Describe the most dangerous thing that can happen to an appliance.
The most dangerous thing that can happen is that the live wire can
become loose inside an appliance and touches the casing.
47. Electrical Safety Check Test Answers 9. What happens to you
if you touch the casing of an appliance which is live and why? 10.
Describe how the earth wire acts as a safety device? If you touch
the LIVE casing, you could be electrocuted as you are providing a
path for the electricity to flow. The earth wire is connected to
the casing of the appliance. If the live wire touches the casing,
the earth wire provides a path for the electricity to flow. This
blows the fuse and switches the appliance off, leaving you
safe.
48. Electrical Safety Check Test Answers 11. The earth wire is
a safety device which is connected to the casing of appliances. The
earth wire provides a path for the electrical current to flow if
the live wire becomes loose and touches the casing making it live.
The large current which flows through the earth wire will melt the
fuse switching the appliance off.
