ELECTRICAL SERVICES 101 - CIBSE • 19th October –Electrical Services 101 ... •Almost all electrical loads in modern buildings cause a displacement ... •Design and Manufactured

ELECTRICAL SERVICES 101

Clive Girling (CEngFCIBSE) Solution Consultants

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AGENDA

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Whats happening?

CIBSE NSW calendar of events

19th October Electrical Services 101

26th October Fire Protection Services 101

8th November Acoustics Illuminating the dark art

2017 Calendar published soon

CIBSE ANZ regional update

2017 30th Anniversary

Seminar Series, Perth, Melbourne, Auckland & Sydney in

March

Cocktail Function June, Melbourne in June

Networking Events, including: Curry Evening, Golf Day, Lawn

Bowls, behind the scenes site visits, etc.

Communication

Website upgrade

Social Media CIBSE ANZ

E-news

Recording seminars & Podcasts

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Electrical

Power Supplies

Switchboard, meters, requirements, location & switchboard

types

Distribution Boards Sub Distribution Switchboards

Risers

Clean Power

GPO

SGPO

etc.

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Electrical Supply

Electrical supply a necessity

Electricity is dangerous

Needs to be transformed

Needs switching and metering

Needs distributing

Clean Power

Uninterruptable power supply

Emergency Power

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Inefficiency

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Safety

Single Phase vs. Three Phase

Low Voltage vs. ELV (Extra Low Voltage)

Fire potential Fault Current

Earth Leakage Electrocution

Electromagnetic Radiation

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3 Phase & Single Phase

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Power Factor Correction - 1

Almost all electrical loads in modern buildings cause a displacement between the voltage and current waveforms.

With a few exceptions this displacement is Lagging i.e. the current

lags the voltage waveform. The amount of lag is described by Cos

and is therefore a number between 1 & 0.

Every piece of equipment has a power rating Say a motor @10KW.

A typical electric motor has a power factor of 0.8.

Since power = Volts X Amp X Cos for the motor to deliver 10KW it

must draw I = 10,000 / (240 X Cos) =52A

If the motor had power factor = 1, the current draw would be I =

10,000 / (240 X 1) =42A

So power factor correction reduces current draw by 10A or 20%

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Power Factor Correction - 2

Benefits

PFC reduces the line current but not the input real energy.

The electricity retailer charge according to:

a) Real power (KWhours) This ignores Cos or power factor.

b) Apparent power (KVA) This measures Cos or power factor. It

is this quantity that is reduced by PFC. (By 20% in our example)

Electricity suppliers encourage (and now insist on) power factor

correction because the decrease in line current significantly reduces

the losses in their distribution equipment. It also increases the

effective utilisation of their equipment.

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Harmonics -1

Harmonic distortion of the voltage and current waveforms are

caused, in the main, by switched mode power supplies (PCs),

electronic speed controllers (mechanical services), electronic lighting

dimmers and UPS equipment.

Harmonic distortion levels are discussed in the AS 61000 series

standards. These are based on IEC standards which are still being

developed.

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Harmonics -2

Problems arising from excessive harmonic distortion include:

- Overloading of neutral conductors and in extreme cases burning

out of the neutral (Triplen harmonics: 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st / Zero

sequence)

- Overheating of electric motors (Negative sequence harmonics: 5th

& 11th )

- Overloading of diesel / generators (Physical stress caused by non

sinusoidial step type load waveforms

- Generator / UPS malfunction caused by voltage irregularity

- Failure of PFC capacitors

- Nuisance tripping of circuits breakers

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Harmonics - 3

Problems with harmonics are more likely to be encountered in

- Older buildings

- Buildings fed by small capacity supply

- Building with high concentrations of electronic loads

- Buildings with relatively low capacity electrical reticulation

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Cable Resistance

1.5mm2 copper cable

5amp - low

heat effect

15amp high

heating effect

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Transformers

Oil coolant (ozone busting, volatile, carcinogenic, toxic)Note: Carcinogenic PCB oils are now banned.

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Magnetic Interference (EMI)

EMI or EMR is a phenomena associated with all current

carrying conductors.

There is no Australian Standard or Code defining exposure

to EMR. Reference to UK guidelines are commonly made.

There is little agreement within the scientific community on

effects of EMR on humans.

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Switching & Metering

Mains switch to separate Ultility Cos gear from consumers

gear.

Mains fuse to protect Utility Cos gear & limit consumers

instantaneous power intake.

Metering

Distribution Board and MCBs/fuses.

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Main Electrical Switch Board

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Types of Main Switchboard

Design and Manufactured to AS 3439.

Form of Construction (Form 1 to 4).

Additional protection eg arc fault detection, earth leakage

protection etc.

Type of functional units (MCCB or CFS).

Multiple incoming supplies.

Critical Loads.

Requirement for Service Protective Device

(Switchboards > 800A rating)

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Sub-meters and Switches

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ESD - ENVIRONMENTALLY

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Basic and statutory minimum requirements as defined within

BCA section J part 6 Lighting & Power and part 8 - Access

for Maintenance.

Most energy rating schemes now require sub metering to be

incorporated as part of the building distribution system.

This enables individual load groups to be monitored to

ensure that the design performance is achieved in practice.

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ESD - ENVIRONMENTALLY

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

Sub Meter Current

Transformers

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Distribution

Division of devices onto circuits.

15amp, 30amp, 60amp etc. Heavier gear & cables for

heavier currents.

Cables run from main to sub-distribution boards in secure

cupboards.

Electrical cables can cause interference with

communications cabling.

Large diameter cables hard to bend hard to disguise.

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Tenancy Metering

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Cabling

Buildings require an unbelievable amount of metal core

cabling.

Run from power supply to devices, also devices to

appliance switches.

Cant easily run cables through solid walls. Conduits or

surface mounting aesthetic impact.

Cable trays for horizontal runs.

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Cable Riser

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Riser & Cable Tray

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Fire Stopping

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Emergency Power

Emergency Supply diesel generation

UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply

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Space for Standby Generator

20 shipping container size for up to 1000KVA single

machine installation not including emergency switchboard.

Very big machines. 120+db noise.

Need access for maintenance.

Cooling via heat exchanger or engine mounted fan.

Sound proofing Attenuators same size as diesel/alternator

assembly.

Day tank / remote fuel tank / fuel pump.

Smoke and fire hazard.

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Diesel Generator

Combustion Exhaust

Silencers

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Diesel Generator

Control Panel

Acoustic Room

Diesel Tank storage basement

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Storage, Pumps - Basement

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Back-up Generator Room

Control Panels for 3 Sets

Single Engine & Generator Set

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Summary

Essential Demand must be assessed accurately

Essential supplies include fire services, lifts & smoke

exhaust

A rule of thumb dictates approx. 30% of total demand

Consider spatial/related issues -

Where can a standby generator be located?

Where is the main switchboard located comparatively?

Acoustic (noise) considerations are critical

Is a large fuel tank required for prolonged operation?

Where can the exhaust stack/system be accommodated?

Other issues?

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UPS

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UPS

Uninterruptable Power Supply

Battery room for stock of chemical (deep cycle) batteries @

$1,500 each.

12 volt DC batteries need converting back to 240v ac

current

Provide up to 15 minutes running time before back-up

generators come on-line.

Public communications networks have 180 minutes battery

autonomy.

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Uninterruptable Power Supply AC

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Normal Mode

240v AC +/- 6%AS.3000

Power Smoother/Filter240v square wave*

UPS Battery Bank

Battery charger

Communications Cabinets

CommsEquipment 220v +/1

5%

+10%/-6% Source of the majority of harmonic distortion in modern commercial buildings.

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Failure Mode

Power Smoother/Filter240v square wave

UPS Battery Bank

Discharge



5%

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Back-up Power Generation

Failure Mode

Power Smoother/Filter240v square wave



5%

Diesel Generator

Set

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48volt DC UPS

Battery Bank

Static transfer switch

A/C &Ventilator

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Communications

Voice

Data Copper based Cat5, 5e and 6

Data Glass based (fibre optic)

VOIP (Voice over IP)

VIDEO - MATV

Wireless Bluetooth etc

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Temperature Sensitivity

European Equipment made to 220v +/- 5%, 50 cycles

/second.

US Equipment made to 110v, 60 cycles/sec.

Temperature sensitivity: equipment design operating

temperature below 35degC

The higher the temperature, the greater the probability of

component failure.

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MATV

Master Antennae TV

Distribution

Note

Commercial Pay TV

providers have significantly

upgraded their installation

requirements to those

indicated in this slide.

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Communications

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Buildings to accommodate IT Users

Examples; Tenancies for solicitors, accountants, companies,

typical office usage.

Attributes;

Currently do not need high speed linkages (except for increasing Broadband applications);

Can accept downtimes of minutes;

Moderate capital investment.

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IT Equipment Housed

Multi-plexer(MUX)

Optic Fiber

Copper

Copper coax

KromePatchpanel

KromePatchpanel/MUX

One-to-

many

1:1 1:1

SatelliteRadioMicrowave Modems

File Servers

Multiplexers

Routers

Telecoms Companys Equipment

Communications CompanysEquipment

One-to-

many

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Future Proofing

At present, the capacity of Optic Fibre is limited only by the

speed at which the devices on its ends can operate. Typically

12 strand=13mm

Optic Fibre cables have Light Emitting Diodes at the

sending end.

Current advances in the technology are centred on

increasing transmission rates.

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An Optic Fibre Patch Panel

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1 - Inside Buildings

Communications Rooms feed vertical and horizontal service

risers.

Building Tenants are increasingly demanding their own

secure communications risers up through multi-storey

buildings.

This demand increased core size.

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Vertical Risers

Although holes through the slab need only accommodate

the cable tray and cables (30 x 30 cm) they need to terminate

in a communications cupboard.

The communications cupboard houses a router, and feeds

to horizontal cable distribution trays.

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Communications Cupboard

The communications cupboard needs to be:

Secure and monitored.

Air conditioned to maintain temperature and humidity limits.

Be provided with stable power (six outlets) and good

lighting.

Large enough for a technician to work in (100 x 60 cm / 50

devices)

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IT User Space

Current Space Standards are 10m2 per person assuming

the use of flat VDU screens, but

Supported by 4+m2 of other space including resource rooms

(printers, photocopiers, storage, etc.), meeting rooms, break-

out spaces etc.

20m2 per person is not uncommon.

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User Requirements

Desk Space

Lighting

Appropriate noise conditions

Heating/Cooling

Ventilation/IAQ

Power

Privacy

Storage

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Communications Cable Tray

Rogue Cables

Access or Computer Floor

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Building Requirements - 1

The incoming Telco cables should come through a secure,

sealed ceramic pipe through the ground or basement slab

(as for electrical mains).

The pipe should be gently radiused to allow for draw cables.

The cable should emerge into a secured area.

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The secure area should also house the Telcos Multiplexer

cabinets (around 80 x 80cm) and Krone frames (60 x 60).

The cabinets should be free standing, with clear access to

front and back to allow for technicians to manipulate wiring.

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Secure Area

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The space should have a raised (80cm) Access Floor and

crawl space.

The space should be provided with three distinct sets of

cable raceways:

One for A/C power cables

One for DC power cables

One for Communication Cables

The underfloor space should be monitored for moisture and

smoke.

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Access Floor

Earthing cables

Fibre Optic Cable tray

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Underfloor MonitorsPower outlets from different UPSs

Smoke Detector

Water Detector(porous cable)

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The space should have a large volume to allow for the

dissipation of heat.

The space should be air conditioned with multiple

redundancy, with provision for underfloor air delivery.

Access to the space should be controlled by security.

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Air Conditioning Units

Air Conditioning

Units

Power Distribution Units

A/C return duct

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Advanced fire suppression systems

User areas housing an organizations cabinets tend to be

large. Typically housing Reuters or other agencys cabinets.

20 x 20 x 5m would not be unusual; larger for Stock

Exchanges and Dealer Rooms.

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Communication Cabinets

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Patch Panels and Cabinets

Optic fibre cable easier to service from above

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Power

The area must be provided with stable, clean power through

a power conditioner ensuring voltage and amperage stability.

The power must be backed up by a UPS

The UPS must be backed up by an Emergency Generator

set.

The switching should allow for an external, mobile generator

to be connected.

(refer to notes on Electrical Supply)

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Main Electrical Switch Board

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Codes & Regulations

Building Code of Australia (BCA)

Energy Authority Service & Installation Rules Green Book

Australian Wiring Rules AS3000:2007

Cable selection AS3008.1

Wiring Systems AS3013

Switchboards AS3439.1

Lightning Protection AS1768

Emergency evacuation & exit lighting AS2293.1

+ Others.Depending on the type of project

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Lightning Protection

Not a BCA required system

Provision discretionary. Based on 4 risk categories using an

evaluation matrix:-

R1 Risk of loss of human life.

R2 Risk of loss of essential service to public.

R3 Risk of loss of cultural heritage.

R4 Risk of loss of economic value.

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Maintenance Issues

BCA requires regular documented essential services (now

called Safety Circuits) maintenance as per the relevant codes

eg Emergency lighting.

OHS legislation requires testing and certification of specific

equipment eg flexible power cords.

AS 3000 is mute on specific requirements general

maintenance is discretionary.

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Examples

Visual Inspection damage to cables, signs of overheating,

rubbish/material stored in cupboards. Check DB schedules.

Testing Insulation resistance, actual current demand

load balance.

Thermographic Scanning switchboards and major cable

junctions.

Rigorous testing may involve shutdowns.

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Work on Live Equipment

General Rule Not permitted on commercial installations.

If undertaken risk analysis must be undertaken taking into

account the risks associated with the shutting down of the

supply.

Many Major Operators do not permit live work under any

circumstances.

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Photograph Wiring?

Comms riser in 5 star residential building

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Photograph -

Multi $M business Premises.

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Photograph Hot Joint Stage 1

DB in major corporations Sydney office

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Switchboard compartment with moderate damage.

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Most damaged compartment

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Photograph Seat of fault

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Photograph Smoke Damage

Adjoining offices and stock within factory written off as a

result of smoke and Hot Smoke Damage. This section of the

building had to be demolished and rebuilt.

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Photograph Switchroom/Store

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Photograph The teams arrive

Forensic scientist gathering evidence

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Questions?

SAVE THE DATE:

FIRE SERVICES 101

Mark Cummings and David Isaac

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ELECTRICAL SERVICES 101 - CIBSE • 19th October –Electrical Services 101 ... •Almost all electrical loads in modern buildings cause a displacement ... •Design and Manufactured