Electricity Generation and Climate ... - University of Dhaka

ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS 47

Oriental Geographer

Vol 60 No 1amp2 2016

Printed in March 2019

ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND GREENHOUSE GAS

REDUCTION THROUGH BUILDING INTEGRATED

PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV) SYSTEMS IN DHAKA CITY

FARIAZZAMAN1

MD HUMAYUN KABIR2

Abstract The study evaluates the potential application of Building Integrated

Photovoltaic (BIPV) in Dhaka City and explores major barriers for such application

BIPV referring to the integration of photovoltaic devices as building materials for

electricity generation in one hand and to contribute to greenhouse gas emission reduction

on the other hand With regard to the application of BIPVs the present research has

evaluated as many as 120 stakeholdersrsquo (15 policy and decision makers 15 architects 15

building developers 15 installers and 60 building owners) perception experience and

suggestions on issues challenges and potentials of the application of BIPVs in Dhaka

Based on in-depth interviews with two sets of questionnaires the research findings reveal

that among the stakeholders all have been found conscious and willing to promote

BIPVs except the ignorance of building developers and owners The force field analysis

indicates that due to the restraining forces the application process of BIPVs in Dhaka is

slowing down Major reasons identified by the stakeholders that are hindering the

application process include high costs and lack of awareness Despite these issues the

effective diffusion strategy can overcome all the existing barriers and BIPV scan viably

be installed in Dhaka within next 10-15 years

Keywords Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Electricity generation Force field

analysis Greenhouse gas emission reduction Diffusion strategy

INTRODUCTION

Electrical power is considered the driving force for development economic growth

automation and modernization in todayrsquos world while both energy usage and demand

are gradually increasing globally and most of the energy demand projections show that

current and expected energy sources are not sustainable (Hosenuzzaman et al 2015)

Therefore energy transition to a more equitable and sustainable world is essentially

necessary and at the same time all should have access to the energy services required for

a secure and healthy livelihood (Amin et al 2016) Currently the world is using fossil

fuel at an alarming rate that not only will strain the resources in the near future but will

1 Fariazaman is Postgraduate Thesis Student Department of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Bangladesh 2 Dr Md Humayun Kabir is Professor Department of Geography and Environment University of Dhaka Bangladesh

48 ORIENTAL GEOGRAPHER

result in a great amount of pollution as well (Jelle et al 2012) As a result the worldwide

energy systems are currently undergoing a transition from highly centralized fossilized

and nuclear power plants to decentralized small and medium sized renewable power

plants

The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply

difficulties exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts The

worldrsquos demand and focus on renewable energy and non- polluting energy together with

energy efficiency are ever increasing while zero energy and zero emission buildings are

also gradually drawing attention (Jelle and Breivik 2012)The global contribution from

buildings towards energy consumption both residential and commercial has steadily

increased reaching figures between 20-40 in developed countries (Lombard et al

2008) As a part of wider international framework that intents to reduce national energy

dependence on conventional fuels deter environmental pollution continued global climate

changes a growing number of countries view distributed photovoltaic systems as power

source with large potential for the future and are correspondingly starting to construct and

operate Building Integrated Photovoltaic BIPV system on a large scale (Kartesis

et al 2006)

With a population of 160 million Bangladesh is one of the worlds most populated

countries In Bangladesh electricity is the most widely used form of energy However

since its independence from Pakistan in 1971 the country has struggled to generate

adequate electricity to meet the demand (Islam and Khan 2017) Combustion of fossil

fuels releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere causing global warming

Bangladesh can be badly affected by greenhouse effect and global warming These

problems can be mitigated by incorporating renewable energy sources (eg solar wind

hydro biomass etc) to the countrys electricity generation (Baky et al 2017)

Dhaka the Capital of Bangladesh is one of the most demanding cities in terms of energy

consumption From the assessment of the energy consumption data of Bangladesh Power

Development Board (BPDB) Hossain (2009) reported that about 86 of the total

electrical energy of Dhaka City is consumed by the residential buildings and only 11 is

consumed by the commercial buildings (BPDB 2007 cited in Hossain 2009) With the

dramatic growth of the size of the city population the demand for energy consumption

has also been increased manifold in Dhaka City However the geographical attributes of

Dhaka City offer huge potential (around 1000 MW with roof-top grid connected PVs)

for electricity generation through solar Photovoltaic systems (Kabir et al 2010 Kabir and

Endlicher 2012 Kabir and Endlicher 2013)

Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can be installed as mainstream of

renewable energy source to contribute to electrical energy demand and to significantly

reduce greenhouse gas particularly carbon-di-oxide Among all the clean technologies

BIPV is considered as the one that can achieve the sustainability in the construction

sector and energy sector (Shukla et al 2017) As energy saving is a very important

determinant for using photovoltaic in buildings nowadays it is generally expected that in

the next century photovoltaic will be able to contribute substantially to the mainstream

power production (Bakos et al 2003)


Considering the importance of BIPVs in Dhaka city the study identifies the stakeholdersrsquo

(the policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and building

owners) level of awareness and interest of BIPV adoption in Dhaka city through in depth

interviews with two sets of detailed questionnaires With data gathered from the

questionnaires and in depth interviews force field analysis is done which is considered to

be the principal aim for data analysis This force field analysis helps in analyzing data for

ranking the potential barriers Finally the study proposes a lsquodiffusion strategyrsquo which if

we put into our traditional practice could enhance the viability importance and image of

BIPV technology in Dhaka city This analysis has been done to understand the

importance of adopting BIPVs in Dhaka city in order to identify further steps to introduce

BIPVs

BIPV-AN OVERVIEW

The most abundant energy source among all the renewable sources available is solar

energy which is abundant in both direct and indirect forms The solar energy can be

converted into electricity through PV cells at different efficiency varying between 7 and

40 (Debbarma et al 2016)The source of the solar energy is the nuclear interactions at

the core of the sun where the energy comes from the conversion of hydrogen into helium

(Foster et al 2009) Bangladesh receives a daily solar radiation intake of about 40 to 65

kWhm2 (Amin et al 2016) Solar PV technology has certainly turned out to be one of

the most suitable and promising systems due to its total compatibility with the long-term

environmental economic social and geopolitical objectives of sustainable energy

systems (Gardner 1996) Photovoltaic is a truly elegant means of producing electricity on

site directly from the sun without concern for energy supply or environmental harm In

other word BIPV is considered as a functional part of the building structure or they are

architecturally integrated into the buildingrsquos design(Jelle et al 2012) BIPV includes two

types of grid-connected applications i) where the PV modules actually become an

integral part of the building often serving as the exterior weathering skin and ii) PV

modules are installed over the existing building exterior

Integrated photovoltaic technology in buildings is a new and promising way to integrate

renewable energies in the constructed environment BIPV is reported to be one of the

fastest growing segments of the solar industry worldwide with an assumed capacity

growth of 50 or more from 2011 to 2017 in the next few years (Debbarma et al 2016)

The global market of BIPV reached $14 billion by 2017 (Shukla et al 2017)

STATE OF ELECTRICITY IN DHAKA CITY

Dhaka the primate city of Bangladesh is a significant consumer (55) of total electricity

produced in the country Demand of electricity is actually increasing in all parts in

Bangladesh with a gradual focus on industrialization (Hossain et al 2017) However the

installed capacity of electricity generation was 12365 MW in the fiscal year 2016 and the

maximum peak generation was 9036 MW (BPDB 2016) (Figure 1)


Figure 1 Generation Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Bangladesh

Source BPDB 2016

Dhaka by accommodating around 20 million people has to supply electricity for diverse

group of consumers (Karim et al 2017) The capital city of Bangladesh Dhaka

consumes almost 55 of total generated electricity the largest share of which is claimed

by its domestic sector according to the Dhaka Power Distribution Company (DPDC)

(Haider and Ahmed 2016) However Figure 2 shows that nearly half of total power

(49) is consumed by residential sector followed by industries (36) commercial

(11) and others such as street lighting and agriculture (4) (DESCO 2017)

Figure 2 Power Consumption in Dhaka City

Source (DESCO 2017)

The city dwellers in the city of Dhaka along with the other parts of the country have been

experiencing severe deficit of electrical power and the resultant consequences In the case

of Dhaka city power supply is quite inadequate compared to its peak demand (Kabir and

Endlicher 2012) Besides the shortage of power has been affecting the Dhaka city

severely During the summer season frequent load shedding is very general phenomena

with the daily outage of electricity for around 2-3 hours in cities and 5-7 hours in rural

areas (Karim et al 2017) DPDC and DESCO are responsible for the electricity


distribution in Dhaka City The electricity demand of the city is growing at an alarming

rate of 12 which is higher than the countryrsquos overall growth rate of 10 (Parveen

2016) The city has a recent peak electricity demand of about 2000 MW (Sikder et al

2016) Until 2017 the demand was around 1500 MW against the installed capacity of

2500 MW (Figure 3)

Figure 3 Maximum Demand and Installed Capacity of Electricity in Dhaka City

Source (BPDB 2016)

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The major objective of the present study is to assess the potential application of building

integrated photovoltaic systems for electricity generation in Dhaka City based on the

perception analysis of stakeholder institutions and individuals However the specific

objectives include--

to evaluate relevant stakeholder institutions and individualsrsquo experience and

perception on BIPV system and its potential application in Dhaka

to evaluate BIPV based electricity generation potential identifying major barriers

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In the present study both primary and secondary data have been used while primary

were collected from different relevant stakeholders in Dhaka City The stakeholders ie

policy and decision makers architects developers and installers have been purposively

selected in order to include all relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals and

ultimately to evaluate their perception on BIPV application in Dhaka Stakeholder

institutions considered for the study include Bangladesh Power Development Board

(BPDB) Rajdhani Unnayan Kartipakha (RAJUK) Infrastructure Development Company

Limited (IDCOL) Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA)


Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited (DESCO) Suvastu Development Ltd (SDL)

Assort Housing and Engineering Ltd (AHEL) Nagar Homes Ltd (NHL) United Group

Limited (UGL) Skytouch (STL) Green Energy and Building OwnersThe five groups of

stakeholder (policy and decision makers architects building developers installers and

the building owners) have been targeted who are actually involved in overall building

construction In the present study a total of 15 architects 15 building developers 15

policy and decision makers 15 installers and 60 building owners have been consulted

with two sets of questionnaires through in-depth interviews at different locations of

Dhaka City (Figure 4) covering a total of 120 individuals at 92 confidence level Given

the rich empirical data gathered from the questionnaires in the interviews session force

field analysis was chosen with the major aim for data analysis In addition the study also

considered collection of secondary data on electricity generation from both conventional

sources and solar PV systems stored in various institutions

Figure 4 Study Location of Stakeholders

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Evaluation of Stakeholdersrsquo Perception

Policy and Decision Makers

One of the major groups of stakeholders includes policy and decision makers in the field

of application of solar PVs The analysis indicates that a significant part (66) of this


group is concerned and the rest of others 32 are somewhat concerned about climate

change issues Therefore most (87) of this group of stakeholders (policy and decision

makers) recommend to initiate BIPV based electricity generation mainly for mitigating

climate change issues This group of stakeholders believes that traditional use of energy

is affecting our environment to a great extent and they also support widespread use of any

sort of renewable energy sources

Result also shows that 80 of the policy and decision makers are aware of BIPVs

whereas 20 are not aware of BIPV technology A majority of them has learnt about

BIPVs through websites Around 70 of them stated that BIPV will be viable within 10

years in Dhaka City and they are highly interested in adopting BIPVs

Architects

Compared to the policy and decision makers the architects showed immense interest in

adopting renewable energy to address the environmental and climate change issues The

architects are concerned about climate related issues and they opined that it is high time

to introduce alternative source of energy to mitigate environmental issues and carbon

dioxide reduction Like the policy and decision makers a major part of the architects are

aware about BIPVs as they heard it from their colleagues and online sources Like policy

and decision makers the architects also opined that the installation process of BIPVs

might take around 10 years and 58 of the architects have shown interests to initiate

installation of BIPVs in their projects

Building Developers

The analyzed survey result suggests that building developers are not well concerned

about climate change issues in Dhaka City As a result they intend to adopt another

source of energy in future and they tend to support the widespread use of renewable

energy sources Disappointingly an overwhelming majority (96) of the building

developers are seldom aware about the BIPV technology and its potential application in

Dhaka Their perception revels that it will take minimum 10-15 years for BIPV to be

viable in building construction area in Dhaka City The building developers never

thought of using PV material in buildings but they might consider it in near future if

people show interest to use PV materials in the buildings to ensure energy efficiency

Installers

The perception analysis of installers shows that this group of stakeholders is somewhat

concerned about climate change issues They were found highly agreed of the widespread

use of renewable energy in Dhaka City Since this group of stakeholders is involved in

installation process most of them (around 90) are aware about BIPVs and they have

learnt about it from websites Like the previous stakeholders the installers also believe

that it will take 10 years for the viable use of BIPV in Dhaka City and they showed

interest in adopting BIPVs

Building Owners

The survey result shows that a significant part (45) of the building owners are not

concerned about climate change issues Even they are not aware that their inappropriate


action is aggravating environmental condition Apart from this only 37 answered that

they are somewhat concerned about climate change issues and they intend to replace the

traditional way of producing electricity in near future Over 60 of the building owners

tend to oppose widespread use of renewable energy because they donrsquot have much

technical know-how on BIPVs They have only learnt about a couple of PV technologies

Among the surveyed buildings about 40 of them are installed with solar PVs

ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV

The stakeholders were asked about why it is necessary to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city Only

the policy and decision makers architects and installers have ranked the criteria

according to their significance as the building developers and building owners are not

concerned about it Their perception varies in ranking system as they think from different

viewpoint In most of the cases the policy and decision makers ranked environmental

concerns as their first choice to be considered The policy and decision makers said that

at present our environment is damaging at an alarming rate due to the usage of traditional

fossil fuels as the main means of energy sector So it is high time to introduce a

technology which will be environment friendly and BIPV may act as one of such

technologies Twelve out of 15 architects ranked the concerned criteria for the need to

adopt BIPV Like the policy and decision makers the architects ranked environmental

concerns as the 1st ranking and energy concerns as the 2

nd ranking The architects also

said that BIPV will increase the aesthetic and safety condition of a building at a great

extent The architects explained that in Dhaka city buildings consumed major portion of

the produced energy As a result there is deficiency in energy in Dhaka city On the other

hand for the inappropriate way of using energy in Dhaka city the environment is

damaging at an alarming rate

Therefore to protect the environment and produce additional energy from the buildings as

well as to make buildings energy efficient it is needed to adopt BIPV in Dhaka city The

installers ranked energy concerns as the 1st criteria to be considered The installer said

that at present energy is a burning issue for the city like Dhaka Day by day the people in

Dhaka city are suffering from a massive shortage of energy which is hindering them from

enjoying a quality of life The way in which we are producing energy in Dhaka city is

affecting the environment to a large scale and it is also increasing the pollution level of

the environment which is very dangerous As a result there is no any other choice to

think over the changing of traditional way of producing energy and BIPV could be a

possible solution for Dhaka city

POTENTIAL BARRIERS OF BIPV

From this research different potential barriers have been found which are responsible for

slowing down the adoption process The results indicate that according to policy and

decision makers high cost of PV material is the major barrier of BIPV in Dhaka city

which is hindering people from adopting it The policy and decision makers also said that

there is also lack of policy and regulations which is another major barrier of BIPV The


policy and decision makers ranked high cost as the 1st lack of policy and regulations as

2nd

and low financial incentives as the 3rd

barriers of adopting BIPV in Dhaka city

The architects mentioned that in Dhaka City there are huge potential for BIPVs but city

dwellers are still not able to adopt BIPV due to certain barriers Among the barriers high

cost is the major barrier which hindering people to adopt it In the second stage the

people donrsquot have appropriate policy and regulations regarding BIPVs The barriers

influence people lagging behind 10-15 years to adopt BIPV in Dhaka City The

perception of Installers is quite different from the previous two stakeholders Major

portion of the installer ranked inadequate technical performances as the main barriers of

BIPV adoption in Dhaka city The installer said that the performance of the technical

appliances of the PV panel is not up to the mark in Dhaka At present people are

installing roof top solar PV system in Dhaka but due to proper maintenance it has failed

to make optimum generation Therefore according to the installers technical know-how

plays a vital role for the overall success of the technology

FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS

Force field analysis is an analytical tool taken from the management field It is usually

used in order to conceptualize the forces interacting to support and oppose change in a

given situation (Figure 5) Kurt Lewin is often acknowledged as the first to propose this

technique in 1951 (Modified from Taleb and Pitts 2009) The results indicate that Dhaka

City has both facilitating and restraining factors which influence decision making on

BIPVs From the view point of the stakeholders the factors were categorized as forces

that drive the change and others that resist change for the widespread use of BIPV in

Dhaka city After compiling all the facilitating and restraining forces a numerical scales

from 1= weak to 5= strong have been assigned (Figure 5)

The force field analysis simply illustrates the analysis of data collected from the targeted

stakeholders The length of the arrow indicates the strength of each of the factors (the

larger the arrow the stronger the factors and the shorter the arrow the weaker the

factors) From the analysis of data 4 facilitating forces and 6 restraining forces have been

found As the numbers of restraining forces are larger than the facilitating forces it can

be argued that at present BIPV is not viable for Dhaka To make BIPV viable the barriers

need to be resolved Conversion of the restraining forces in facilitating forces need to be

done by taking effective measures such as- if the high cost of PV material can be turned

into competitive cost then people will consider using PV material in the buildings It can

also be noted from the above force field analysis that the forces are inter related in sense

that if the govt implement proper policy and regulations regarding BIPVs in Dhaka City

then peoplersquos level of awareness on BIPV might be enhanced For overall acceptance of

BIPV in Dhaka a diffusion strategy is proposed in the next section A successful

diffusion strategy could enhance the image and viability of BIPV in Dhaka (Figure 6)


Figure 5 Simplified Force Field Analysis

Source Field Study 2018

DIFFUSION STRATEGIES

After analyzing all potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders were asked to rank the

factors which are likely to enhance the potential use of BIPVs in Dhaka City The policy

and decision makers ranked competitive cost as the first ranking followed by financial

incentives and government supports According to the policy and decision makers

competitive cost plays a vital role for the enhancement of potential use of BIPV in this

city The architects were also asked to rank the factors which will enhance the potential

use of BIPV in Dhaka city However the ranking system of architect is quite similar to

that of the previously stated stakeholders A majority of the architects ranked competitive

cost as the first priority to be taken into consideration The architects explained that

though competitive cost is the first priority but government support is very strong factor

which can change the image and adoption process of BIPV in Dhaka city The installer


stated that along with competitive cost improved technical performances will play an

important role in the overall expansion of the adoption process of BIPV According to the

installers improved technical performance will change the working ability of PV system

integrating in a building

According to the targeted stakeholders high cost lack of policy and regulations lack of

public awareness and inadequate technical performances are the major barriers for the

successful diffusion of BIPV in Dhaka city Most of the stakeholders identified the high

cost of PV material as the restraining force which is slowing down the adoption process

The problem associated with the high cost can be minimized by replacing other building

materials as BIPV has aesthetical and architectural value in itself Moreover proper

policy and regulations can enhance the image of BIPV to the end users For example- if

the government makes it mandatory to use PV material in the building and select a target

to produce electricity from the solar energy and provide building owners financial

incentives then people wonrsquot have any option except adopting it If people understand

that BIPV will offset the cost of building material and they will able to use the produced

energy for their own purpose then they will adopt BIPV The stakeholders suggested that

sustainable energy utilization campaign technical know-how and effective diffusion

strategies can help promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka

Figure 6 Diffusion Strategies of BIPVs in Dhaka


While ranking the factors that are likely to enhance the successful diffusion of BIPVs the

stakeholders explained that in Dhaka City the performance of solar PVs is not

satisfactory at all Both the technical ability and maintenance quality of PV systems is

very poor Due to lack of expertise PV systems are not performing properly with regard

to its capability Skilled manpower is needed for managing BIPVs in Dhaka (Figure 6)

The stakeholders also suggested that introduction of courses in the educational institution


might play a crucial role to produce skilled manpower in this field The adoption of BIPV

in Dhaka city may not be viable until people overcome these barriers After analyzing all

the potential barriers of BIPV the stakeholders opined that the diffusion of BIPVs in

Dhaka will not take place overnight Though BIPV is being largely installed in the first

world countries the concept of BIPV is quite new for the country like Bangladesh

However the successful diffusion and application of BIPVs here in Dhaka might take

another ten years All the stakeholders having sufficient knowledge to be gained in future

on the benefits of BIPVs might be interested to install BIPVs (Figure 6)

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The present study has been able to explore major concerns of the application of BIPVs in

Dhaka Most of the relevant stakeholder institutions and individuals have been found

aware and willing to promote BIPVs in Dhaka City in order to supplement electricity to

the existing supply Other than the building owners and developers all have been found

aware on BIPV system and its potential application Relatively initial high cost lack of

appropriate policy and regulations and lack of peoplersquos awareness are the major barriers

and are hindering people toward acceptance of BIPVs in the city Considering the high

potential of BIPV application and its benefits stakeholders opined that within next ten

years or so BIPVs might be viably installed in the building sectors However the study

based on rigorous evaluation of the relevant stakeholdersrsquo perception and suggestions

puts forward the following recommendations to the policy and decision makers to

promote the application of BIPVs in Dhaka City not only for electricity generation but

also to address climate change issues

Awareness building Initiatives have to be immediately undertaken by concerned

agencies for different potential stakeholders and city dwellers as a whole

Appropriate policy and regulations have to be devised to promote BIPVs in the

city

Supportive architectural and building design have to be initiated and promoted by

the relevant institutions (eg RAJUK Urban Development Directorate etc)

More research on the potential application of BIPV in the university level has to

be carried out

Acknowledgement

This paper is part of the first authorrsquos MS thesis (2015-2016) under the Department of Geography

and Environment University of Dhaka The Ministry of Science and Technology of the

Government of the Peoplersquos Republic of Bangladesh is gratefully acknowledged for supporting the

accomplishment of the thesis


REFERENCES

Amin S Islam S Kamal T and Mithila N (2016) Prospects and Constraints of Renewable

Energy Sector in Bangladesh An Analytical Exercise World Journal of Social Sciences

6(2) 1-12

Bakos GC Soursos M and Tsagas NF (2003) Techno-economic Assessment of a Building

Integrated PV System for Electrical Energy Saving in Residential Sector Energy and

Buildings 35757-762

Baky M Rahman M and Islam AKM (2017) Development of Renewable Energy Sector in

Bangladesh Current Status and Future Potentials Renewable and Sustainable Energy

Reviews 731184ndash1197

BPDB (2016) Annual Report Bangladesh Power Development Board BPDB Dhaka

Debbarma M Sudhakar K and Barendar P (2016) Comparison of BIPV and BIPVT A

Review Resource Efficient Technologies

DESCO (2017) Annual Report Dhaka Electric Supply Company Limited DESCO Dhaka

Foster R Ghassemi M and Cota A (2009) Solar Energy Renewable Energy and the

Environment New York CRC Press

Gardner C (1996) Open Public Spaces and Street Furniture the Potential for Increased Use of

Photovoltaics in the Built Environment Progress in Photovoltaics Research and

Application 4 269-277

Haider Md and Ahmed M (2016)Energy Consumption and Urban Texture A Case Study of

Dhaka The Daily Star February 01 httpwwwthedailystarnet25th-anniversary-

special-part-1energy-consumption-and-urban-texture-case-study-dhaka-210286

Hosenuzzaman M Rahin NA Selvaraj J Hasanuzzaman M Malek ABMA and Nahar

A (2015) Global Prospects Progress Policies and Environmental Impact of Solar

Photovoltaic Power Generation Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41 284-

297

Hossain M M (2009) Energy Saving The Daily Star July 8 Available at http

wwwthedailystarnet news- detail- 95856 (Accessed on February 11 2018)

Hossain E Rakin A Mamun A and Haque S (2017) Future of Power Generation in

Bangladesh Present Condition and Future Implications IEEE Region 10 Humanitarian

Technology Conference (R10-HTC)

Islam S and Khan M (2017) A Review of Energy Sector of Bangladesh Energy Procedia 110

611 ndash 618

Jelle B and Breivik C (2012) The Path to the Building Integrated Photovoltaics of Tomorrow

Energy Procedia 2078-87

Jelle B Breivik C and Rokenes H (2012) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Products A State-

of-the-Art Review and Future Research Opportunities Solar Energy Materials amp solar

Cells 100 69-96

Kabir M H and Endlicher W (2012) Exploitation of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh Power

Supply and Climate Protection Perspectives Dhaka A H Development Publishing

House


Kabir MH and Endlicher W (2013) Supplementing Electricity through Solar PV Systems in

A M Dewan and R Corner (editors) Dhaka Megacity Geospatial Perspectives on

Urbanisation Environment and Health Springer pp 203-218 httplinkspringercom

chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11

Kabir MH Endlicher W and Jaegermeyr J (2010) Calculation of Bright Roof-Tops for Solar

PV Applications in Dhaka Megacity Bangladesh Renewable Energy (Elsevier Science)

Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016

Karim T Lipu MS and Mahmud M (2017) Electricity Access Improvement Using Renewable

Energy and Energy Efficiency A Case of Urban Poor Area of Dhaka Bangladesh

International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 7(3)

Karteris M Papageorgiou k and Papadopoulos A (2006) Integrated Photovoltaics as an

Element of Buildingrsquos Envelope International Workshop on Energy Performance and

Environmental Quality of Buildings

Lombard L Ortiz J and Pout C (2008)A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption

Information Energy and Buildings 40 394-398

Parveen R (2016) Energy Independent Residential Development for Dhaka City Bangladesh

Thesis submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Shukla A Sudhakar K Baredar P and Mamat R (2017) BIPV in Southeast Asian Countriesndash

Opportunities and Challenges Renewable Energy Focus 21

Sikder S Eanes F Asmelash H Kar S and Koetter T (2016) The Contribution of Energy-

Optimized Urban Planning to Efficient Resource UsendashA Case Study on Residential

Settlement Development in Dhaka City Bangladesh Sustainability

Taleb HM and Pitts AC (2009)The Potential to Exploit Use of Building-Integrated

Photovoltaic in Countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council Renewable Energy 34

1092ndash1099


result in a great amount of pollution as well (Jelle et al 2012) As a result the worldwide

energy systems are currently undergoing a transition from highly centralized fossilized

and nuclear power plants to decentralized small and medium sized renewable power

plants

The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply

difficulties exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts The

worldrsquos demand and focus on renewable energy and non- polluting energy together with

energy efficiency are ever increasing while zero energy and zero emission buildings are

also gradually drawing attention (Jelle and Breivik 2012)The global contribution from

buildings towards energy consumption both residential and commercial has steadily

increased reaching figures between 20-40 in developed countries (Lombard et al

2008) As a part of wider international framework that intents to reduce national energy

dependence on conventional fuels deter environmental pollution continued global climate

changes a growing number of countries view distributed photovoltaic systems as power

source with large potential for the future and are correspondingly starting to construct and

operate Building Integrated Photovoltaic BIPV system on a large scale (Kartesis

et al 2006)

With a population of 160 million Bangladesh is one of the worlds most populated

countries In Bangladesh electricity is the most widely used form of energy However

since its independence from Pakistan in 1971 the country has struggled to generate

adequate electricity to meet the demand (Islam and Khan 2017) Combustion of fossil

fuels releases greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere causing global warming

Bangladesh can be badly affected by greenhouse effect and global warming These

problems can be mitigated by incorporating renewable energy sources (eg solar wind

hydro biomass etc) to the countrys electricity generation (Baky et al 2017)

Dhaka the Capital of Bangladesh is one of the most demanding cities in terms of energy

consumption From the assessment of the energy consumption data of Bangladesh Power

Development Board (BPDB) Hossain (2009) reported that about 86 of the total

electrical energy of Dhaka City is consumed by the residential buildings and only 11 is

consumed by the commercial buildings (BPDB 2007 cited in Hossain 2009) With the

dramatic growth of the size of the city population the demand for energy consumption

has also been increased manifold in Dhaka City However the geographical attributes of

Dhaka City offer huge potential (around 1000 MW with roof-top grid connected PVs)

for electricity generation through solar Photovoltaic systems (Kabir et al 2010 Kabir and

Endlicher 2012 Kabir and Endlicher 2013)

Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) systems can be installed as mainstream of

renewable energy source to contribute to electrical energy demand and to significantly

reduce greenhouse gas particularly carbon-di-oxide Among all the clean technologies

BIPV is considered as the one that can achieve the sustainability in the construction

sector and energy sector (Shukla et al 2017) As energy saving is a very important

determinant for using photovoltaic in buildings nowadays it is generally expected that in

the next century photovoltaic will be able to contribute substantially to the mainstream

power production (Bakos et al 2003)












BIPVs

BIPV-AN OVERVIEW






























Source BPDB 2016









Source (DESCO 2017)













2500 MW (Figure 3)


Source (BPDB 2016)

















































Architects










Building Developers










Installers








Building Owners










ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV





































2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099












BIPVs

BIPV-AN OVERVIEW






























Source BPDB 2016









Source (DESCO 2017)













2500 MW (Figure 3)


Source (BPDB 2016)

















































Architects










Building Developers










Installers








Building Owners










ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV





































2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099



Source BPDB 2016









Source (DESCO 2017)













2500 MW (Figure 3)


Source (BPDB 2016)

















































Architects










Building Developers










Installers








Building Owners










ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV





































2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099






2500 MW (Figure 3)


Source (BPDB 2016)

















































Architects










Building Developers










Installers








Building Owners










ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV





































2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099
































Architects










Building Developers










Installers








Building Owners










ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV





































2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099












Architects










Building Developers










Installers








Building Owners










ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV





































2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099








ACCEPTANCE OF BIPV





































2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099



2nd











































































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099





































































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099






















































city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099



























city




be carried out

Acknowledgement






REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099


REFERENCES



6(2) 1-12



Buildings 35757-762



















297







611 ndash 618





Cells 100 69-96



House





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099





chapter101007978-94-007-6735-5_11



Vol 35 (8) 1760-1764 doi 101016jrenene200911016



















1092ndash1099

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Electricity Generation and Climate ... - University of Dhaka