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Iken Joy - Product Manual
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An educational product by
Mexus Education Pvt. Ltd.Regd. OfficeNo. 135 / 2 / A, Muktanand MargCHALA, Vapi 396 191 (Gujarat) Mumbai Office612, Midas, Sahar Plaza Complex M V Road, J.B. Nagar, Andheri (E)Mumbai-400 059
For Customer CareContact: +91 922 322 4044 Email: [email protected]
For sales enquiry: [email protected]
learning manualMODELS
189 PIECES 6
Trains moving at a speed of about 470 Km/h, cranes lifting tones of weight to hundreds
of meters of height, all this would just have been a dream if British Electrician, William
Sturgeon wouldn't have taken an initiative for the invention of electromagnet. In the year 1825,
he came up with an electromagnet which was horse shoe shaped. It was after then, when
major changes in the field of science took place. Electromagnet has really proved to be a life
changing invention.
Electromagnetism is an interface between electricity and magnetism. It shows how magnetic
effect is created in a region of electric field and vice-versa. This kit aims at the same concept. It
will let you to get familiar with the concepts of electricity and magnetism individually and then
will introduce you the relation between the both. It will train you from the basics to the
advanced level. It will let you to make combination of batteries in series as well as in parallel
and hence will show you the difference between the two connections. You will be working with
LEDs and will also learn about Earth's magnetism. The activities included will teach you about
circuits, connection of equipments in series and parallel, and also make you familiar with the
working of motor (DC). The activities that are included in the package are as follows:
· Traffic Light
· Crocodile
· Morse code
· Electric Train
· Electromagnetic Crane
· Sea Gull Park
1
RecommendationsChildren can easily learn the concepts of electricity and magnetism in physics through this kit.
It helps children lay the foundation of electricity and develop logical thinking through every attempt inÊthe assembly.
1. Please read these instructions, follow the safety rules and keep them for reference.
We recommend that you make the models in the order that is given. You will then be able to
understand assembly of parts and soon many more different models you wish.
2. This is a toy that has been designed for children over 8 years of age. It is designed to help
children discover what an electric circuit is and what magnetism is, while creating variety of models.
3. Discuss the safety warnings and possible risks involved with the children before allowing
them to build these models.
4. Do not try to plug the wires or accessories into any electrical outlet. This would be
extremely dangerous. Designed for batteries only.
5. CLEANING:
* Before cleaning, take out the batteries.
* Only use a cloth that has been slightly dampened with water.
* Never use a detergent.
INTRODUCTIONCONTENTS
PARTS LIST
HOW TO ASSEMBLE
ELECTRICITY IN REAL LIFE
ABOUT ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
ABOUT MAGNETISM AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
ABOUT ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
ABOUT MOTOR AND THE EXPERIMENTS
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES
Model 1 Traffic Light
Model 2 Crocodile
Model 3 Morse Code
Model 4 Electric Train
Model 5 Electromagnetic Crane
Model 6 Sea Gull Park
P. 2
P. 3
P. 4-6
P. 7-15
P. 16-19
P. 20-21
P. 22-23
P. 24-36
P. 24-25
P. 26-27
P. 28-29
P. 30-31
P. 32-33
P. 34-36
Warning To ParentsThis toy is not suitable for children under 3 years of age. It contains small parts that a child could swallow.
This toy must be kept out of the reach of very young children.
Safety Guidelines1. The batteries must not be recharged.
2. Only re-chargeable batteries can be charged under the supervision of an adult.
3. Do not mix chargeable and non-chargeable batteries .
4. Only the recommended batteries are to be used.
5. The polarity of the batteries must always be observed.
6. The terminals of a battery must not be short-circuited.
7. The old batteries must be disposed of as hazardous waste.
8. Follow the recycling instructions given on the battery.
Warning 1. Remove the batteries when not planning to use the device for a long period of time.
2. Misuse of batteries can cause them to leak, which damages and corrodes the area around
the battery, creating the danger of fire, explosion and personal injury.
INTRODUCTION P. 1
32
PARTS NAMES
LONG FRAME-YELLOW
FRAME-GRAY
FRAME-BLUE
SQUARE FRAME-GRAY
LONG ROD-YELLOW
ROD-GRAY
ROD-YELLOW
3-HOLE ROD-YELLOW
5-HOLE ROD-GRAY
DUAL ROD-GRAY
BENDED ROD-GRAY
XL DR. AXLE
L DR. AXLE
M DR.AXLE
DRIVE AXLE-GRAY
BAR
DOUBLE-SIDED BASE GRID
L GEAR-YELLOW
M GEAR-YELLOW
S GEAR-RED
20T CHAIN GEAR-YELLOW
L PULLEY-GRAY
M PULLEY-GRAY
PCS
2
2
4
4
2
1
2
6
5
2
4
1
3
1
1
1
4
2
12
7
1
1
1
NONO.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
PARTS NAMES
S PULLEY-GRAY
ROD CONNECTOR
EGG CAM
CRANK WITH FLANGE
AXLE
CAM CONNECTOR
BASE CONNECTOR
PEG
GEAR FIXING
PEG /AXLE REMOVER
WIRE CLIP-RED
WIRE CONNECTOR-RED
WIRE CLIP-BLACK
WIRE CONNECTOR-BLACK
SWITCH
CUBE CONNECTOR
BATTERY HOLDER
BULB HOLDER-GREEN
BULB HOLDER-RED
BULB HOLDER-YELLOW
POWER PACK WITH SPINDLE GEAR
ENGIGONEER-HEAD
ENGIGONEER-BODY
PCS
1
2
1
1
12
1
5
23
3
1
1
3
1
3
3
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
NO.
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
PARTS NAMES
ENGIGONEER-HAND
ENGIGONEER-FOOT
HINGE
BUTTON FIXER
TWO-IN-ONE CONVERTER
90 DEGREE CONVERTER L
TAKE-UP ROLLER
HOOK
BELT
STRING-50CM
WORM GEAR
PEG CONDUCTOR
IRON ROD
WINDING REEL
PLASTIC SHEATH WIRE-400CM
ROUND MAGNET
RECTANGLE MAGNET
COMPASS
IRON POWDER PACK
DIE-CUT CARD
PCS
2
2
3
9
4
8
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
NO.
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
TOTAL 189
Assembly 1
Assembly 2Connecting Base Grid, Frame And Rod
Connecting Wire Connector And Switch, Bulb Holder Or Motor
Pulling Peg Off
H I
"A"A"A""A
O
LM
N
Changing The Bulb
KJ
F
G1G1 G2G2OFF ON
Fixing Battery
While fixing the "AA" batteries, pay attention that the polarity (+ and -) on battery and battery holder should meet.
Connecting Battery Holders
AB C
WARNING!
1) When battery holders are snapped together as in Fig. A or
B , we call it "BATTERY IN SERIAL".
2) When battery holders are snapped together as in Fig. C ,
we call it "BATTERY IN PARALLEL".
The Following Connections Are Never To Be Made
Connecting Battery Holder, Wire Connector, Cube Connector And Switch
D E
NOT CONDUCT
Note!
Be sure to twist on the bulb tightly so that the electricity is conducted.
The sockets of Cube Connector can conduct electricity
except the one with the logo of GIGO so that it can be
connected to battery holder (as Fig. D shows) or switch (as
Fig. E shows) and used as electricity dispenser.
Use side "A" of Axle/Peg Remover
to pull off the Peg. (as Fig. O shows)
1) Squeeze the cap and pull it off the holder. (as Fig. J shows)
2) Twist off the worn-out bulb and twist on a good one. (as Fig. K shows)
3) Squeeze the cap and put it back to the holder again.
PARTS LIST HOW TO ASSEMBLE
54
Electricity has become indispensable in real life with the development of technology. Do you know how it
comes to our life? What features does it have? What can we expect it to do?
Electricity has always been with us on earth. About 2000 years ago, Greek found that amber would
attract dry leaves, feathers and small rag towards it after it was rubbed. They called amber “elektron” (It
sounds like electricity in English.) and this mysterious attractive power was then described as “electric”
in English-speaking countries. In the18th century, Benjamin Franklin discovered the existence of
electricity and led us to a continuous research into electricity. In 1785, Charles Augustin Coulomb
discovered the interactive relationship between two and brought us new knowledge
about “electricity”.
People thought electricity and magnetism were two irrelevant features in physics until 1802, when Hans
Christian Oersted found out the effects between electric current and magnetism. That is, a magnetic field
will be formed around a current-carrying wire. This magnetic field is the same as that formed by a simple
magnet. Both of them can make the compass needle deflect. This proves that electricity and magnetism
are related to each other and both exist at the same time.
From then on, scientists had been exploring electricity and magnetism for several decades.
Andre Marie Ampere, 1775-1836, devoted himself to the measurement of electricity as a pioneer. The
international unit of electric current, A (Ampere), comes after his name. Carl F. Gauss, 1777-1855,
valued the strength of electric field. George S. Ohm, 1784-1854, discovered voltage and resistance.
Michael Faraday, 1791-1867, used iron filings to show magnetic lines of force on the magnetic field
formed around the magnet. This was a breakthrough in the traditional knowledge then.
The development of electricity has been going on with many scientists’ endeavor until James Cherk
Maxwell , 1831-1879, integrated the theories of “Gauss”, “Ampere”, and “Faraday” to achieve a common
theory of magnetic field.
Electricity is a kind of energy, a source of power. It exists in the nature of the earth, such as lightning.
1) The development of electricity
electric charges
Fig. Lightening in the sky and the North Pole and the South Pole are
the electricity and magnetism in the Nature.
2) Electricity in real life
There are lots of electrical appliances in our life. They all need electricity to make them work. Where does
electricity come from? Let’s study in the following paragraphs.!
Firstly, we need to know the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
1) Faraday discovered that a coil would get charged with electrified interaction caused by the
change of magnetic field when a magnet is added.
2) The phenomenon that electricity is produced from the change of magnetic field caused by the
movement of magnet is called electromagnetic interaction.
3) The produced electricity is called interacted electricity.
4) The faster the magnet moves to and fro, the faster the magnetic field changes in coil , and
thus the greater the electric current is interacted..
5) The electricity can still be produced by moving the coil towards or away from the magnet
instead.
6) Based on this principle, we can continuously move mechanical device with external force to
change the position of magnetic field or coil so that continuous electric current is created.
Fig. 2 The relationship between magnetism and electricity
Insert the magnet rod Magnet rod stays unmoved Withdraw the magnet rod
Disconnected from earth
Electrostatic induction
C
Connected to earthBA
Remove the charged objectD
S
N S
N
S
N
Fig. 1 The method to charge the conductor by using the principle of electrostatic
induction is called the “electrified interaction”.
a) Insert the magnet rod, the
coil is charged
b) Hold the magnet rod still, no
electric current is produced
in the coil
c) Withdraw the magnet rod, the
coil gets the electricity flowing
in the contrary direction
S
N
N
S
S
N
ELECTRICITY IN REAL LIFE ELECTRICITY IN REAL LIFE
76
In general, generators produce very high-voltage electricity so that it can be transmitted through a
long distance to our houses. But such electricity cannot be used. Normally the electricity
company will build a transformer station close to residential district to adjust the voltage to an
appropriate level before it is distributed to houses.
Power station transforms different kinds of energy into electricity to provide households
demands. The power distributed to our houses is called AC (alternating current), that is, the
electric current that changes it’s direction and amount at regular intervals with time, while dry
batteries or rechargeable batteries are DC (direct current), that is, the electric current won’t
change with time.
Fig. Distribute the electricity to our houses
Thermal power plant
Hydraulic power plantNuclear power plant
Wind power plant
Transformer
station
High-voltage
electricity tower
Deliver-transform system Electricity distribution system
Step-down
substation
Transformer
on pole
Houses
Electric pressure:
a) The electric potential difference between the positive pole and the negative is called the
electric pressure.
b) The unit of electric pressure is voltage (V)
c) The general voltage of a battery is 1.5V, that is, the electric potential of the positive pole is
1.5V higher than that of the negative.
Fig. 1 Comparison between direct current and alternating current
Fig. 2 Structure of the battery
3) The bulb is shining!What kind of toys do you have at home? Do they shine at night, make sounds or move? What
are they made of? What makes them shine or move? Do they all use batteries?
1) dry batteries
a) consist of 2 poles, positive (Symbol: + ) and negative (Symbol: - )
b) supply DC electricity transformed from chemical energy.
c) positive pole has higher electric potential than negative
d) the protruding end of the battery is the positive pole, while the other end is negative.
BAA B
Ele
ctric
curre
nt
Ele
ctric
curre
nt
Time
Direct current (DC)The amount and direction of
the current are fixed
BA
Alternating current (AC)
A B
AB
Ele
ctric
curre
nt
Ele
ctric
curre
nt
Time
The amount and direction
of the current are flexible
Positive pole Symbol: +Carbon rod (positive)
Zinc (negative)
Ammonium chlorideManganese dioxideAmylum compound
Negative pole Symbol: -
ELECTRICITY IN REAL LIFE ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
98
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
2) Battery Holder
When we use battery at home, the positive and negative pole need to be connected to work.
We usually put it in a battery holder so that a wire connector can easily connect them. Be
sure to insert the battery in a correct direction.
Fig. 1 Electric potential difference produces voltage and current.
Fig. 2 Insert the battery in a correct direction
1.5V
Water at higher
location
Water at lower location
Our bulb holder contains 2 copper plates which lead two poles of the bulb separately to itÕs two
holes where the copper plates come through so that they can be conducted through the wire
connectors which are inserted into the holes. This plug-in design is very convenient for us to
build a circuit.
Fig.Ê1 Wire connector, no matter it is red or black, can conduct electricity from one end to the other.Ê
Fig. 2 Tungsten filament can change the energy released by electric current into light and heat.
Tungsten double spiral filament
Power wires
Filament
3) Wire connector
Wire connector it with helps to conduct electricity. It is made of copper, a metal, wrapped with
plastic cover to protect them from being touched each other or by people to cause short
circuit or electric shock.
4) Bulb Holder
Bulb can produce light for people when it is dark. It produces light by heating up the filament.
But how does it work? When electric current flows through the filament it releases energy and
thus produces heat . In 1879, Edison used coal as the material for the which in turn heats the filament
filament. Although coal has a very high melting point ( ) it's easy to be consumed and 3550¢J
last only a short time and needs to be insulated from air (otherwise it will burn in the air).
We are using tungsten filament with melting point at . It has longer life but still burn in 3410¢J
the air. Therefore the light bulb needs to be a vacuum. If you find your light bulb does not
work, check if the filament is broken first. The bulb can be easily changed if needed.
Electric current:
a) Electric current is the flow of electric charge flowing in the conductor
b) With the potential difference, plus a conducting wire from positive to negative, the electric
current happens.
c) The direction where electricity flows is from high to low potential
d) The strength of the electric current depends on it’s amount. It is measured by Ampere (A).
The speed of the electric current is the same as that of light, About 3 x meter/second.10 8
1110
1) Dry battery provides electric current and voltage which a circuit needs.
We call it power source.
2) Light bulb is the electrical device in a circuit
3) The power source and the electrical device are connected with wire connectors.
4) Connect the battery holder, bulb holder with red and black wire connectors.
5) Does the bulb shine?
6) Use your hand to touch the bulb to see if the temperature is increased.
Attention: Don’t touch the light bulb used at home to avoid a burn.
Because the high voltage it uses, it may become very hot!
Fig. 1 The bulb is shining
1.5V
+
-battery battery
1.5V
+
-battery
switch
bulb
Fig. 2 Circuit
Fig. a When switch is turned off, the circuit is disconnected.
Fig. b When switch is turned on, the circuit is connected.
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
1) Let the bulb shine
a) Bulb is shining
Let’s build a basic circuit including battery holder, bulb holder and wire connectors.
2) Use the switch to turn on or off the bulb.
Connect the battery holder, switch and bulb holder with wire connectors.
1) When the switch is turned on, it allows the current to go through. In this case, the switch
is said to be in a closed position.
2) When the switch is turned off, it doesn’t allow the current to go through. In this case, the
switch is said to be in an open position.
3) The circuit is shown below:
Chapter 1: Experiments on conductors
Try to see if the following objects can conduct
electricity when they are put on the position of
the question mark on Fig. 1.
Please tick the boxes with the right answers
behind them.
Spoon
¡¼Can
¡¼Can not
Coin
¡¼Can
¡¼Can not
Pencil
¡¼Can
¡¼Can not
Key
¡¼Can
¡¼Can not
Cube connector
¡¼Can
¡¼Can not
Belt
¡¼Can
¡¼Can not
Getting to know conductors and insulators:
Objects that allow electricity to go through are called conductors; objects that does not allow
electricity to go through are called insulators. The reason that conductors can conduct is
because they contain negative free electrons which flow around under the effect of battery to
cause electric current, whereas insulators do not contain any free electrons and thus they
cannot allow electricity to go through.
1312
Chapter 2: Batteries in Series and Batteries in Parallel
There are copper plates coming through on all sides of the battery holder ends except the
bottom. When two battery holders are connected together the batteries are connected through
these copper plates, too.
1. How to make Batteries in series
So the higher the voltage received from the batteries is, the brighter the light bulb will be.
Chapter 3: Bulbs in series and Bulbs in parallel
A bulb is structured by putting a tungsten filament in a vacuum glass cover where the electricity
flows through to burn filament to release light and heat. There is no distinction between the
poles of bulb. The bulb can be lighted only if the current goes through two poles of it. The bulb
can be connected in serial or in parallel, too.
Batteries in series is to link batteries together in a line with positive and negative poles
connecting each other. The more batteries, the greater voltage there is in the circuit. For
example, the voltage for one battery is 1.5V, two batteries in series will have 3V, 3 batteries in
series will have 4.5V, and so on. However, the amount of the current stays the same no matter
how many batteries are in series in the circuit.
2. How to make Batteries in parallel
Batteries in parallel is to link batteries together side by side with same polarity ends
connecting each other. In this case, the voltage remains the same. However the total amount of
electric current become greater and thus the batteries in parallel can last longer.
Attention: Batteries need to be removed from battery holders when they are in series or
in parallel to avoid electricity being consumed when they are not to be used.
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
1.5V
1.5V+1.5V=3V
+
-
+
-
1.5V
+
-
battery
battery
1.5V 1.5V
+
-
+
-
1.5V
I I+I
I
+
-
battery battery
I
Which bulb is brighter in the following circuits? Please tick the box before the right answer.
¡¼Batteries in series ¡¼Batteries in parallel
When bulbs are in series, the input voltage will be
shared among the batteries. For example, if the input
voltage is 3V for 2 bulbs in series, each bulb can
share 1.5V.
If the input voltage is 3V for 3 bulbs in series, each
bulb can share 1V only.
Therefore the brightness of bulb will come down with
the bulbs increased in a series.
When bulbs are in parallel, the input voltage won’t be
shared among the bulbs.
And thus, the brightness of the bulbs would stay the
same even the bulbs are increased
in a parallel.
1) Bulbs in series
Fig. 1
Bulbs in series is very similar to batteries in series.
They are connected together in a line in the circuit.
2) Bulbs in parallel
Fig. 2
Bulb in parallel is very similar to batteries in
parallel. They are connected together side by side
in the circuit.
1514
3) Experiments on bulbs in series and bulbs in parallel
Try to see which bulbs in the following connections are shining brighter and tick the box
with the right answer after it.
The input voltage is 3V. If the bulbs are in series, each bulb can share 1.5V only. If bulbs are in
parallel, each bulb can get all 3V. The greater the voltage shared by each bulb is, the brighter
the bulbs will become. Could you see this principle from the experiments you made?
Chapter 4: Experiments on series and parallel
Experiment 1:
Is there any difference in the brightness of the bulbs between the following two connecting
ways?
And what about difference in the circuits?
Experiment 2:
When the switch is turned on and off, is there any change happening to the brightness of the
green bulb? Why?
¡¼Bulbs in series ¡¼Bulbs in parallel
Experiment 3:
Compare the following two connections to see if the brightness of the bulbs are the same?
Why?
Experiment 4:
When the circuit is completed, please turn on and off the switch to see if the green bulb and
the yellow bulb make any change?
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
switch on switch off
switch off
green bulb
green bulb
switch on
ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS ELECTRIC CURRENT AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
1716
ABOUT MAGNETISM AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS ABOUT MAGNETISM AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
Magnetism is everywhere in real life, such as the magnet on the message board, the lock of a
pencil case, a motor's rotation or a crane in recycling field. Even the earth itself is also a big
magnet. That's why we can use compass to guide direction.
A magnet must have north pole and south pole. They always come in a party and can not be
alone. That is, nothing with one polarity can exist. Even if a magnet breaks into halves, the new
north pole or south pole will be developed from the broken part.
When two magnets come close to each other, the phenomenon of attraction or repellence will
happen. That is, when the north pole of Magnet A comes close to the south pole of
Magnet B, they will attract each other and connect together. On the other hand, if the north pole
of Magnet A comes close to the north pole of Magnet B, they will repel each other and be away
from each other.
S
NS
S
N
N
S
S
S
S
N
N
N
N
SN
SS
N
N
S
S
S
N
N
S
N
S
N
Different poles attract each other. Same poles repel each other. Same poles repel each other.
1) Magnet and compassThe compass needle is actually a magnet. The needle head is north pole and the needle end,
south pole. So when we take a magnet close to the compass, it is visible that the compass
needle will deflect. The is the principle of "Opposite poles attract, like poles repel."
The Earth itself is a magnet. We call it terrestrial magnetism. It maintains a very good
relationship between the rotation of the earth, the sun and the moon and enables us to stand
steadily on the ground, unlike astronauts in space station floating in the air. The Arctic of the
earth is actually the south pole of the terrestrial magnetic pole and the Antarctic of the earth is
the north pole of the terrestrial magnetic pole.
Since the needle head of the compass is the north pole of the magnet, it is attracted by the
south pole of the
terrestrial magnetic pole, the north pole of the earth. This makes the needle of the compass
always point to the north of the earth and makes compass a good tool for guiding the direction.
SN
S
S
N
S
N
N
S
N
N
S
S
N
1918
S N S N
Experiment 1: Car racing with the principle of magnet’s attraction and repellence
Make a comparison. Which car runs faster?
2) Magnetic lines of forceMagnetism of the magnet does not need any medium to expand its area. Objects within its
magnetic field will be affected. We call this unseen force ‘magnetic lines of force’. Magnetic
lines of force has its direction. It goes from the north pole outward to the south pole and from
the south pole inward to the north pole. It forms smooth curve closed lines which never meet
one another. The magnetic lines of force are the densest at two poles and the magnetic force
is the strongest in these areas. That means the strength of the magnetic force depends on
how dense the magnetic lines of force are.
Experiment 2: The observation of magnetic lines of force
Use iron powder pack to show the magnetic lines of force around a magnet and answer the
following questions.
1) Are the magnetic lines of force at two poles denser than those in other areas?
2) Are the magnetic lines of force getting thinner when they are farther from two poles?
3) Does the distribution of the magnetic lines of force maintain when the magnet moves?
Do you think the magnetic lines of force is three-dimensional?
3) MagnetizationMagnet can magnetize a paper clip or a nail. So the nail attracted to the magnet can attract
another nail and more. We call this phenomenon
magnetization. This phenomenon is only temporary. Once the magnet is moved away from
the metals the magnetism will disappear.
The magnets that we usually use are the permanent magnet, of which the magnetism will
always exist. However, if the temperature of the magnet increases
the magnetism will decreases.
Experiment 3: Magnet and paper clips
Make a comparison to see whose magnet can attract the most paper clips
Attract the paper clips one by one to see
whose magnet can attract the most.
The needle head (North Pole) of a compass would point the same direction as the magnetic
lines of force go. That is, the direction of the needle will be parallel to the magnetic lines of
force.
Place the magnet under the iron powder
pack and knock it couple times to see
magnetic lines of force.
ABOUT MAGNETISM AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS ABOUT MAGNETISM AND THE RELATED EXPERIMENTS
2120
ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM
In the early days, people believed there was no relationship between electricity and
magnetism. But in 1820, a Danish scientist Orsted discovered that
when copper wires were connected with electricity, one end with postive, the other end with
negative to create a current flow therein ,
and moved close to the compass, the needle of the compass would be deflected. This proves
that a magnetic field will be produced around the current-carrying wires. This magnetic field
has the same feature as that produced by a magnet.
1) Magnetic effect of electric currentAny current-carrying wire can produce a magnetic field around it. This phenomenon is
called magnetic effect of electric current.
In the early 18th century, a French scientist Ampere made a deeper investigation on
magnetic fields and magnetic lines of force. He discovered
the magnetic lines of force of the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying wire was in
closed concentric circles,
and the direction of the circulation was perpendicular to the current-carrying wire.
According to the phenomenon Ampere discovered, the Empere's right hand rule can be
used:
1) To give the direction relationship between the current-carrying wire and the produced
magnetic field.
2) If the thumb of the right-hand points along the direction of the current, then the other four
fingers of the right hand circulate in the same sense as the magnetic lines of force.Ê
2) ElectromagnetIf we wind up a conducting wire and allow current to flow through, the produced magnetic
field is stronger than that from a straight wire. The more circles
we wind the wire the stronger the magnetic field becomes. Using Empere's right hand rule we
can then judge the features of the magnetic field.
The way is -
a) Circulate the four fingers along with the direction of the current on the wound up wire
as Fig. 1 shows.
b) Then the thumb is pointing to the north pole of the magnetic field, and the other end is the
south pole.
c) The N and S poles then form an electromagnet. However, if there is no current flowing
through the wound up wire is only a regular wire, without any magnetism.
When an iron bar is placed inside this current-carrying wound up wire, the produced
magnetism will come to this iron bar. Then the iron bar can attract metal. The iron bar
becomes a magnet in this way and so it is called an electromagnet. We can know the
polarity of the electromagnet with the right hand rule described above.
The strength of the electromagnet is defined by the strength of the current or the amount of
the conducting wire loops. Moreover, the direction of the electromagnetic field can also be
altered by the direction of the electric current. The most common appliances of
electromagnets are telephone receiver and speaker. It can also be seen on the arm of the
crane to attract metal in a large recycle factory or a construction site.
3) Overall, the thumb points to the direction of the current of current-carry wire, and the
fingers circulate in the same direction as the magnetic lines of force.
If a compass is placed in the circular magnetic field, the north pole of the compass will
move along the direction of the magnetic lines of force and point to the direction of the
section line against the magnetic field.
Resistance
Table top
Switch
Standing support
Batte
ry u
nit
S
S
S
S
NN
N
N
S
S
S
S
NN
N
N
Fig. 1
and moved close to the compass, the needle of the compass would be deflected.
2322
ABOUT MOTOR AND THE EXPERIMENTS ABOUT MOTOR AND THE EXPERIMENTS
Rotation of the motorThe concept of motor’s rotation is to change electric energy into
magnetic energy and then into kinetic energy to activate the
motor. The motor rotates to drive gears and create many movable
toys.
1) Structure of motor
a) A motor is made of loops of wires with 2 separate ends
connecting to the power source.
There are normally millions of loops in the motor.
But, for the convenience of explanation we use only one
loop .
b) The current comes from the positive end of the power
source and flows through the electric brushes and electric
loops to the negative end of the power source (battery).
c) There is only a slight contact between two electric brushes
and commutator
2) The concept of motor’s rotation
a) Magnetic force is produced when the current flows through
the wire loops. This force interacts with the North Pole and
the South Pole of the magnet to make the left side of the
loops goes up and right side of the loops goes down. The
magnetic forces from both side makes the loops rotate.
b) When the loops turn 90 , electric brushes degrees
disconnected from commulator, no current can flow through
and thus no magnetic forces are produced, but due to the
inertia of the rotation, it ll still rotate clockwise.
c) After the loops turn over 180 degrees, electric brushes
connected with commulator again, the current continues to
flow through but in different direction so that the loops still
rotate clockwise.
Experiment 2: Voltage and motor’s rotating speed
Compare with Experiment 1, which motor rotates faster? Why?
Building electric circuits Build the actual electric circuits according to the following circuit diagrams and observe their
operation.
Experiment 1: direction of the current and direction of the motor’s rotation
d) The function of the electric brushes and commulator is to change the direction of the
current whenever the loops turn 180 . This makes the loops rotate continuously.degrees
e) Therefore, when the polarity of power source changes, the direction of the current
changes and so does the direction of rotation.
SN
F
BI
SN
SN
F
B
I
wire loops
electric brushes
batterycommutator
Direction of motor’s rotation
¡¼clockwise ¡¼counter-clockwise
Direction of motor’s rotation
¡¼clockwise ¡¼counter-clockwise
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
switch switch
cube connector
cube connector
bulb(red)
bulb(yellow)
battery
motor
battery
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
switch
cube connector
cube connector
battery
battery
bulb(green)bulb(red)
motor
switch
battery
battery
motor
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES
2524
Model 1 T raffic Light ---
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
PARTS NEEDED
17
39
49 5850
4041 42 43 45
46
1 2 3
4 5
6 7 8
47 48
31
30 35 37
38
58 9
10 11
x1
x1 x1
x1
x1x1
x1 x1
x1
x2
x2
x2
x6
x2
x2 x2
x3
x3x3
x3x3x2
x2
9 10 11
12
Completed
1413
15
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES
26
Model 2 Crocodile ---
PARTS NEEDED
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
1
17
49 575850 51 52 55
40
44
20
22 31
32
26
2830
35 37 38
3 4 56 7
9
11
12 13
x1x1
x1x1
x1
x1
x1x1
x1x1 x1
x8
x9
x1
x5
x5
x2
x7x10
x3
x3x2
x2
x2
x2
x4x4
x4
x4
x8
27
Completed
1 2 3
4 5
6 7 8
9 10
11 12
13
14
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES
28
Model 3 Morse code ---
PARTS NEEDED
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
17
39
50
4041
42
31
30 34 35
36 37
2
x2
x5
x4
x4
x2
x2
x3
x1
x1
x1
x1
x2
x8
1 2 3
4 5
10
6 7
8 9
29
Completed
What do all those dots and dashes mean? The invention of the telegraph was followed by the invention of the Morse code. Referred to in the Navy as the dot-dash system, each letter and number is represented by a particular arrangement of dots and dashes. Morse code is usable in sound signaling (radio, sound and whistle) and visual signaling (lights and flags).
Want to really have some fun? Try out this Morse code translator.
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES
30
Model 4 Electric T rain ---
PARTS NEEDED
x2 x2
x1
x1x1
x1
x1x1
x1x1
x1
x2
x2
x12x12 x23
x1
x1
x1
x2
x6
x2 x2
x4
x4
x41.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
57 58 62
5540 44 49
18 1920
2231 32
28
35 3738
23 4
7
8 9
10
14
13
1 2 3 4
6
7
8 9 10 11
12 13
1415
16
31
Completed
N
NN
5N
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES
32
Model 5 Electromagnetic Crane ---
PARTS NEEDED
1.5V
+
-
1.5V
+
-
1 17
57 59 60 61
50 53 54
56
40 47
2021
31
32
2425
27 28
30
34 35 36 38
45 7
8
15
1613
x1
x1
x1x1
x9x1
x1x1x1
x1x1
x1
x1x1
x1x1x1x1x1
x1x3x2
x2
x2 x2
x2
x2
x2x2
x2x2
x2
1 23
4 5 6
7 8
910
11 12
13
plastic sheath wire
cotton stringScratch the paint off the reserved
plastic sheath wire to make it
conductive before it is clipped.
plastic sheath wire
cotton string 50cm
Wind up 100 times.
Reserve 15cm
long at both ends.
Push the gear to fix with the axle and make it not rotatable.
33
Completed
See if it can attract paper-clips.
Crank to make the mechanical arm rise and down.
Pull out the gear to be away from the axle and make it rotatable.
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES
3534
Model 6 Sea Gull Park ---
PARTS NEEDED
1 2 3
4 5
7 8
17
39
57 58
50
55
40 4344
19
20
23
31
3225
29
30
35 3738
23
45
6 8 9
10
12 13
x1 x1
x1
x1
x1
x1
x1x1
x1x1
x4
x14
x2x5
x5
x2x4
x2 x2
x2
x2
x2x2
x2
x2
x2x2
x2x2
x2
6
9 10 11
12 13
14 15
ASSEMBLY EXAMPLES QUIZ
1.
2.
3. as
4.
5.
6.
Static electricity occurs when:
a. two metals are connected to a battery
b. different insulators are rubbed together
c. the weather is very humid
Two particles with the same charge
a. will repel from each other
b. will attract each other
c. None of the above
Materials that allow electricity to flow through them easily such as copper are called
a. Semiconductors
b. Insulators
c. Conductors
d. Inverter
Which among this is a not form of energy?
a. Heat
b. Electricity
c. Solar
d. Water
What is the advantage of using renewable energy?
a. They are eco-friendly
b. They don't produce harmful gas
c. We won't run out of them
d. All of the above
the force with which an electromagnet attracts a magnetic material towards itself
depends upon
a. the strength of current flowing.
b. The length of the conductor
c. The shape of the coil
d. All of the above
36
Pay attention to the arrow refers to the axle not interfere the rod.
Completed
37
11.
12.
13.
14.
Maglev trains work on the principle of:
a. Ohm's law
b. Electromagnetism
c. Hall effect
d. Newton's law
“The EMF produced around a closed path is proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux through any surface bounded by that path”. This statement is known as:
a. Fleming's law
b. Faraday's law
c. Hall's law
d. Lenz's law
When a current is induced in a body due to change in magnetic flux, that current:
a. Supports the cause of its production
b. Oppose the cause of its production
c. Flows in the direction of the magnetic field
d. None of the above
Two kinds of forces are associated with electricity; they are electric and magnetic
force. The connection between these forces was been demonstrated by:
a. Nikola Tesla
b. Joule
c. James Clark Maxwell
d. Michael Faraday
7.
8.
9.
10.
Two equal charges of opposite polarity separated by a distance compose a
a. Couple
b. Dipole
c. Electromagnet
d. None of the above
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force
which is given by:
a. Fleming's right hand rule
b. Ohm's law
c. Fleming's left hand rule
d. Boyle's law
The appearance of a voltage across a current carrying conductor when it is placed in
a magnetic field is known as:
a. Hall's effect
b. Magnetic effect
c. Ohm's effect
d. Faraday's law
Fleming's right hand rule:
a. Provides the direction of magnetic field when direction of flowing current and applied
force are known
b. Provides the direction of current when direction of magnetic field and direction of force
are known
c. Provides the direction of force when direction of magnetic field and the direction of
current are known.
d. Provides the polarity of appearance of voltage in a current carrying conductor placed
in magnetic field.
QUIZ QUIZ
3938
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism
http://www.howmagnetswork.com/Electromagnetism.html
http://www.howstuffworks.com/electromagnet.htm
http://www.school-for-champions.com/science/electromagnetism.htm
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQdLFEiVeCA
REFERENCES
40 41