Pure water does not conduct an electric current

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 215

Source ofelectric power

Purewater

Ionic Solutions conduct a Current

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 215

Source ofelectric power

Free ionspresent in water

Electrolytes

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

(a) Nonelectrolyte (b) Weak electrolyte (c) Strong electrolyte

Electrolytes

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 290

ElectrolytesElectrolytes - solutions that carry an electric current

NaCl(aq) Na+ + Cl- HF(aq) H+ + F-

strong electrolyte weak electrolyte nonelectrolyte

Structure of Sucrose

• Table sugar• C6H12O6

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 469

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

HOH HH

H

H

H

H

C C

CC C C

C

C

C

O

O

O

H

Korey Stringer

1974 - 2001

Korey Stringer was a professional football player forthe Minnesota Vikings. He collapsed during practice from excessive heat and died the following day.

Electrolyte Imbalances

Electrolyte Normal range (mmol / L)

Excess Defiency

Sodium

Na+

135 - 145 Hypernatremia

(increased urine excretion; excess water loss)

Hyponatremia (dehydration; diabetes-related low blood pH; vomiting, diarrhea)

Potassium

K+

3.5 – 5.0 Hyperkalemia

(renal failure, low blood pH)

Hypokalemia

(gastointestinal conditions)

Hydrogen carbonate HCO3

-24 - 30 Hypercapina

(high blood pH; hypoventilation)

Hypocapnia

(low blood pH; hyper-ventilation; dehydration)

Chloride

Cl-100 - 106 Hyperchloremia

(anemia, heart conditions, dehydration)

Hypochloremia

(acute infections; burns; hypoventilation)

Effect of Salinity on Cells

Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 312

isotonic solution

no change

hypotonic solution

hemolysis

crenation

hypertonic solution

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

(a) Cells in dilute salt solution (b) Cells in distilled water (c) Cells in concentrated salt solution

Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic