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8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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Energy Levels of Electrons
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Bohr’s idea of quantized energy levels does have
parallels in quantum mechanics.
For example, quantum mechanics predicts discrete,
quantized principal energy levels for electrons in
an atom.
Principal energy level (n)
provides a general idea of thedistance
of an electron from the nucleus(as n increases, so does the
distance
from the nucleus)n can !e a positive integer (",#,$,
etc.)
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Energy Levels of Electrons
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
%ach energy level can !e divided into su!levels.
%ach su!level corresponds to a di&erent type
of or!ital that can house electrons.
Principal quantum level n '"
ontains only one su!levelor!ital ("s or!ital)
*he or!ital is spherical in nature,
as are all s or!itals.
*he or!ital is a space +here an electronhas a
- pro!a!ility of !eing located.
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Energy Levels of Electrons
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
/o+ many electrons can 0t in an or!ital1
%lectron spin is represented !y arro+s ( or )
Pauli %xclusion Principle an atomic or!ital can holdt+o
electrons, +hich must have opposite spins.
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Energy Levels of Electrons
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principal quantum level n '#
ontains t+o su!levelsor!itals (#s and # p or!itals)
*he #s or!ital is spherical li2e a "s or!ital,
!ut larger and higher in energy.
*he # p su!level consists of three or!itals px
, py
and pz.
*he shape of the $ or!itals is the same3
they di&er in their orientation in space.
4 total electrons can occupy the $ p or!itals of asu!shell.
%ach p or!ital has t+o lo!es.
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Energy Levels of Electrons
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Principal quantum level n '$
ontains three su!levelsor!itals ($s, $ p and $dor!itals)
*he 5 $d or!itals have unique shapes relative
to s and p or!itals.
"- total electrons can occupy the
5 d or!itals of a su!shell.
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6ith each ne+ principal quantum level,
a ne+ su!levelor!ital type is introduced.
7uantum 8evel 9ummaryPrincipal 7uantum
8evel (n)9u!levels
" 1s # 2s 2 p 2 p 2 p
$ !s ! p ! p ! p !d !d !d !d !d
: 4s 4 p 4 p 4 p 4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f
Energy Levels of Electrons
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
7/34© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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6hat is the maximum num!er of electrons
in a :d su!level1
a. #
!. :
c. 4
d. "-
;ny d su!level has 5 total or!itals.
*+o electrons can !e housed in eachor!ital.
nergy eve s o ec rons"r#ctice
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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6hat is the maximum num!er of electrons that can
occupy the n ' $ su!level1
a. <
!. #
c. "<
d. "-
*he n ' $ su!level has $ types ofor!itals
s ("), p ($), and d (5).
*+o electrons can occupy each or!ital.
( x # ' "
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/ydrogen consists of a nucleus +ith one proton
and one electron in a "s or!ital.
/o+ are electrons treated in more complicatedatoms
that contain multiple electrons1
=uidelines for 0lling electrons
;ssuming multielectron atoms have or!itals
similar to that of the hydrogen atom,
rules for 0lling electrons can !e developed.
". >nly up to t+o electrons can occupy an or!ital.#. %lectron +ill occupy lo+er energy or!itals 0rst.
>r!ital energies s ? p ? d ? f for a given n value.
$. %ach or!ital in a su!level must contain an electron!efore another electron can !e added to any of the
or!itals.
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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*hree +ays of depicting atomic and electronic
structure@) ;tomic 9tructure Aiagrams
Aepict !oth the nuclear and electronic structure
@@) %lectron con0guration
%ach or!ital is listed, in order of increasing energy,
+hile depicting the num!er of electrons in
each or!italsu!level.
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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@@@) >r!ital Aiagram
Boxes represent or!itals and electron spinsare represented as arro+s.
$ p
*hree +ays of depicting atomic and electronicstructure
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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/ydrogen
>r!ital Aiagram>r!ital Aiagram
"s1
%lectroncon0guration
"s2
%lectroncon0guration
/elium
"s2#s"
8ithium
"s "s
"s2#s#
Berylium
"s #s "s #s
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Boron
"s2#s## p"
"s #s # p
ar!on
"s
2
#s
#
# p
#
"s #s # p
ote the electrons are in di&erent or!itals per Cule$.
*he similar spin +ill !e discussed shortly.
Filling the p su!shell
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Filling the p su!shell
>xygen
"s2#s## p:
itrogen
"s2#s## p$
"s #s # p
ote the electrons are in di&erent or!itals per Cule$.
*+o electrons must !e paired in one p or!ital.
"s #s # p
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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Filling the p
su!shell
eon
"s2#s## p4
"s #s # p
Fluorine
"s2#s## p5
"s #s # p
;ll electrons are paired in the p shell.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
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Beyond e 9odium
"s2#s## p4$s"
"s #s # p $s
Begin 0lling the $n shell.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
o$ c r%c %re o e rs
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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Dalence %lectrons
electrons located in the highest energy(outermost) or!itals of an atom.
Dalence electrons participate in !onding to form
molecular compounds (see hapter "").
*he column num!er (";E;) in the periodic ta!legives the valence electrons of an element.
>xygen
%lectron con0guration
"s2#s## p:
>utermost valence electrons are in the n '#su!shell3
oxygen has 4 total valence electrons.
%xample
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
o$ c r%c %re o e rsEle$ents
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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/o+ many valence electrons does phosphoruscontain1
a. 5
!. <
c. "5
d. "<
P is in =roup 5;.@t +ill contain 5 valence electrons.
%lectron on0guration
"s##s## p4$s#$ p$
Dalence electrons
Electronic (on)g%r#tion "r#ctice
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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6hich element could have the follo+ing
electron con0guration1
"s
#
#s
#
# p
4
$s
#
$ p
4
a. l
!. a
c. ;r
d. 9
*he element contains "< electrons.
@t must also contain "< protons.
;tomic num!er "< ' argon.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electronic (on)g%r#tion "r#ctice
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/o+ does the electronic structure of atoms relateto their
positioning on the periodic ta!le1
>rigins of the Periodic *a!le
Gendeleev and Geyer proposed organizing elements
!ased on increasing atomic masses.*heir ideas formed the origins of the modern
periodic ta!le.
Electron Str%ct%res #nd the"eriodic *#+le
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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ele$ents ith si$il#r-ro-erties.
columns (groupsfamilies)
ro+s(periods)
incre#sing
/#to$icn%$+er
*he odern "eriodic *#+le
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Period num!er corresponds to the highest
principal quantum num!er n of the elements.
=roup num!ering !y num!ers "H"< or
+ith num!ersletters (i.e., ;).
; groups are the representative elements.
B groups are the transition elements.
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
*he odern "eriodic *#+le
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Al#liet#lsAl#lineE#rths
*r#nsition
et#ls
3#logens
o+le5#ses
#in 5ro%-
#in 5ro%-© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
*he odern "eriodic *#+le
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a. /alogens
!. o!le gases
c. ;l2ali metals
d. ;l2aline earth metals
Gagnesium is a mem!er of +hat group ofelements1
"eriodic *#+le "r#ctice
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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=roup ommonalities ;ll elements in a group
have similar valence electron con0gurations.*his often leads to similar reactivity
of elements in a group.
Because electron con0gurations of larger elements
arevery long, a shorthand notation is used that
highlights valence electrons.a IeJ$s"
*his indicates the electron con0guration of sodiumis that for e +ith an additional $s" electron.
*he shorthand electron con0guration al+ays usesthe
previous no!le gas core +ith the valence electrons
for the element of interest.
%xample
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
*he odern "eriodic *#+le
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@nitially, one may expect to 0ll $d electrons!efore :s electrons.
/o+ever, !ased on reactivity of the elements K anda,
they resem!le metals +ith valence electrons in sor!itals.K I;rJ:s"
a I;rJ:s#
%lements #"E$- are transition elements +hereelectrons no+ 0ll in the $d su!shell.
>nce the $d su!shell is 0lled, the : p shell !egins to
0ll.
%xample
Electron illing
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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9u!level Filling Aiagram
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electron illing
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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a. K
!. P
c. Fluorine
d. a
*he electron con0guration I;rJ :s" is theground state electron con0guration of
*he element contains " valenceelectron
in the fourth period (due to n ' :).
Electron illing "r#ctice
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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*he electron con0guration IeJ $s#$ p", is theground state electron con0guration of
a. a!. ;l
c. ;r
d. 9
*he element contains $ valenceelectrons
in the third period (due to n ' $).
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Electron illing "r#ctice
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=roups of elements sho+ similar chemical
properties!ecause of similarities in their valence electrons.
=roup num!er equals the total num!er of
outermost valence electrons.
%xample =roup H contains the
ns#
np5
valence con0guration
(he$ic#l "eriodicity
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
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8ist the $ !asic characteristics of electromagneticradiation
"-." %lectromagnetic Cadiation
%xplain the relationship !et+een the line spectrum
and the quantized energy levels of an electron in anatom.
"-.# *he Bohr ;tom
Aescri!e the principal energy levels,
su!levels and or!itals of an atom.
"-.$ %nergy 8evels of %lectrons
Le#rning 6+7ectives
© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
i +7 i
8/19/2019 Electron Configuration 123
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Lse the guidelines to +rite electron con0gurations.
"-.: ;tomic 9tructure of the First "< %lements
Aescri!e ho+ the electron con0gurations of the
atomsrelate to their position on the periodic ta!le and
+rite electron con0gurations for elements !ased
on their position on the periodic ta!le.
"-.5 %lectron 9tructures and the Periodic *a!le
Le#rning 6+7ectives