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Electron-Dot Notation. How does the interaction between nuclei & valence electrons affect how atoms interact together?. Electron-Dot Notation. Valence electrons are responsible for chemical bonding. Group 1: Alkali metals have 1 valence electron - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Electron-Dot Notation
How does the interaction between nuclei & valence electrons affect how atoms interact together?
Electron-Dot Notation
Valence electrons are responsible for chemical bonding. Group 1: Alkali metals have 1 valence
electron Group 2: Alkali-earth metals have 2 valence
electrons Electron-Dot Notation:
It only shows the valence electrons of an atom, which are indicated by dots placed around the element’s symbol.
Electron-Dot Notation
1. Write the symbol2. Put one dot for each valence electron.3. Don’t pair up the e- unless you have
to.
X
Electron Dot Notation: Nitrogen
Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons.
First we write the symbol. NThen add 1 electron
at a time to each side, until they are forced to pair up.
Mg
Write the electron dot notation for…Remember:# Valence Electron = # electrons on outermost ring (last ring) Na Mg C O F Ne He
1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p63s2
1s22s22p2
1s22s22p4
1s22s22p5
1s22s22p6
1s2
Na
C
O
F
He
Ne
Electron-Dot Notation: Cations
Metals (L side of the Periodic Table) tend to lose electrons to attain greatest stability (8 valence electrons – Octet Rule). This results in forming positive ions, cations.
Example:
Na 1s22s22p63s1 - 1 valence electronNa+ 1s22s22p6 – 8 valence electrons
Ca
Electron Dot Notation for Cations Elements that have few valence electrons will
tend to lose them, forming positive ions: cations.
Calcium: 20 e- Ca2+: 18 e-
1s22s22p63s23p64s2 1s22s22p63s23p6Ca40.078
20
Ca2
+
Electron Configurations for Anions
Nonmetals (R of the periodic table) tend to gain electrons to attain stability This results in forming negative ions,
anions.
Sulfur S 1s22s22p63s23p4 - 6 valence
electrons S2- 1s22s22p63s23p6 – 8 valence
electronsS S2
-
Common Monatomic Ions: pg. 221Group 1: 1+ Group 2: 2+ Group 13:
3+
Lithium Li+
Beryllium Be2+
Aluminum Al3+
Sodium Na+
Magnesium Mg2+
Potassium K+
Calcium Ca2+
Rubidium Rb+
Strontium Sr2+
Cesium Cs+
Barium Ba2+
Group 17 1-
Group 16 2-
Group 15 3-
Fluoride F-
Oxide O2-
Nitride N3-
Chloride Cl-
Sulfide S2-
Phosphide P3-
Bromide Br-
Iodide I-
Elements down a group have similar charges.
Group 1 (Alkali) elements produce 1+ ionsGroup 2 (Alkali-earth)elements produce 2+ ionsGroup 13 elements produce 3+ ions
Group 14 elements produce 4- ionsGroup 15 elements produce 3- ionsGroup 16 elements produce 2- ionsGroup 17 (Halogens) elements produce 1- ionsGroup 18 (noble gases) elements (STABLE!) – do not produce ions
Ionic Bonding & Ionic Compounds
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Compounds: Composed of a cation and an anion that are bonded together Ionic compounds are called salts.
Properties of Ionic Compounds: Crystal Lattice Ionic Compounds consists of positive and negative ions held together by ionic bonds. They are ordered in a rigid structure, called a
crystal lattice. Crystal Lattice: a repeating arrangement of ions in
the solid. Ionic compounds have high melting points -
because of strong forces between ions It requires a lot of energy to melt an ionic compound
Ionic Bonding - Crystal Lattice
Crystal Lattice: Table Salt, NaCl
Table salt
Ionic solids are Brittle
+ - + -+- +-
+ - + -+- +-
Force + - + -
Strong repulsion breaks crystal apart.
Ionic Bonding
Ionic Bonding: Formed when atoms completely give up electrons to other atoms, transferring of electrons.. To achieve stability 8 valence electrons.
Ionic Bonding
Na
Cl
transfer of electron
+ -
NaCl
Example: Sodium & Chloride
• Sodium: Group 1, 1 valence electron
• Chloride, Group 17, 7 valence electrons
• Sodium will give up its 1 valence electron so that it can achieve stability, meanwhile chlorine gains 1 to achieve stability
•Mutual Benefits!
Ionic Bonding
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
n = 2
Na1 valence electron
n = 3
n = 3
+
-
-
-
-
-
- -
--
-
- -
-
- -
-
Cl7 valence electrons
Na+
8 valence e-
Cl-
8 valence electrons
NaCl
Transfer of electrons to achieve a stable octet (8 electrons in valence shell).
--
-
-
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
- -
-
-
- -
-
Calcium gives up two valence electrons – one to each fluorine atom.
Chemical Formulas
Chemical Formulas indicate the number of atoms of each kind in a compound.
CaCl2
Binary Compound: Two Types of atomsCalcium Chloride
1 Calcium atom
2 Chloride atoms
“ Chlorine” becomes ‘Chloride” when it gains electrons
Cations always come first
1 2
CaCl2
Ca Cl
Ca Cl
2+ 1-
1. Write out names with space
2. Write symbols & charge of elements
3. criss-cross charges as subscripts,drop the + and - signs
4. combine into formula(“1” is never shown)
Calcium Chloride
Formulating Binary Ionic Compounds:
Criss-Cross RuleSteps
Step 1: Aluminum Oxide
Step 2: Al3+ O2-
Step 3: Al O2 3
Step 4: Al2O3
Criss-Cross Rule: Aluminum OxideNote: The name of the cation is given first, then the anion.
Step 1: Magnesium Oxide
Step 2: Mg2+ O2-
Step 3: Mg O2 2
Step 4: Mg2O2
Step 5 MgO(Reduce to lowest terms) :
Criss-Cross Rule: Magnesium Oxide
IrBr3BaS
Criss-Cross RuleCriss-cross rule:
** Warning: Reduce to lowest terms.
Al2O3
Al3+ and O2–
Al2 O3
Ba2+ and S2–
Ba2 S2
Ir3+ and Br1–
Ir1 Br3
Ca +2
P -3Ca
+2
P
All the electrons must be accounted for!
+2
Ionic Bonding
Ca -3
Ionic Bonding
Ca3P
2Formula Unit
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
P3-
P 3-
Ca2
+
P3- Ca2+
P3- Ca2
+
Polyatomic Ions
Ionic bonding can occur with polyatomic ions, because sometimes, a cation or an anion can be a polyatomic ion…which is -
A charged group of atoms, resulting from an excess of electrons ( - ) or a shortage of electrons (+)
Stays together, functions as a unit
Common Polyatomic Ions
Writing Formulas with Polyatomic Ions
Binary Compounds: Formulas http://www.chemfiles.com/flash/
formulas.html
Bonding Activity – Why the criss-cross rule?
O2-
K1+
K1+
Mg2+
Br1-
Br1-
K Br
potassium atom bromine atom
e- e- Br1-K1+
potassium ion bromide ionpotassium bromide
K Br
potassium atom bromine atom
e-
Br1-K1+
potassium ion bromide ion
KBr
MgBr2 K2Omagnesium bromide potassium oxide
Ca2+
Al3+
K1+
Pb4+
Br1-
O2-
N3-
K1+
K1+
Mg2+
Br1-
Br1-
PO43-
S2-
Cu2+
OH1-
OH1-NH41+
NO31-
?
Review: Naming Ionic Compounds
Rules of Naming Ionic Compounds(1) The name of cations do not change.Examples: Sodium, Na+ Hydrogen, H+
(2) The ending of monatomic anions change to –ide.
Examples: Chlorine Chloride, Cl-
Nitrogen Nitride, N3-
The name of polyatomic ions do not change.
Examples: Bromate, BrO3- Carbonate, CO3
2-
Rules of Naming Ionic Compounds(4) Some cations have multiple charges. These
are represented by roman numerals. This system of naming is called the Stock system.Examples: Lead (IV): Pb4+ Lead (II): Pb2+
Lead(IV) oxide vs. Lead (II) oxidePb4+ O2- Pb2+ O2-
Pb2O4 Pb2O2
PbO2 PbO
We must use the Stock system to distinguish which lead we are referring to.
Nomenclature: Binary Compounds – Stock System
Ion Stock Ion Stock
Fe2+ Iron II Fe3+ Iron III
Cu+ Copper I Cu2+ Copper II
Au+ Gold I Au3+ Gold III
Sn2+ Tin II Sn4+ Tin IV
Pb2+ Lead II Pb4+ Lead IV
Hg+ Mercury I Hg2+ Mercury II
Cr2+ Chromium II Cr3+ Chromium III
Mn2+ Manganese II Mn3+ Manganese III
Practice:Formula Name
1 BaO ____________________
2 ________________ sodium bromide
3 MgI2 ____________________
4 KCl ____________________
5 ________________ strontium fluoride
6 ________________ cesium fluoride
barium oxide
NaBr
magnesium iodide
potassium chloride
SrF2
CsF
Practice:
Which iron is used in these chemical formula? Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide FeS Iron(II) sulfide
Which copper is used in this chemical formula? Cu(ClO4)2 Copper(II) perchlorate
Which gold is used in this chemical formula?Au2O