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Electronic, chemical& cement industries
growth
electronic
Bangalore, biggest electronic industrial centre
Chemical industry
Cement industries
Building purposes
After independence- high growth
• Thank you • SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Engineering, ship building& air craft industries
growth
Engineering industry
• Items of export- diesel engines and parts, steel pipes, electric fans and parts, tubes and fittings, dry batteries, bicycles and parts, railway track materials, data processing machines etc.
Engineering
Ship building industry
• The main ship building centers- Bombay, Calcutta, Cochin, Visakhapattanam&Goa
• All of them in public sector• The largest ship yard is built at Cochin with the help of
Japan.• Dry docks( meant for repairing big ships) are Cochin,
Visakhapattanam& Bombay• Battleships for Indian navy are manufactured at Cochin• Free India built her first ship at Visakhapattanam
shipyard in 1948
Ship building industry
Dry docks( meant for repairing big ships) are Cochin, Visakhapattanam& Bombay
Air craft industries
• Thank you • SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Chapter -5 Brahma Samaj
Raja Rammohan Roy
Life and carrier
• Born in 1774 in Bengal• Laid the foundation of Brahma Samaj in 1828• Advocator of western literature and English
language• Full faith in ancient scriptures, Vedas and
Upanishads• Expert of more than a dozen of languages
Different photos
Contribution to the religious field
• God is one, omnipotent and omnipresent• All men are equal before God and children of same God• The way to salvation lies in the worship of God, away
from sins and do good deeds• Preached equality and fraternity of mankind• Against useless rituals, costly yajnas and superstitions• Supporter of rational thinking• Should respect all religions
Against idol worship
Condemned all distinctions based on caste, colour and creed
In the field of education• Supporter of English, western and modern education and
western literature and science• Started English school at Calcutta in 1817 and college in 1825• Published the translations of Vedas and Upanishads into
Bengali• Books written by him-Gifts to monotheists and precepts of
Jesus• Composed a book on the Bengali grammar• Made effort to spread Bengali language
Social field
• He helped william Bentick to abolish sati in 1829
Sathi practices
PRACTICE OF SATHI
Sathi in news paper
Invitation card
• Supporter of widow remarriages• Worked for the upliftment of women• Demanded the right of inheritance to property
to the women• Condemned the practice of polygamy• Against superstitions and useless rituals• Introduction of western education and
literature to fight against the evils
In the political field• Against caste system• Indianisation of high posts• Trial by jury• Equality of both Indians and Europeans in the judicial sphere• Separation of executive from judiciary• Against the oppression of the Zamindars• Believer in internationalism and free co-operation between
nations• Freedom of press
1922 built Ashram, file photo
Tomb of Rajaram
END
• Death at Bristol in England in 1833
Presented By:DR. Sheena Krishnan UlamparambathDept. of History P.G.G.C.G. Sector – 11,Chandigarh
ALIGARH MOVEMENT
Founder-Sir Syed Ahmed Khan(1817-1898)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan(1817-1898)
Location at Aligarh
Khan-at a glance
• Supporter of English Education• Establishment of Muhammad Anglo –Oriental
School in 1874. • Then Muhammadan Anglo –Oriental College• This college later became the center of the
Aligarh movement.
Aligarh Muslim University present status
Another view of Aligarh Muslim University
DIFFERENT PHOTOS OF SIR KHAN
PHOTOS OF SIR KHAN
Publications on Aligarh Movement-contents, publishers, title etc.
• Thank you • DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
• Life sketch• Born in 1824 at Maurvi in Kathiawarh• Father-Amba Shankar• Child hood name-Mul Shankar• In 1875 –foundation of Arya Samaj at Bombay• Main Sermon- Back to Vedas• Book- Satiarth Parkash
• MAIN DOCTRINES- about God• God is one• God is formless• No idol worship• Salvation can be attained only through the help of
the God• God is merciful, justifiable, universal or omnipresent• God is omnipresent
ABOUT VEDAS• Vedas deal with the doctrine of the religion and transmigration• Vedas are true knowledge, education, truth and real; utterances about the
GOD• Every Aryan should study Vedas• Aryan civilization is the most ancient and supreme civilization• Everybody should accept the truth or the reality and should reject
falsehood• The ignorance should be eradicated and knowledge should be propagated• Every Aryan should realize his or her development and progress with the
development and progress of the others• The purpose of the society should be the welfare of the world
SOCIAL REORMS
• Refuted caste system• Doctrine of equality of men and women• Opposed caste system• Education of women• Hindi language as the national language• Opposed female infanticide• Favoured widow-remarriage
ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE RELIGIOUS FIELD
• Opposed caste system and untouchability• Rejected false traditions and customs and idol
worship• Spread of Vedic religion throughout India• Social equality• Checked the decline of Hindu religion• Reconsolidation of Hindu religion
• Against child marriage• Improved the condition of the widows• Weakened the caste system• Improved the condition of the Harijans• Opened Samaj Sewa Kendras to improve the
condition of the lower castes• Opened many orphanages to provide education and
workshops• Charity work, distribution of money, medicine, dress
etc.
ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE SOCIAL FIELD
• Opened colleges, schools and Guru Kuls• First school at Lahore• First Vedic College• Popularized Sanskrit language, Hindu
literature, Vedas, western literature and Science
• Large number of high schools, Guru Kuls and colleges
ACHIEVEMENTS IN THE EDUCATIONAL FIELD
• DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
SWAMI VIVEKANAND AND RAMAKRISHNA MISSION
LIFE SKETCH
• BIRTH- on 9 February 1863 at Calcutta, childhood name -Narinder Nath
• Meeting with Swami Rama Krishna• Turned an ascetic• Contemplation and pilgrimage• Journey to foreign countries• In England• In America
Foundation of Rama Krishna Mission
• In 1896• Main Objectives• To propagate the doctrines and views of Swami
Rama Krishna Param Hans• Appointment of scholars and experienced persons in
the monasteries• Establishment of peace and harmony in the world• To develop spiritualism• Spread the doctrine of the Vedas
Achievements• Service of the people• Many hospitals• Orphanages• Schools• Opposed caste system, false rituals and customs• Encouraged liberal thinking and equality• Feeling of brotherhood• Centres of public welfare and service• Many branches inside and outside country• Spread of Indian civilization and culture in the foreign
countries
• DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Chapter -6Contributions of Jotiba Phooley, Dr.
Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi
Jotiba Phooley
• Born in 1827• Father -Gobind Rao• Mother- Chemna Bai• Real name-Jyoti Rai• Wife -Savitry
Achievements to the depressed classes • Schools for the girls of lower castes• Promotion of Marathi language• Library for the people of lower classes• Murderous attack on Phooley• To make public opinion against the exploitation of the depressed classes• Propagation of the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity• Foundation of Satya Shodhak Samaj in 1873• Objectives and principles of Satya Shodhak Samaj• Worked for improving the condition of lower class women• Encouragement for the widow remarriages• Efforts to improve the conditions of peasants and farmers• Awakening among lower classes and untouchables• Title of MAHATMA• DEATH IN 28 NOVEBBER 1890
Dr. Ambedkar• Birth-14 April 1891 at Mahau in Indore state• Father- Ramji Mala ji Jankpal• Mother- Bhima Bai• Caste-Mahar• Marriage-first marriage in 1905 to Rama Bai. Rama Bai died in 1935 so
married to Sharda{Savita}• Education- Matriculation in 1908, B.A. from Alfanston College Bombay in
1912,Scholarship in 1913 from Baroda state, M.A. Economics in 1915 from Columbia University, P h.D from same university, M.Sc in Economics and D.Sc from London School of Economics
• Entered in politics
Contribution to the depressed classes• As a representative of the depressed classes before South Bureau Committee• Disappointment from the Congress• Dis- satisfactory recommendations of the South Bureau Committee• Conferences at Kohlapur and Nagpur• Newspapers and Magazines –THE MOOKNAIK IN 1919, SAMAT IN 1929• Foundation of Bahishkrit Hitkari Sabha• Newspapers- Janta and Bahishkrit Bharat• Establishment of Samaj Samat Sangh for the equality of the depressed classes• Agitations and demonstrations• Struggle for the political rights• For the welfare of peasants and labourers• Foundation of Independence Labour Party and Schedule Castes Federation• Member in Governor General Council• Preparation of new constitution of India• Law member in the Nehru Cabinet
Mahatma Gandhi
• Birth- 2 October 1869 at Porbandar in Gujrat• Real name- Mohan Chand Karam Chand
Gandhi• Father-Karam Chand Gandhi,mother-Putli Bai• Marriage with Kashturba at the age of 13• Barrister degree from England
Contribution to the depressed classes• Non- cooperation movement• Removal of untouchability• Welfare of the depressed classes• Three points programme-use of khadi, unity between Hindus and Muslims, uproot of
untouchability• Fight for the political rights to the depressed classes• Communal Award and Poona Pact• Untouchables as Harijans• Foundation of Harijan Sewak Sangh• Newspapers and Magazines- Harijan in February 1933• Tour in India for the welfare of the depressed classes• In Nagpur• In South India• In Bihar earthquake effected areas• In Orrisa• In Poona• Other parts of India
• DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Chapter-7 Growth of political consciousness or nationalism
causes• Religious and social reform movements• Role of Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Swami Dayanand,
Swami Vivekanand etc.• Supporters of widow remarriages• Worked for the upliftment of women• Demanded the right of inheritance to property to
the women• Condemned the practice of polygamy• Against superstitions and useless rituals• Introduction of western education and literature to
fight against the evils
Influence of western education• Role of Raja Ram Mohan Ray-Supporter of English,
western and modern education and western literature and science
• Started English school at Calcutta in 1817 and college in 1825
• Published the translations of Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali
• Books written by him-Gifts to monotheists and precepts of Jesus
• Composed a book on the Bengali grammar• Made effort to spread Bengali language
• Role of Indian press and literature• Newspapers- Indian Mirror, Bombay
Samachar, Amrith Bazzar Patrika, Keasri. Bengali,Indu Parkash,Hindu Subodh Samachar, Hindu Patriot, Marathi Subhodika Patrika, Tribune etc. provoked and inspired the feelings of patriotism among the people of India.
Literary worksPUBLICATIONS
Role of writers
• Din Bandhu Mitran, Hemu Chander Banerjee, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee and Rabindra Nath Tagore
• Anand Math-bible of modern Bengali Patriotism
• Translated works
Improvement in the means of communication
Railways
Role of the Railways
• Dalhousie is regarded as the father of electric telegraph in India. Nearly 4,000 miles of electric telegraph lines were constructed connecting Calcutta with Peshawar, Bombay, Madras and other parts of the country. In Burma a line was laid down from Rangoon to Mandalay.
• Revolt of 1857
The telegraph department proved of great assistance during the revolt of 1857 to Britishers.
REVOLT OF 1857
Impact of the revolt
During the revolt of 1857, which is described as the first attempt at resisting the British, Hindus and Muslims fought side by side united in their purpose of defeating a common enemy.
Other causes
• Denial of higher posts to the educated Indians• Misbehaviour with the Indians
• Impact of British policy of exploitation
Economic causes
Horrible famines
Impartial attitudes
• Dismissal of Surender Nath Banerjee from Service
• Decrease in the age for taking part in the competitive exam. for Civil Services
• The repressive policy of Lord Lytton • Ilbert Bill
Political causes
• Impact of political unity• Role of different institutions established up to
1854• The need for All India Institution and Adiyar
Conference• The establishment of Indian National union• Origin of Indian National Congress
• DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Chapter- 8 SOME IMPORTANT MOMENTS
RELATED TO CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AND NON CO-OPERATION
MOVEMENTS
Non-cooperation movement
• This movement was a peaceful method of creating change. Mahatma Gandhi had shown in South Africa and in 1918 in Champaran, Bihar and Kheda, Gujarat that the only way to earn the respect and attention of British officials was to actively resist government activities through civil disobedience.
Satyagraha
Satyagraha• Gandhi's call was for a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Acts. All
offices and factories would be closed. Indians would be encouraged to withdraw from Raj-sponsored schools, police services, the military and the civil services, and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj's courts. Public transportation and English-manufactured goods, especially clothing, would be boycotted
Success and suspension
• The success of the revolt was a total shock to British authorities and a massive encouragement to millions of Indians. Then on February 4, 1922, in the Chauri Chaura, after violent clashes between the local police and the protestors in which three protestors were killed by police firing,
the police chowki (pron.-chau key) (station) was set on fire by the mob, killing 22 of the police occupants.
Aftermath• The Non-Co-operation Movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri-Chaura
incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on March 10, 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On March 18, 1922, he was imprisoned for two years for publishing seditious materials.
• Although most Congress leaders remained firmly behind Gandhi, the disillusioned broke away. The Ali brothers would soon become fierce critics. Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das formed the Swaraj Party, rejecting Gandhi's leadership. Many nationalists had felt that the Non-Cooperation Movement should not have been stopped due to isolated incidents of violence, and most nationalists, while retaining confidence in Gandhi, were discouraged.
Civil Disobedience Movement
• Civil Disobedience Movement launched in 1930 under MK Gandhi's leadership was one of the most important phases of India's freedom struggle.
• Muslims reserved their opinion on the Simon Report declaring that the report was not final and the matters should decided after consultations with the leaders representing all communities in India.
• The Satyagraha was a campaign of nonviolent protest against the British salt tax in colonial India which began with the Salt March to Dandi on March 12, 1930. It was the first act of organized opposition to British rule after Purna Swaraj the declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress. Mahatma Gandhi led the Dandi march from his Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi
• Gandhi was arrested on May 5, 1930, just days before his planned raid on the Dharasana Salt Works.
• The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference
• The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of nonviolent protest called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force.
• The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr., and his fight for civil rights for blacks and other minority groups in the 1960s.
• There were outbreaks of violence in Calcutta , Karachi, and Gujarat. Unlike his suspension of satyagraha after violence broke out during the Non-cooperation movement, this time Gandhi was "unmoved".
• Salt Satyagraha produced scant progress toward dominion status or independence for India, and did not win any major concessions from the British. It also failed to attract Muslim support—many Muslims actively boycotted the satyagraha.
• The Satyagraha campaign of the 1930s also forced the British to recognize that their control of India depended entirely on the consent of the Indians — Salt Satyagraha was a significant step in the British losing that consent.
BY:-DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN
ULAMPARAMBATHASST. PROFESSOR
DEPTT. OF HISTORY, GCG-11
CHANDIGARH
Causes of the Growth Communalism in India
• What is Communalism?
NEHRU AND COMMUNALISM
Communalism does not end the other, each feeds on the other and both fatten.Jawahar Lal Nehru
Definition
• Communalism is a modern term that describes a broad range social movements and social theories which are in some way centered upon the community.
Communalism in Indian Context…
• In the Indian subcontinent, the term "communalism" has taken on a very different meaning, namely that of a religion and, more specifically, ethnicity-based sectarianism promoting communal violence, espoused by many political and socio-religious movements.
Growth of Communalism during the revolt of 1857
During the revolt of 1857, which is described as the first attempt at resisting the British, Hindus and Muslims fought side by Side, united in their purpose of defeating a common enemy.
The main causes of growth of communalism
• End of Muslim soverignity• Wahabi movement• Deplorable economic condition of the
Muslims
The British noticed this unity and realized that their survival rested on being able to keep the people divided, for they had managed to establish their rule because politically India had been a divided country at the time of their entry. The British thus followed their famous 'Divide and Rule' policy..
Policy of DIVIDE AND RULE
ROLE OF SIR SAYID AHAMMED KHAN
• Till about 1870 the British oppressed the Muslims greatly for they held them responsible for the revolt.
• Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan, an earlier nationalist
drifted towards Communalism.
• Communalism was also fostered through the writing of the Indian History. e.g. the division of Indian History into Hindu period and Muslim period as ancient and medieval India.
Misinterpretation of History
Socio-religious movements
• Socio-religious reform movements like Arya Samaj, Brahmo-Samaj, Sanatan Dharam movements, Aligarh movement, Wahabi movement and some other fringe movements contributed towards communalism.
Role of communal heroes• Propagation of
Communal Heroes to glorify the past communal traditions and struggles e.g. Prithvi Raj Chauhan, Maharana Pratap, Shivaji, Guru Gobind Singh among Hindus and Mahmud Ghaznavi, Mohammed Ghori, Akbar, Aurangazeb etc among the Muslims.
Other causes
• Contribution of MR. Buck• Muslim associations• Separate educational institutions of various
communities• Partition of Bengal• Establishment of I.N.C.
• The foundation of Muslim League on 30 Dec. 1906, institutionalized the Muslim communalism.
• Iqbal at Allahabad session of Muslim League in 1930 gave two nation concept.
FOUNDATION OF MUSLIM LEAGUE
• The term Pakistan was coined by a young under graduate student Rehmat Ali of Cambridge University in 1933.
• Hindu nationalists like Savarkar, M.M. Malviya and S.P. Mukherjee along with the Sikh leaders Master Tara Singh took opposite position vis a vis, Muslims.
ROLE OF OTHER COMMUNITIES
DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH ASSISTANT PROFESSORDEPARTMENT OF HISTORY POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGESECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Chapter -8 Quit India Movement and British Proposal for
Independence
causes
Trials of the officers of the I.N.A. Revolt of the naval soldiers at Meerut Second World War and the ministries Of I.N.C
Various causes
• Failure of Cripps Mission• Advance of Japan• Maltreatment with the Indian refugees who
came from Burma• Rice in the prices of the goods• Oppression by the government in Bengal• Views of Mahatma Gandhi
Stages of the movement
• Quit India Resolution on August 8, 1942• Mahatma Gandhi raised the slogan of ‘Do or Die.’• Twelve deeds were described.• Appeal the people to hold meetings and conferences,
processions, to observe strikes, to disobey the salt laws and other laws, not to pay taxes to the British government, to non co-operate the British government etc.
Progress
• In the first stage held meetings, conferences, processions, observed strikes, disobeyed the salt laws and other laws, did not pay taxes to the British government, did not co-operate with the British government etc. were the strategies.
Second stage
• Due to the oppression of the British govt. the people started violent actions. They destroyed telegraph offices, rail ways, police stations etc.
Third stage
• Police started violent actions by firing the people with machine guns.
• They became revolutionaries.• They started to make and use bombs
Fourth stage
• Suppression by the British• End of the movement• Release of Gandhiji from the prison.
significance
• A mass movement• Political awakening• Hatred against the British rule India• The British govt. was obliged to think• British govt. and Muslim came very close to
each other• Influence of the Army
Causes of the failure
• Lack of organization• Lack of plans• Loyalty of the Indian govt. employees to the
British govt.• Policy of oppression by the British• Violent proceedings and actions• High power of British in India• Non co-operation of the political parties.
• Presented By:• DR. Sheena Krishnan Ulamparambath• Dept. of History • P.G.G.C.G. Sector – 11,• Chandigarh
Different PHASES of Independence
The Communal Award of 1932 announced by the British Government further widened the gulf between the Hindus and the Muslims. By this time Jinnah emerged as the most prominent face of the Muslim League.
• By the 1940's the move towards partition had gathered tremendous momentum and although secular nationalists tried right till the end to keep the country united, but sadly the country could not stay united, and its people were divided into two separate nations.
• The August Offer (1940), The Cripps Mission (1942), The Wavell Plan (1945) and the Cabinet Mission (1946) were the British steps towards the partition and Independence of India.
• In both the Punjab and Bengal, the Boundary Commission consisted of two Muslim and two non-Muslim judges with Sir Cyril Radcliffe as a common chairman. The boundary line between India and Pakistan was thus named as Radcliff line
Radcliff line
• The shrewdness of Jinnah and his adroit handling of the political situation combining with the inept handling by the Congress and uncompromising doctrine of the Hindu ascendancy propagated by Savarkar, along with calculated passiveness of the British resulted in a worst tragedy that could ever befall on a nation and its people.
Final stage• The Direct Action (16 august 1946) of the Muslim League and the
ensuing communal riots were the climax of communal apathy.• Attlee’s declaration (20 February 1947) and the Mountbatten Plan
(3 June 1947) were the last moves towards freedom and division.
Making of the constitution
• Mahatma Gandhi raised the demand voice regarding the new constitution of India
• INC demanded the election of the Constituent Assembly in 1934.
• Muslim League demanded the formation of separate Constituent Assembly.
Role of the British
• In August 1940 British govt. accepted the demand of the people.
• On August 8 1940 Lord Linlithgo, the viceroy of India declared proclamation that a Constituent Assembly would be accepted
Stages
• Cripps proposal regarding a Constituent Assembly
• Cabinet mission and Constituent Assembly • Freedom to leave commonwealth• Elections for the Constituent Assembly in 1946
Position of different parties in the Assembly
• Indian National Congress and his supporting parties-212 seats
• Muslim League-73• Sikhs- 4• Other independent -7• Total-296
Muslim League and Assembly
• Mr. Attlee called a conference at London on 26 November 1946 which continued 3 December. Representative of INC was Nehru, Sikhs was Sardar Baldev Singh and Muslim League was Jinnah and Liakat Ali.
• Muslim League did not take part in the Constituent Assembly and demanded separate nation.
• The efforts of Nehru and Gandhiji became failure
First meeting• On December 9 1946 the first meeting of the
Constituent Assembly was held.• Jinnah demanded to postpone the meeting and if not
postponed he warned that riots would take place• 209 participated in the meeting• It did not postpone• In this meeting Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as
the permanent president of Constituent Assembly Constituent Assembly.
Drawbacks of the Assembly• Limited sphere• It was formed according to the will of the British Govt.• British Govt. could abolish the Assembly whenever it liked• Assembly had no rights to constitute separate constitutions
for the provinces• It had no right to treat other subjects unlike the deptt. of
defence, communications and foreign affairs• Approval British Parliament was very compulsory• It had no judicial authenticity
Final stages• Objective resolution was introduced on 14 December 1946• Representative character of the Assembly• Appointment of different Committees• The main committees: Union constitution committee, Union
powers committee, Committee of rules, Provincial constitution committee, committee on financial relations between union and states.
• Advisory committee
Different phases of the final stage
• Entry of the Indian states• Adoption of national flag on 22 July 1947• Partition of India and the position of the Constituent
Assembly after independence• Appointment of the drafting Committee with
DR.AMBEDKAR as the chairman• Report of the drafting committee and discussion• Final session of the constituent assembly-24
February 1950.• Adoption of the constitution on 26 January 1950
• Thank you • DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Integration of princely states
Sardar Patel
stages
• In 1947 there were 562 princely states in India• Role of Patel• Process of integration• Organization of states
Integration of Hyderabad• India govt. did not like the policy of the oppression of
the Nizam of Hyderabad• He stared military preparations• Tried to annex Goa• Indian police under the leadership of General
Chowdhary reached Hyderabad on 13 September 1948
• The Nizam surrendered• Hyderabad was integrated on 17 September 1948
Integration of Junagarh• Incapable Nawab of Junagarh• He was the puppet of his chief minister, Shah Nawas
Khan.• Junagarh decided to integrate itself to Pakistan• Jinnah assured military assistance to it.• Due to the action India Govt. Nawab was forced to
take shelter at Karachi.• In 1948 the public opinion was held in which the
people of Junagarh expressed their desire to integrate it to the union of India.
Kashmir problem• Muslims were majority in number in Kashmir• The king of Kashmir wanted to remain as an independent
ruler• Pakistan wanted to usurp Kashmir.• Pakistan sent tribals to attack Kashmir.• Kashmir requested the help of India and also requested to
integrate Kashmir to the union of India.• Indian Army was sent to Kashmir which made the tribals to
flee away.• The problem reached the UNO
The Organization of states
• The three member committee of 1953• Bill in the Parliament• Re- organization of state Bill in 1956
Kinds of states in India
• Class A-Those provinces which were under the Governor during the British period
• Class B-Patiala and East Punjab State Union , Madhaya Pradesh and Mysore etc.
• Class C- Those states which were under the commissioners
• Class D- Andaman and Nicobar Islands state
Final stage
• Demand for re-organization• Formation of new sates• Some other states
• DR.SHEENA KRISHNAN ULAMPARAMBATH • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR• DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY• POST GRADUATE GOVT. COLLEGE• SECTOR-11,CHANDIGARH
Industrial and agrarian development after independence
Different industries
• Cotton textile• Wollen textiles• Silk Industry• Artificial Silk • Development in the jute Industry
Paper IndustrySugar IndustryIron and steel IndustriesCement IndustryEngineering and Machine industryChemicals and fertilizer industry
• Paper Industry• Sugar Industry• Iron and steel Industries• Cement Industry• Locomotive and Coach industry• Aircraft industry
Development in agriculture
• Wide use land under cultivation• Emphasis on the utilization of chemical
fertilizers• Increase in the irrigational facilities• Good qualities of seeds• Loan facilities• The plant conservation
• Farmers festivals, exhibitions and propagation• Crops growing competitions• Improved the sale of agricultural products• Reforms regarding land• Agricultural universities
• Development of agricultural tools and implements
• Cattle breeding• Special assistance to the farmers• Development of agriculture in the five years
