Electronic Components (Elements) - Philadelphia University

25 July 2011 Reverse Engineering 1

Electronic Components (Elements)

Instructor: IBRAHIM ABU-ISBEIH

Lecture_3


Objectives:

After completing this class, you will be able to identify the most commonly used electronic parts, their symbols, values and names.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Componentes.JPG


Passive & Active components

A passive component is an electronic component that does not increase the power of the electrical signal on which it acts.

A passive component may draw the energy it uses for its own operation directly from the signal on which it is operating.

For example, resistors, capacitors, inductors, and transformers are passive components.


Passive & Active components

An active component is an electronic component that does increase the power of the signal on which it acts.

The energy it adds to the signal must be drawn from a power source other than the signal on which it is operating.

For example, diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits are active components.


Power Supply

The source of emf (electromotiveforce), with a voltage of e, measured inunits of volts, V. (e.g. battery, voltagesource, current source,….).


Power Supplies (Batteries):


Power Supplies:


Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electroniccomponent that resists an electric current byproducing a voltage drop between its terminals inaccordance with Ohm's law: R=V/I.

The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current through the resistor. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits.

The resistor, measured in units of ohms, .However, wires connecting parts of a circuit arereally not resistance-free.


Resistor Color Coding

Tolerance

4 Band resistor

1st digit

2nd digitMultiplier 1st digit

5 Band resistor

3rd digit

MultiplierTolerance

2nd digit

Multiplier = number of zeros

Example: the color Red means 2 zeros or 210


Color Code Table:

ToleranceCodeColor

10%Silver

5%Gold

0Black

1%1Brown

2%2Red

3%3Orange

4%4Yellow

5Green

6Blue

7Purple

8Gray

9White

20%No color


Examples:

%5 5600 valueResistance

%10 8430 valueResistance

Gray-Yellow-Orange-Brown - Silver

Green-Blue–Red - Gold

:1Ex

:2Ex


Resistors:

http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A9iby4eXJgJGNeQA4gKJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTBwdjRjMmw5BHBvcwM2BHNlYwNzcgR2dGlkA0kwNjhfOTA-/SIG=1jv5ipfv6/EXP=1174632471/**http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3F_adv_prop%3Dimages%26imgsz%3Dall%26imgc%3D%26vf%3Dall%26va%3Dtransistor%2Bresistor%2Bimages%26fr%3Dyfp-t-451%26ei%3DUTF-8&w=600&h=492&imgurl=www.xboxrepairguide.com%2Fimages%2Fogimages%2Fcomponent_location%2Fresistors.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xboxrepairguide.com%2Fimages%2Fogimages%2Fcomponent_location&size=11.3kB&name=resistors.jpg&p=transistor+resistor+images&type=jpeg&no=6&tt=10&oid=88677e5cc8e373f2&ei=UTF-8


Resistors:

Variable Resistors

Faders

Potentiometers


Inductors:

The inductor, with inductance L, measuredin units of henrys, H.

Inductance is an effect which results fromthe magnetic field that forms around acurrent carrying conductor.


Inductors (Coils):


Inductors (Coils):


Capacitors (Condensers):

A capacitor is an electrical device that can store energy in the electric field between a pair of closely-spaced conductors (called 'plates'). When voltage is applied to the capacitor, electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, build up on each plate.

The capacitor, with capacitance C measured in units of farads, F.


Capacitors:

Capacitors are used in electrical circuits as energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals and this makes them useful in electronic filters.

Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers.


Capacitors:

Electrolytic Capacitors

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Electrolytic_capacitors.jpg


Capacitors:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitors_dipped.jpg

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitors_box.jpg


Capacitor Color Codes

A color code is used to indicate capacitance and the tolerance rating of most capacitors. On some, the code also indicated the temperature coefficient and working voltage rating.

It is interesting to note, however, that there is a strong trend on the part of manufacturers to print the capacitance value and the working voltage rating directly on the most common capacitors, thus eliminating the need for the color code.


Capacitors (Example):


Transformers:


Diodes:

A diode is p-n junction formed by combining N-type and P-type semiconductors together in very close contact.

e.g., Diode, Zener diode, LED, and Photodiode


Diodes


Diodes:


Diodes (LEDs):


Diodes (LEDs):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Verschiedene_LEDs.jpg


Transistors

A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier.

The transistor may be used in a wide variety of digital and analog functions, including amplification, switching, voltage regulation, signal modulation, and oscillators.

Transistors may be packaged individually or as part of an integrated circuit chip, which may hold thousands of transistors in a very small area.


Transistors

Transistors are divided into two main categories: Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) Field effect transistors (FETs).

Application of current in BJTs and voltage in FETs between the input and common terminals increases the conductivity between the common and output terminals, thereby controlling current flow between them.


Transistors

BJT symbols:

JFET symbols:

PNP NPN

P-channel N-channel


Transistors (Example)

The popular 2N5961 NPN TO-92 Transistor is shown below.

This is an excellent transistor to use when low-noise, high gain, and low-current are required.


Transistors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Transistors.agr.jpg


Transistors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Transistor-photo.JPG


Operational Amplifiers

An operational amplifier IC is a solid-state integrated circuit that uses external feedback to control its functions.

The op-amp without any external devices is called 'open-loop' mode, referring actually to the so-called 'ideal' operational amplifier with infinite open-loop gain, input resistance, bandwidth and a zero output resistance.

However, in practice no op-amp can meet these ideal characteristics.



The LM741/NE741/uA741 (741 family) Op-Amps are the most popular one.

741-Type ICL7612 CMOS Op Amp




741 Op-Amp


Photocells

A photoresistor is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a light-dependent resistor (LDR), photoconductor, or photocell.

A photoresistor is made of a high-resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:LDR.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ldr.gif


Photocells


Relays

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit.

The switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts.


Crystal Oscillators

A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency.


Integrated Circuits (ICs)

An integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is an electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.



There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance.

Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography and not constructed a transistor at a time.

Performance is high since the components switch quickly and consume little power, because the components are small and close together. Chip areas range from a few square mm to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2.



SSI, MSI, LSI: The first integrated circuits contained only a few

transistors. Called "Small-Scale Integration" (SSI), they used circuits containing transistors numbering in the tens.

The next step in the development of integrated circuits, taken in the late 1960s, introduced devices which contained hundreds of transistors on each chip, called "Medium-Scale Integration" (MSI).

Further development, driven by the same economic factors, led to "Large-Scale Integration" (LSI) in the mid 1970s, with tens of thousands of transistors per chip.



VLSI: The final step in the development process, starting in

the 1980s and continuing on, was "Very Large-Scale Integration" (VLSI), with hundreds of thousands of transistors, and beyond (well past several million in the latest stages).



VLSI: The final step in the development process, starting in

the 1980s and continuing on, was "Very Large-Scale Integration" (VLSI), with hundreds of thousands of transistors, and beyond (well past several million in the latest stages).



ULSI, WSI, SOC: To reflect further growth of the complexity, the term

ULSI that stands for "Ultra-Large Scale Integration" was proposed for chips of complexity more than 1 million of transistors.

The most extreme integration technique is wafer-scale integration (WSI), which uses whole uncut wafers containing entire computers (processors as well as memory).

The WSI technique failed commercially, but advances in semiconductor manufacturing allowed for another attack on IC complexity, known as System-on-Chip(SOC) design.

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Electronic Components (Elements) - Philadelphia University