ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS DESCRIPTION: ELECTRONIC SYSTEM WHICH REINFORCES A SOUND SIGNAL WHICH WOULD OTHERWISE BE INADEQUATE. INTRODUCTION ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS LARGE SPACES LARGE SPACES: SPACES LARGER THAN 60,000 CUBIC FEET. LECTURE ROOM OF MORE THAN 500 SEATS. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS LARGE SPACES CORRECTION OF POOR DESIGN: MINIMIZE OR INCREASE REVERBERATION TIME. REDUCE THE MASKING EFFECT OF EXCESSIVE BACKGROUND NOISE. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS MULTI-USE FUNCTIONS ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS: RELAYING EMERGENCY INSTRUCTIONS. PAGING & ANNOUNCING. OFFICES. STORES. SCHOOLS. HOTELS. TRANSPORTATION BUILDINGS. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTE RECORDED PROGRAMS: FACTORIES. HOSPITALS. RESTAURANTS. RECREATIONAL BUILDINGS. HOTELS. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS OTHER USES OTHER USES: PROVIDING AMPLIFIED SOUND FOR OVERFLOW AUDIENCES. PROVIDE THE SOUND IN MOVIE THEATERS. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS LOUDNESS INTELLIGIBILITY QUALITY DIRECTIVITY SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS LOUDNESS LOUDNESS: UNIFORM LOUDNESS FOR EVERY POSITION IN THE SPACE. VARIATIONS OF 3 DECIBELS IS TOLERABLE. HIGH SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS LOUDNESS INTELLIGIBILITY QUALITY DIRECTIVITY SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS INTELLIGIBILITY INTELLIGIBILITY: REVERBERATION: 17MS DELAY OR LESS FOR SPEECH. GOOD ARTICULATION INDEX. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS LOUDNESS INTELLIGIBILITY QUALITY DIRECTIVITY SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS QUALITY QUALITY: FREQUENCY RESPONSE FREE FROM DISTORTION (NOT TINNY OR BOOMY). ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS LOUDNESS INTELLIGIBILITY QUALITY DIRECTIVITY SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS DIRECTIVITY DIRECTIVITY: REALISM. CHARACTERISTIC WHEREBY THE SOUND APPEARS TO BE COMING FROM THE ORIGINATING SOURCE. HUMAN EAR DIFFERENTIATES SOUND BETTER IN THE HORIZONTAL PLANE THAN THE VERTICAL PLANE. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS INPUT DEVICES USUALLY A MICROPHONE, RADIO SOURCE OR PRERECORDED MATERIAL. MICROPHONES PICK UP THE SOUND ENERGY RADIATED BY THE SOURCE & CONVERTS IT INTO ELECTRIC ENERGY & FEEDS IT INTO THE AMPLIFIER. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS MICROPHONES PLACEMENT: TO AVOID FEEDBACK, THEY SHOULD BE LOCATED OUT OF THE LOUDSPEAKER COVERAGE. DISTANCE BETWEEN MICROPHONES MUST BE AT LEAST 3 TIMES THE DISTANCE EACH MICROPHONE IS FROM THE SOURCE. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS MICROPHONES WORKING DISTANCES: CARDIOD MICROPHONES CAN BE LOCATED UP TO 1.7 TIMES FARTHER AWAY FROM THE SOURCE THAN OMNIDIRECTINAL MICROPHONES. WHEN CARDIOD MICROPHONES ARE PLACED TOO CLOSE TO USERS LOW FREQUENCIES CAN BE OVEREMPHASIZED. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS AMPLIFIERS: INCREASES THE MAGNITUDE OF THE ELECTRONIC SIGNAL. SPEECH: 80 Db LIGHT MUSIC: 95 dB SYMPHONIC MUSIC: 105 dB ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS CROSSOVER NETWORK: DISTRIBUTES THE ELECTRIC ENERGY TO HIGH- AND LOW- FREQUENCY LOUDSPEAKERS AT THE PROPER LEVEL. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS INPUT DEVICES MIXERS: CONTROLS FEEDS FROM MICROPHONES IN LARGE MULTI- MICROPHONE SYSTEMS. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS INPUT DEVICES EQUALIZERS: ALLOWS TONE CONTROL FOR SIGNAL SHAPING IN ORDER TO MATCH THE SYSTEM OUTPUT WITH THE ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ROOM. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION: LOUDSPEAKERS CONVERT ELECTRIC ENERGY INTO AIRBORNE SOUND. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION: TWEETERS: HIGH-FREQUENCY HORNS WITH A FLARED SHAPE TO GIVE DIRECTION TO SHORTER WAVELENGTHS. WOOFERS: LOW-FREQUENCY LOUDSPEAKERS IN A LARGE CABINET ENCLOSURE. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS INPUT DEVICES AMPLIFIERS CROSSOVER NETWORK MIXERS EQUALIZERS LOUDSPEAKERS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS D2/D1 < 2 ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CENTRAL CLUSTER ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS CENTRAL CLUSTER EVALUATION: REALISM: EXCELLENT VISIBILITY: HIGH OR MEDIUM IF RECESSED COST: LOW ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SPLIT CLUSTER ARRANGEMENT DESCRIPTION: USED IN ROOMS WITH TWO MAIN SPEAKING POSITION (EG. CHURCH WITH LECTERN AND PULPIT, SEPARATED AT LEFT & RIGHT). THE SYSTEM WORKS BEST WHEN THE CLUSTER AMPLIFIES SPEECH FROM THE CLOSEST SOURCE POSITION ONLY. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SPLIT CLUSTER ARRANGEMENT EVALUATION: REALISM: GOOD VISIBILITY: CAN BE MEDIUM COST: MODERATE ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS DISTRIBUTED ARRANGEMENT ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS DISTRIBUTED ARRANGEMENT ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS DISTRIBUTED ARRANGEMENT EVALUATION: REALISM: POOR VISIBILITY: LOW IF RECESSED; MEDIUM OR HIGH IF SUSPENDED. COST: LOW TO MODERATE ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS DESCRIPTION: CONSISTS OF A LINEAR ARRAY OF CONE LOUDSPEAKERS (USUALLY VERTICAL WITH ONE ABOVE THE OTHER) TO CONCENTRATE SOUND INTO A NARROW VERTICAL BEAM. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS COLUMN ARRANGEMENT EVALUATION: REALISM: FAIR. VISIBILITY: MEDIUM. COST: MODERATE TO HIGH. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SEAT INTEGRATED DESCRIPTION: CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF LOUDSPEAKERS (SPACED 5 TO 8 FEET APART) WHICH ARE LOCATED IN THE BACKS OF SEATS OR PEWS. THIS SYSTEM CAN BE USED IN ROOMS WHERE REVERBERATION TIMES ARE TOO LONG FOR SPEECH. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS SEAT INTEGRATED EVALUATION: REALISM: POOR. VISIBILITY: LOW. COST: HIGH. ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS COMBINATIONS ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ELECTRONIC SOUND SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION PRINCIPAL USES DESIGN FACTORS SYSTEM COMPONENTS LOUDSPEAKER ARRANGEMENTS CENTRAL CLUSTER SPLIT CLUSTER DISTRIBUTED COLUMN SEAT INTEGRATED COMBINATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS