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Electronics

MeritBadge

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ElectronicsMeritBadgeRequirements•  Beableto

–  Showhowtosolveasimpleprobleminvolvingcurrent,voltageandresistanceusingOhm’sLaw.–  Usesymbolsandlabelelectronicpartscorrectly(2a)andtellthepurposeofeachone.–  DrawasimpleschemaHcdiagramofacircuit.–  Name3typesoftestequipment,whyweneedthemandhowtheyoperate.–  Describeelectronicsforacontrolpurpose.Buildacontrolcircuit.–  Tellaboutaudiocircuits.–  Tellaboutthebasicprinciplesofdigitalelectronics.–  Showhowtochangedecimalnumbersintobinarynumbers.

•  Buildaproject–  DescribethesafetyprecauHonstobuildingandrepairingelectronics.–  Showtherightwaytosolderandde-solder(3a)andhowtoavoidheatdamagetoelectronics.–  TellaboutthefuncHonofaprintedcircuitboardandprecauHonstotakewhensolderingthem.–  ShowhowtoreadtheschemaHcforyourprojectandexplainhowyourcircuitoperates.–  Buildanddemonstrateyourproject.

•  Findoutaboutcareersinelectronics.Learnaboutthetrainingyouwillneed.

Electronics•  Weuseelectronicstochangetheformofelectricalsignalstodosomething

useful.

•  Thefirstuseofelectronicswasfor“wireless”radiobroadcasts.

•  ElectroniccircuitschangetheSHAPE,AMPLITUDE(SIZE),FREQUENCY,orPHASEofsignals.

•  Electronicsareusedforthecontrolofdevicesandmachines.

•  Electroniccircuitscanconvertenergyfromonetypetoanothersuchasprovidingtheelectricalenergytodriveaspeakerwhichconvertselectricalenergytosoundthatyoucanhear.

•  ElectronicsareusedtoperformdigitalcalculaHons(processors)andcanstoreinformaHon(memory).

RadarandAirTrafficControl AutomoHve SatellitesandCommunicaHons

Games

SmartPhones Personal

Computers

Medicine ManufacturingandRoboHcs InternetTelevision

Radio

NavigaHonandTransportaHonPower

ElectronicsMeritBadgeProject

Thisistheprojectyouwillbuild.Before A_er

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Voltage

• Voltageistheforcethatpusheselectrons.

• Voltageismeasuredin:VOLTS

•  TheabbreviaHonforVoltageis:E

•  TheschemaHcsymbolforabacery(asourceofDCvoltage)

Voltage–WaterAnalogy

1.  Gravityprovidestheforceforwater(current)toflow.

2.  Thisillustratesasmallvoltage,socurrentflowissmall.

3.  Youcanincreasewater(current)flowbymakingthepipelarger.

1.  Gravityprovidestheforceforwater(current)toflow.

2.  Thisillustratesalargervoltage,socurrentflowislarger.

3.  Youcanincreasewater(current)flowbymakingthepipelarger.

smallheight=lowpressure=lowvoltage bigheight=highpressure=highvoltage

height

heighthigherpressure

lowerpressure

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Current

Currentistheflowofelectrons

Currentismeasuredin:AMPERESorAMPSTheabbreviaHonforCurrentis:I

+-

ElectricalCurrentFlow–WaterAnalogy

1.  Thewaterflowthroughapipeislikeelectricalcurrentorflowofelectronsinawire.

2.  Thevolumeofwaterflowinginapipeisliketheamountofelectricalcurrentflowinginawire.

3.  Largepipesallowmorewatertoflowthanasmallpipe.Largewirescancarrymoreelectricalcurrentthansmallwires.

LargePipe SmallPipe

WaterWater

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Resistance

•  Resistanceistheelectricalpropertyofamaterialthatopposestheflowofelectrons

•  Resistanceismeasuredin:OHMS

•  TheabbreviaHonforresistanceis:R

•  Theelectricalsymbolforresistanceis:Ω

•  TheschemaHcsymbolforaresistoris:

Resistance–WaterAnalogy

•  Smallpipesrestrictorresisttheflowofwater.Waterflowsmoreeasilyinlargerpipes.Thesmallerthepipe,thegreaterresistancetoflow.

•  Resistorsopposetheflowofelectricalcurrent.Thebiggertheresistance,themoreitopposedcurrentflow.

•  Resistorswithlowvaluesallowelectricalcurrenttoflowmoreeasily.

1Ω

10Ω

100Ω

1,000Ω

10,000Ω

LowResistance

HighResistance

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TypesofElectricityDirectCurrent(DC)CurrentonlyflowsinonedirecHon.Typeofelectricityusedinmostelectronics.Mostcarsusea12VDCbacery.HybridandElectricCarshaveDCbaceries.ExamplesofthingsthatuseDCvoltage:1.  Cellphones2.  Laptopcomputers3.  Tablets4.  RemoteControls5.  Flashlights6.  Toys

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TypesofElectricityAlterna>ngCurrent(AC)Thecommonformofelectricitygeneratedby

PowerPlantsforhomesandindustry.ThedirecHonofACCurrentisreversed60HmespersecondintheUSA;50Hmespersecondinmanyotherpartsoftheworld.FrequencyismeasuredinHertz.

ExamplesofthingsthatuseACVolts:1.  Lights2.  Stoves&Ovens3.  WashingMachines&ClothesDryers4.  Refrigerators5.  ElectricFans6.  AirCondiHoners

CopperWiresInsulaHon

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ConductorsandInsulatorsConductors•  Actasapathforelectronstoflow.•  Mostmetalsareconductors.•  Metalisusedforelectricalcablesandwires.•  Gold,silver,copperandaluminumaregoodconductors

becausetheyhavealotoffreeelectrons.

Insulators•  Preventtheflowofelectrons.•  PlasHcs,glass,andceramicsaregoodinsulatorsbecausethey

don’thavemanyfreeelectrons.•  Insulatorsareusedasthejacketonwiresandcablestoprotect

peoplefromelectricalshockandprevent‘shortcircuits’.

OhmsLawVolts=CurrentxResistance

E=IxR

EVoltageMeasuredinVoltsI CurrentMeasuredinAmpsR ResistanceMeasuredinOhms

Example:IftheResistancegoesUPbuttheVoltagestaysthesamethentheCurrentgoesDOWN

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E

I R

OhmsLaw

Power=CurrentxVoltage P=IxE

P PowerMeasuredinWacsI CurrentMeasuredinAmpsEVoltageMeasuredinVoltsExample:IftheCurrentgoesUPbuttheVoltageremainsthesame,thenthePowerusedbythecircuitgoesUP

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P

I E

Ohm’sLaw

GND

V+

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Part1:CalculatetheCurrentE=9VoltsLampResistanceR=3OhmsI=?AmpsSolveusing:E=IxRsoE/R=I____/_____=______Amps

I

Part2:CalculatePower(Wacs)P=ExI(fromPart1)P=____x____=_____Wacs

Switch

LAMP

Worksheet

Ohm’sLaw

GND

V+

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Part1:CalculatetheCurrentE=9VoltsLampResistanceR=3OhmsI=?AmpsSolveusing:E=IxRsoE/R=I_9___/_3___=_3___Amps

I

Part2:CalculatePower(Wacs)P=ExI(fromPart1)P=_9__x_3__=_27__Wacs

Switch

LAMP

WorksheetSoluHon

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DrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONandOFFthelampANDthebuzzer.

SPST FUSE

BATTERY

BUZZERLAMP

+

-

W

ON OFF

GND=0V

CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOX

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DrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONandOFFBOTHthelampANDthebuzzer.SoluHon

SPST FUSE

BATTERY

BUZZERLAMP

+

-

W

ON OFF

GND=0V

CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOX

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CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOXDrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONthelampORthebuzzer.

SPST FUSE

BATTERY

BUZZERLAMP

+

-

W

BUZZER LAMP

GND=0V

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DrawacircuittousetheswitchtoturnONthelampORthebuzzer.SoluHon

SPST FUSE

BATTERY

BUZZERLAMP

+

-

W

BUZZER LAMP

GND=0V

CIRCUITCONNECTIONBOX

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ReviewTypesofElectricityDirectCurrent–DCElectricalcurrentflowsinonlyONEdirecHon.DCpowerissuppliedbybaceries.

Hme

+Volts

-Volts

0

AlternaHngCurrent–ACElectricalcurrentflowsalternatelyintwodirecHons-posiHveandthennegaHve.ThefrequencyismeasuredinHERTZ.ACpowerissuppliedbytheelectricaloutletsinyourhome.

Hme

+Volts

0

-Volts

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ReviewVoltageistheforcethatcauseselectrons(electricalcurrent)toflow.MeasuredinVOLTSthesymbolisECurrentistheflowofelectrons.MeasuredinAmperes(AMPS)thesymbolisIResistanceisthepropertythatopposestheflowofelectrons.MeasuredinOHMS(Ω)thesymbolisRConductorsactasapathforelectronstoflow.Metalsareconductors.Copperisusedforelectricalcables.Insulatorspreventtheflowofelectrons.PlasHcs,glass,ceramics,rubberaregoodinsulators.Usedforjacketsonwiresandcablestoprotectpeopleandprevent‘shortcircuits’.

Review

OhmsLawVoltage=CurrentxResistance

E=IxRPower=CurrentxVoltage

P=IxE PowerismeasuredinWATTS

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E

I R

P

I E

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Ohm’sLawWorksheetFlashlightExample

Review

Bacery12Volts

I=1/2Amp=0.5AV=12VoltsResistanceofLightBulbE=IxRR=VIR=12V=24Ohms0.5AWacageofLightbulbPowerinWacs=CurrentxVoltageP=IxEP=0.5Ax12V=6WacsThelampisa6WaQlightbulb.

Lightbulb

Switch0.5Amps

ElectronicSymbolExamples

Switch

Bacery

Resistor

LightEmiwngDiode(LED)Buzzer

Fuse

Lamp

or Capacitor

Ground

WNCNO

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Transistor

Inductor

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ElectronicTermsManyelectronicunitsaremustbemulHpliedordividedbypowersof10tobeeasilyused.ExamplesareKilobytesandMicrofarads.ThesearethecommonmulHpliersusedinelectronicsandtheirmeanings:

Kilo–1Thousand1,000or1x10+3Mega–1Million1,000,000or1x10+6Giga-1Billion1,000,000,000or1x10+9Tera–1Trillion1,000,000,000,000or1x10+12Milli–OneThousandth1/1,000or0.001or1x10-3Micro-OneMillionth1/1,000,000or0.000001or1x10-6Nano-OneBillionthor1x10-9Pico-Onetrillionthor1x10-12

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ElectronicComponentsResistor–Thevoltageacrossaresistordependsontheflowofcurrentthroughit.ResistanceismeasuredinOHMS.TheabbreviaHonforresistanceis:RTheelectricalsymbolforresistanceis:ΩTheschemaHcsymbolforaresistoris:

ResistorsinParallelDividetheCurrent

I

ResistorsinSeriesAddTogether

Resistor Color Code

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0=Black1=Brown2=Red3=Orange4=Yellow5=Green6=Blue7=Violet8=Gray9=White

1stcolorband=1stdigit2ndcolorband=2nddigit3rdcolorband=10xmulHplier(numberofzeroes)4thcolorband=tolerance(accuracy)

Example1: Example2:1st=Red=2 1st=Green=52nd=Black=0 2nd=Blue=63rd=Brown=x10 3rd=Orange=3=x100020x10=200Ω 56x1,000=56,000Ω =56KΩ

200Ω, Red, Black, Brown 56KΩ Green, Blue, Orange

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ElectronicComponentsCapacitor–Usedtostoreanelectricalcharge.TheelectricalsizeofacapacitorisChargedividedbyVolts.Capacitorsareusedtofilterelectricalsignalsandtuneradiocircuitstodesiredfrequency.CapacitanceismeasuredinFARADSTheabbreviaHonforcapacitanceis:F

TheschemaHcsymbolforacapacitoris:

+

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ElectronicComponentsInductor(Coil)–ThevoltageacrossaninductorisproporHonaltohowquicklythecurrentflowischanging.Inductorsareusedtotunearadiocircuittoadesiredfrequencyorcanfilterelectricalsignals.Inductanceismeasuredin:HENRIESTheabbreviaHonforinductanceis:LTheschemaHcsymbolforaninductoris:

SemiconductorsSemiconductorsareabletoconducttheflowofelectronsmoreeasilythaninsulatorsbutnotaseasilyasmetalsandonlyundercertaincondiHons.ThemostcommonsemiconductorsaremadeofSiliconandGermanium.Diodes,TransistorsandIntegratedCircuitsareallsemiconductors.

•  Diodesaresemiconductorsthatareabletoconducttheflowofelectrons inonedirecHonandblockcurrentflowintheoppositedirecHon.

•  Diodes are like a “one-way” valve for electron current flow.Diodes consist of twoprocessedmaterials calledP-typeandN-typesemiconductors.Theyareindirectcontact,formingaregioncalledtheP-NjuncHon.

•  ThemostcommondiodesaremadeofSiliconorGermanium.

Diodes

+

Anode CathodeP N+ -

LightEmiwngDiodes(LEDs)•  LEDsemitsvisiblelightwhenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughit.

LEDhaveatransparentcasethatletsvisibleorInfraredlightout.LEDshavealargePN-juncHonareawhoseshapeismadetofittheapplicaHon.

•  BenefitsofLEDsincludelowpower,highefficiencyandlonglife.

•  TypicalapplicaHonsincludeindicatorandpanellights,CDandDVDplayers,LCDflat-paneldisplays,opto-isolators,fiberopHcdatatransmission,andremotecontrols.

+ Anode CathodeP N+ -

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The Transistor Inventedin1947atBellLaboratories.TransistorsrevoluHonizedelectronics.Transistorscanbeswitchesoramplifiers.Transistorsareusedinalldigitallogic(computer)chips.Transistorsareusedinalmosteveryelectronicscircuit!

TheMeritBadgepatchisthesymbolforthe

transistor

Transistors

TransistorasaSwitchLoadsuchasalamp

InputControlSignaltoturnTransistor“ON”and“OFF”

+

TransistorasanAmplifier

IntegratedCircuitsIntegratedCircuitsorIC’scalledChips,havethousandstomanymillionsoftransistors,anddiodesonasinglesemiconductorsubstrate.OperaHonalAmplifiersOPAMPSwerethefirstIC’smade.In1971,thefirstgeneraHonIntelmicroprocessorhad2,300transistorsandranat740KHz.Thelatestfourth-genIntelCoreprocessorhas1.7billiontransistorsandrunsat3GHz..

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ElectronicsTestEquipment

Volt/Ohm/AmpMeterUsuallyreferredtoasamulH-meter.WiththiswecanmeasurecurrentA,voltageVandresistanceR.

OscilloscopeUsuallyreferredtoasaScopeorO-ScopeWiththiswecan‘see’voltagewaveforms.Thisisveryusefulwhenvoltageischanging,asameterisnogoodtouswhenthisishappening.

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ElectronicsTestEquipmentSignalGenerators

Signalgeneratorsareusedtoinjectthepropertypeofelectricalsignalatvariouspointsinacircuit.SignalgeneratorsareusedtotroubleshootproblemsandaligncommunicaHonscircuits.Manyoftoday’ssignalgeneratorscanbeconnectedtoaPCsothatthediagnosHcscanbeperformedwiththehelpofthecomputer.

AnalogandDigitalSignalsAnalog–Amplitude,phase,frequencyvarywithHmeo_eninproporHontoaninputsignallikefromamicrophone.

Digitalsignalsusetwovoltagelevelstorepresent1’sand0’stoperformlogicandmathfuncHons.WhenananalogsignalsisconvertedtoaDigitalSignal,it’samplitudeisreplacedwithadigital“number”.

Radio

Modulator Demodulator

FMRadioTransmicer

RadioReceiver

DigitalElectronicsComputersusedigitalelectronics.Computersequatevoltageswithlogicalvalues.ThisishowelectroniccomputercircuitscanbemadetodocounHngandother‘math’funcHons.5volts=logical1and0volts(ground)=logical0ComputersuseTransistorstoactaslogicalswitchestodocounHng.

DigitalElectronicsABITisthebasicunitofDATAincompuHnganddigitalelectronics.ABYTEis8BITSlong.WORDsaremadeofBytes-2,4or8BYTESlong.Kilobyte(Kb)is1,024Bytes(1Thousand)Megabyteis1,048,576Bytes(1Million)Gigabyteis1,073,741,824Bytes(1Billion)

Decimal–Base10•  Inbase10,thereare10uniquedigits01234...9

•  Eachnumberrepresentsavalue10Hmeslargerthanthenumbertotheright.

•  TherearenumbersrepresenHngthe1’s,10’s,100’s,1000’setc.

•  Example

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123

3-1’s2-10’s1–100’s

OneHundredTwentyThree

•  It’shardtocountwithdigitallogicinBase10.

•  Inbase2(binary)thereareonlytwonumbers:0and1

•  Eachdigitrepresentsavalue2Hmeslargerthanthenumbertotheright.

•  TherearenumbersrepresenHng1’s,2’s,4’s,8’s,16’s,32’s,64’s128s,etc

•  Example

Binary–Base2

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1011

1–8’s 0–4’s 1–2’s 1-1’s

1x8+0x4+1x2+1x1=11Base10

base10number 16 8 4 2 1 Binary

0 0 0 0 0 0 000001 0 0 0 0 1 000012 0 0 0 1 0 000103 0 0 0 1 1 000114 0 0 1 0 0 001005 0 0 1 0 1 001016 0 0 1 1 0 001107 0 0 1 1 1 001118 0 1 0 0 0 010009 0 1 0 0 1 0100110 0 1 0 1 0 0101011 0 1 0 1 1 0101112 0 1 1 0 0 0110013 0 1 1 0 1 0110114 0 1 1 1 0 0111015 0 1 1 1 1 0111116 1 0 0 0 0 10000

CounHngto16inBinary

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DecimaltoBinaryWorksheet

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Decimal Binary

8 4 2 1

1 0 1 010 = 8+2=10

0 0 1 1____ =

0 1 0 1____ =

__ __ __ __6 =

__ __ __ __9 =

DecimaltoBinaryWorksheet

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Decimal Binary

8 4 2 1

1 0 1 010 = 8+2=10

0 0 1 13 =

0 1 0 15 =

__ _1_ _1_ __6 =

_1_ __ __ 19 =

SoluHon

FLIP-FLOP A flip-flop divides a clock signal by 2. It takes 2 clock transitions to make the output change once. The clock signal is at 0 volts (logical 0). The clock signal switches to 5 volts (logical 1). The clock signal switches back to 0 volts. Then the output (Q) changes state. on each 1 to 0 transition of the clock.

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+ 5 V

DigitalLogic

Clock

Q Output 1 0

0 1 1 0 0 0 V

Time

0

Clock

Q

Flip-Flop Input

Output

ACounterUsingFlip-Flops

Clk Q1

Binary Decimal0000 00001 10010 20011 30100 40101 50110 6Bit4 Bit3 Bit2 Bit1

4 Bit Binary Counter

Clk Q2

Clk Q3

Clk Q4

Flip Flop Flip Flop Flip Flop Flip Flop

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1 0 0

Input

DigitalCounHng

1 0

0 1 1 0 0

0

0 1

0 1 0 1 1

0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0

0

1

Q2

Q1

Q3

Q4

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

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ElectricitySafety•  Voltageat120VACorgreater–Safetymainlyaboutnottouching

thewrongthing.

•  Currentkills–Only60voltscankillwhencurrentflowsthroughheartorheadforasufficientlengthofHme.

•  VentricularfibrillaHon-CurrentpassingthroughheartcausesknocksheartoutofsynchronizaHon.

•  Iftheshockdoesn’tkillyou,youcansHllbebadlyburnedfromtouchingthewrongthing.

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ElectronicsSafety•  Electronicsgenerallyuseslowervoltages(lessthan30volts).Youareusually

workingwithDCbaceryvoltageinsteadofAClinevoltage.

•  YouareusuallymoreconcernedwithsparksfromconnecHngwrongwirestogetherorburningyourselfwithasolderingiron.

•  Evenwhenworkingwithlowervoltages,youmaysHllreceiveanelectricalshockfromequipmentyouareusing,especiallywhentheyarepluggedintoa120voltACoutlet.

•  Capacitorsstorechargeandcanshockorburnyou.Dischargepowersupplycapacitorsorhighvoltagecapacitorswitharesistorbeforeworkingonanycircuit.Observethe“one-hand”ruleifreachingintoanelectronicscabinet..

•  Donotwearjewelrylikeringsorwatcheswhenworkinginelectroniccabinets.

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ElectronicsSafety•  THINKbeforeyoudosomething.Ask:Isthepoweron?Besuretheelectricityis

turnedOFFespeciallywhenworkingon120VACorhigher.

•  BeconcernedwithSparksfromconnecHngwrongwirestogetherbutevenwhenworkingwithlowvoltagesyoucansHllgetanelectricalshockorburn.SparksandShortCircuitscanstartaFire.

•  NEVERputWATERonanElectricalFire!UseaClassCFireExHnguisher

•  SolderingIronsareHOT–morethan374degreesF–theywillburnyouorstartafire!

•  ALWAYSWearsafetyglasseswhensolderingHotSoldercansplacer.Clippedwirescangoflying.Protectyoureyes!

SolderingSafetyNote:ASolderingIrongetshoCerthan374F.

Donottouchthesolderingiron’smetalpartsoryouwillreceiveathirddegreeburn.Wearsafetyglasseswhensoldering.

Agoodsolderjointdependsonthefollowing:

1)  Solderironmusthaveaclean,well-HnnedHp.TintheHpbywipingtheheatedHponthesponge,andthenapplyingfreshsoldertotheHp.ThiswillallowforabecerheattransferfromtheHptothePCboard.

2)Partstobesolderedmustbeclean.3)Theremustbeasoundmechanicaljoint.4)Partstobesolderedmustbewellheatedbeforeapplyingsolder.5)Waitapprox.5secondsa_ersolderingtoallowstrongmechanicaljointtoform.

Soldermeltsat374F.SothewireandPCboardmustbethesametemperatureforthesoldertomeltonbothitems.PlacesolderingironsothatittouchesboththePCboardandwire.TheheatfromthesolderingironwilltransfertothePCboardandwireatthesameHme.

SolderingIron

Wire

PC Board

Iron

Wire

PC Board

Iron

Wire

PC Board

Wrong way Right

way

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Whentheboardandwirearehotenough,thesolderwillflowandcreateaconeshape.Iftheboardisnothotenoughthesolderwillberoundedontheboard,creaHngsomewhatofaball.Thefinishedsolderjointshouldalsobeshiny.

Wire

PCBoard

A_er3secondsplacethesolderontheHpoftheiron,thewire,andthePCboardalltogether.ThesoldershouldflowtoeverythingmakingagoodconnecHon.

WireIron

Solder PCBoard

WireIron

Solder PCBoard

Rightway

Wrongway

Soldering

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Un-Soldering1.  Useplierstoholdthebodyofthecomponenttoberemoved.If

theleadisheldwiththepliersitwilldrawheatfromthelead,andyoumaydamagethepartandpossiblytheboard.

2.  ApplysolderingironHptoprintedcircuitboardandthecomponentlead.Itiscommontoaddaliclefreshsoldertotheleadandboard,toimproveheattransfer.

3.  Usingthepliers,simplypullthecomponentleadfromPCboardwhileholdingthesolderingirononthelead.

4.  ThesolderingIronwilldamageelectroniccomponentsifle_ondeviceforgreaterthan15seconds,soworkquickly.

5.  CleansolderingironHpandkeepitshiny.

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WireIron

PCBoard

Iron

Pliers

Withpliers,holdthebodyoftheparttobeunsoldered.Asheatisapplied,pulltheleadfromtheboardbypullingonthebody.Repeatforsecondlead.

Un-Soldering

PCBoard

Unsolderonecomponentfromtheboard.

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MicroprocessorControlledCounterThe kit contains a microprocessor that will light 12 LEDs in a diminishingpacern.TheLEDscanbedisplayedinseveraldifferentmodes,thougheachmodestartsasafastpacernandslowstoastop.

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MicroprocessorControlledCounterSchemaHc

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65

MicroprocessorControlledCounterSchemaHcDrawtheSchemaHc/Connectthelines

PCBoard

LEDNoteflatedgeShortleadisclosesttoflatedge.

+Red

Black

SolderingKit1.  PlacecomponentsintoPCboardintheorderrecommendedon

instrucHonsheet2.  Bendleadsoutslightlytokeeppartsinplace.3.  FollowinstrucHonsastoproperorientaHonofcomponents.

ClipwireatboardWrongCorrect

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BaQery

Thekitcontains:1.  PCboard2.  1Microprocessor–AtmelATTINY861-20PU(U1)3.  5resistorsR1-R4=200Ω,R5=56KΩ4.  1CapacitorC1=.01uf5.  12LED’s6.  2pushbuconsS1&S27.  1slideswitchS38.  1baceryholder9.  1boxwith2screws

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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AssemblySequence

1.  PlaceU1onboard.Notepin1orientaHon.Soldercomponentintoplace.2.  Placeresistorsinboard,bendleadsoutandsolder,thencutleads.3.  PlaceallLEDsinboard,bendleadsoutandsolder,thencutleads.4.  Placecapacitorinboard,bendleadsoutandsolder,thencutleads.5.  PlaceSwitchS1,S2&S3inboardandsolder.6.  PlaceRedandBlackbacerywiresfromthebackoftheboardandsolder.7.  PlacebaceryinboxandcoverwithPCboard8.  UsetwoscrewstosecurethePCboardtobox.

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

Solder20-pinDIP(Microprocessor)inU1locaHon.OrientU1sothatpin1isonthele_.

Pin1 U1 Note:Youwillneedtobendallleadsoneachsidetobemoreperpendiculartobodyofthecomponent,beforeinserHngtheleadsintheboard.

InsertU1intoproperposiHonontheboard.Leadsshouldcomeoutthebocomoftheboard.

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PlacecapacitoratC1.OrientaHonofcapacitordoesnotmacer.Bendleadsout.Solderleads.Carefullyclipleadswhendone.

C1=.01uf

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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PlaceSwitchesS1,S2andS3intheirappropriateposiHonsandsolder.MakesureS3(slideswitch)isverHcal,beforesolderingalltheleads.

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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Placeresistorsontoboard.DirecHonofresistordoesnotmacer.Checktobesureresistorsareplacedcorrectly.Bendleadsout.Soldereachlead.Carefullyclipleadswhendone.

PCBoard

R5=56KΩ

PCBoard

R1,R2,R3,R4=200Ω

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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R1-R4 200Ω,(red,black,brown)R5 56KΩ,(green,blue,orange)

Clipwhensoldered

PlaceLED’sonPCboard,flatsideofLED’sfacingright,bendleadsout,thensolderleads.A_ersoldering,cutleadsclosetoboard.Thereare12ofthese.Hint:Solderonly1leadofeachLED.Placesolderirononsolderedlead,melHngsolder,andthenpressLEDflushtotheboard.Thensoldertheotherlead.

LEDNote:FlatEdge

ShorterLead

Cutwhensoldered

WhensolderingLED’s,donotleavethesolderirononpadsformorethan5seconds,oryouwilldestroythepad.

LEDagainstboard

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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+Red

Black

Fromthebocomoftheboard,inserttheredbaceryholderleadintothe+hole.Inserttheblackleadintotheotherhole.Fromthetopoftheboard,solderbothbaceryleads.Inspectboardforgoodsolderjointsandfornosoldershorts.

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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Inspectboardforgoodsolderjointsandfornosoldershorts.Makesureresistorsareintherightplace.MakesuretheLEDsarenotinbackwards.Insertthebaceriesintothebaceryholder.Besuretogetthepolarity+and-correct.SlideS3toON.PushS1torun.PushS2fordifferentprogrammodes.Ifthekitdoesnotwork,haveaninstructorhelpyoucheckitforproblems.

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

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CompletedKit

Box

Filler

Placethebaceryholderinthebox.Placefoamorwadofpaperfillerontopofthebacery.Placetheboardontothetopofthebox,andusingthe2screws,securetheboardtothebox.Placethescrewsinoppositecorners.

Screw

Screw

9vBacery

Screws

MicroprocessorControlledCounterKit

76

CareersinElectronics•  IntegratedCircuitDesign

•  RadioCommunicaHonsCircuits

•  Computers

•  Satellites/Space

•  ComputerNetworksandDataCommunicaHons

•  PowerElectronicsforVehicles(HybridandElectricCars)

•  MilitaryWeaponSystems

•  AerospaceandAvionics

•  IndustrialControls

•  MedicalEquipment

•  InstrumentaHonandSensors

•  TestandMeasurement

•  ComponentDesign

•  VehicleControls

•  EntertainmentElectronics

•  CellularPhoneDesign

•  NavigaHonandGuidanceSystems

•  RoboHcs

•  Manufacturing–FactoryFloorAutomaHon

•  LighHng(LED)anddisplaytechnologies

•  PowerDistribuHonControls–SmartGrid

CareersinElectronics•  InHighSchool

•  MathClasses-Geometry,Trigonometry,Calculus•  ScienceClasses–ChemistryandPhysics•  TechEdClasses

•  InCollege-4yeardegreeinElectricalEngineeringBachelorofScience(BS)EE•  Calculus,DifferenHalEquaHons,AdvancedAlgebra,Matrices,Transforms•  Physics,ElectromagneHcsandFieldTheory•  Chemistry•  MaterialScience•  Thermodynamics/FluidMechanics•  StaHcsandDynamics•  ComputerAidedDesign•  ComputerProgramming•  PrinciplesofCircuits,IntrotoCircuitDesign,DigitalDesign•  Controls•  ICDesign•  English/HumaniHes/SocialStudyElecHves•  BusinessandEconomics