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E in
E & E
Electro-Technology In Energy & Environment
Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, P.Eng,
SM IEEE
UNB, ECE-Department,
Fredericton, NB, Canada
Outline
Title
Summary
Environmental & Environmental Engineering Technologies
Environmental-Interactions & Requirements
Electro technology
Promotional Activities
Methodology & Approach
Planned Research Activities
Dr .Sharaf -Research Activities
Current Research
Sample Presentations
Environment-Triangle
Engineering
Economics Science
Environmental Engineering & Technology is the Science and
Engineering of novel mitigation techniques & tools, Remediation Technology &
Standards for :
1. Recycle & Reuse and Reduce
2. Efficient Utilization of Natural Resources including Alternate/Renewable Energy
Sources
3. Optimized designs, Management Tools and Standards to prolong life cycle, safety
and prevent pollution in water, Air and soil.
4. Ensure Personal Safety to personnel and live stock.
5. Reduce waste and especially hazardous waste
6. Enhance quality of living by reducing Environmental/Safety hazards, Noise and all
forms of pollution & Contaminations.
7. Sustainable Development and Green/Conservation Products.
Environmental-Interactions & Requirements
Areas:
[Mining /Oil & Gas/ Soil Remediation/Transportation /Waste Management/Pollution Abatement]
Soil Water
EnergyAir
Animals Humans
Plants Insects
A
Balanced
B
Harmonious D
Diverse
C
Clean
Electro-technology
The applications of Electrical Engineering Principles and Phenomena in process industries:
Heating, Cooling, processing, smelting and Environmental pollution abatement Systems& Devices with
specific concern to the following
1. Electrical Power Efficiency and Energy Conservation
2. Renewable energy systems (Wind, Photo-voltaic, Fuel Cell, Small Hydro, Hybrid,…..) & utilization
and use in Remote/Isolated Communities.
3. Applications of Electromagnetic (EM) and Electrostatic (ES) fields in process stabilization,
Disinfection, Odor control, Gaseous absorption, Anomaly / Fault / failure, detection using
Electrical Signature FFT Tools, Eddy- Current Mapping/ FFT-Wavelets & Neural Network
Mapping & Identification technologies.
4. Application of AI based-Soft Computing Technologies (ANN, Fuzzy,
Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetic Algorithms in Fault /Anomaly Detection,
Relaying, Control and Safety.
5. Electric Grid Utility Systems :Voltage and Frequency (FACTS-
Based) Stabilization, Blackout-Security and Power Quality PQ
Enhancement
Promotional Activities
M.Eng / M.Sc.
Program in Environmental
Engineering & Technology
Capstone Courses
Courses (PBL) on
Environmental Engineering &
Technology
Interdisciplinary & Interfaculty
Collaborative Research
Short-Term
Consulting Services office
(CSO)
Approach
Student-Annual Environmental design Competition
National International Collaborative Research
Networks of excellence
Seminar U/G Environmental Design projects
Competing in National & International Competitions in Energy & Environmental
NRC (Energy Ambassadors) !! Green-Plug-Winner, OTTAWA 2005
Interfaculty (Science & Engineering) Collaborative Research
Innovative-Teaching by Using Current Research in Teaching !!
Specialized Courses & Programs
C. Courses
“ Environmental Engineering & Technology”
Based on
o Case Studies
o Invited Guest- Seminars & Lectures
o Project Based Learning -PBL
D. M.Eng / M.Sc. & Research Collaboration
Inter-diciplinary / Multi-diciplinary /Inter-Faculty/Inter-Departmental
Research
(M.Eng /M.Sc) Program in Environmental Engineering & Technology
Environmental Engineering/Technology
Promotion Methodology & Approach
1. Creation of Student-Environmental Innovation Club (SEIC)
2. Annual Green Environmental student Competition
3. Joint Interfaculty Engineering & Science Research using Joint
Senior Thesis projects & Co-Supervision of Graduate students
4. Joint Business, Industry and Electric Utility sponsored Value-Added
Research.
5. Short-Term Environmental Consulting Services-Office (CESO)
6. National and International Collaborative Research , Research links,
Bi-lateral International Research Agreements.
7. Joint International Educational Programs & Initiatives (AL-
AHRAM-Cairo-CUC, Middle East, S.E. Asia)
Planned Research Activities
(1) Electricity Power/Energy Conservation & Demand Side Management.
(2) AI-Based Fault Detection and Relaying Protection and Safety Schemes
(3) Harmonic/Noise Mitigation and Power Quality Enhancement
(4) Applications of Ripple orthogonal Pulsating and Rotating
Electromagnetic & Electrostatic fields in:-
(a) Germicidal control, sterilization, and Disinfection (Water,
Milk, liquids, Hospital, hazardous waste,…)
(b) Zeolite-Enhanced Gaseous-adsorption and Odor control using
Air Filters and Muffler systems.
(c) Sick Building mitigation and air filter- systems
(d) Efficient Electro-technology based heating (Resistive, inductive,
arc,…) systems
5. Renewable/ alternative dispersed standalone, hybrid and Grid-
interconnected electric energy supply systems using wind, small
hydro, photovoltaic, fuel cell, Micro Gas turbine, Hybrid Systems.
6. Intelligent Electric Arc/ Fire Detection and Relaying Schemes using
harmonic FFT finger printing and Electric Signature Analysis ESA
Tools ( for Buildings, commercial Installation, Mining process
industries and low- voltage Electric Grid systems..
7. Large Machinery/Motorized and Electromechanical Vibration/shaft
Monitoring and anomaly/failure/fault diagnostics using ANN-Basednonlinear pattern recognition mapping and vector transformationswavelets, Short Term FFT, Inverse-Cosine, Temporal, Statistical andAbduction Rules.
8. Active Traffic & Machinery Noise Cancellation in Roads & Buildings
9. Intelligent Fuzzy logic based decision Making Software.
10. Applications of Ground Resistance spectra Scans and Electromagneticfield penetration Mapping in personnel Land-Mine detection & otherArcheological Site-Detection
Dr. A. M. Sharaf ‘s: Current Research Activities
1. The Green Plug & Smart power Filters and Energy Misers/Economics
2. Wind-Utilization schemes
3. Photovoltaic Utilization schemes
4. FACTS Based stabilization Devices For Electric utility Grid Systems
5. Bio-Filter Using (EM/EM/ES/UV)
6. The Electric-Foot-Generator (EFG)
7. Arc Fault-HIF Detection and fire sentry Relaying Systems
8. Zeolite-Gaseous Adsorption & Odor control
9. NG/PEM-fuel cell Efficiency Enhancement Using (LF/HF)Ripple
Electromagnetic Reformer and Cell Polarization filters
10. Efficient Hydrogen Based Hybrid Technology-Storage/Reformer/Fuel Cell
(Hydrogen/PV/Wind/Fuel Cells / Micro-Gas turbines)
Electrostatic/Electromagnetic
Bio-Filter-A for Airborne Contaminant Disinfection
Based on initial design by Dr. Adel M. Sharaf
Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, SM IEEE
Summary
Background
Methodology
Electrostatic Method
Electromagnetic Method
Work Completed
Work Remaining
Background
• Reasons for This Project• growing concern for indoor air quality
(e.g. mold, smoke)
• allergies, asthma, other respiratory problems
• disease control
• threat of biological terrorism, (e.g. Anthrax)
Background
• Goal of the Project
• Design and construct a bio-filter using the
combined orthogonal electromagnetic and
electrostatic principle developed by Dr. Sharaf
for his Portable Water Germicidal Unit. (Patent
Pending)
Background
HPAC Engineering , January 2002 (http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/pubs/foam.pdf)
Methodology
Electrostatic Component
Process commonly referred to as “Electrostatic Precipitation” or “Electronic Air -Cleaning”
2-stage process; charging stage and collection stage
Effective in filtering particles form .01 to 10 microns
Process consumes relatively low power
Methodology
Dirty Air -
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
--
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
--
Airborne
Molecules
Negative
Ions
Oppositely
Charged Plates
Methodology
Dirty Air -
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
--
-
--
-
-
-
-
-
--
• Airborne molecules collide with negative ions
Methodology
• Airborne molecules acquire a negative net charge and
collect on the positively charged plate
Dirty Air -
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
-
--
--
-
-
-
-
-
Clean Air
-
--
-
-
-
-
Methodology
Electromagnetic Component
FDA study in 2000 demonstrated that Bacteria/Cysts/micro Living Cells could be destroyed by an Oscillating or Pulsing Magnetic Field at a given Strength & frequency!!
Depends on pulsing-frequency, magnetic field strength, and duration/length of pulses.
Pulsed magnetic fields will be generated using electromagnetic Magnet-Coils.
Methodology
Leading theory states that a PMF can loosen the covalent bonds between ions and proteins in microorganisms.
Ions move in a circular path when entering a perpendicular magnetic field.
This Ion- motion causes the protein molecules and other-ions to oscillate and eventually break the covalent bonds that bind them.
B
Methodology
Initial Design
(DESIGNED
BY DR.
SHARAF)
Oppositely
Charged
Plates
Negative
Ion
Generator
Needles
Electromagnetic
CoilAir Hole
Methodology
Initial Design
(DESIGNED
BY DR.
SHARAF)Fan
Methodology
B
E
• E = V/d KV/m
E is a function of the
Electric Potential divided
by the distance between
the plates.
Orthogonal Electric and
Magnetic Fields
Methodology
l
r d1
d2
B
2r2d1
d1
2r2d2
d2
2l
NIr
μo
μB
l
ANL ro
2
Cross-section of a
finite solenoid Magnetic flux density B along
the axis of finitely long
solenoid.
Inductance of a solenoid
Methodology
• Quick-Field Software-Simulations
• 2-D finite element analysis-FEM program (free student edition)
• Electrostatic simulations based on Poisson’s Equation
• Magnetic simulations are based on vector Poisson’s Equation
Work Completed
Researched several methods of airborne filtration and disinfection including electrostatic and electromagnetic methods.
Simulated magnetic and electric field strengths of the design elements using Quick-Field software.
Initiated the design of dual frequency triggering circuits for electromagnetic Magnet-Coils.
Work Remaining-SEE PART B
Complete design-Simulations to determine selection of ferrite cores, and placement of field intensifier-Magnetic collector Plates.
Design of High Voltage Source (Cockroft-Walton Voltage- Multiplier Circuit.)
Construction of the First-Prototype.
Testing (possibly at NRC, UL or New Brunswick-RPC testing facilities.)
References
1. 1.) Hofmann, G.A. 1985. Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field. U.S. Patent 4,524,079.
2.
3. 2.) Moore, R.L. 1979. Biological effects of magnetic fields. Studies with microorganisms. Can. J. Microbiol., 25:1145-1151.
4.
5. 3.) Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies . U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004
6.
7. 4.) Gary Wade and Rifetech. (1998). EXCITING POSSIBILITIES IN PULSED INTENSE MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY. Rife Healing Energy. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.
8.
9. 5.) Aerobiological Engineering: Electrostatic Precipitation. The Pennsylvania State University Aerobiological Engineering. Available: URL http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/electro.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.
10.
11. 6.) What is an Ionizer. What is an Ionizer. Available: URL http://www.ionizer.com.my/What_is_ionizer.htm. Last accessed 10 February 2004.
QUESTIONS ??
A EM/EM/ES Ripple Frequency Excited Gasous -Adsorption Zeolite Muffler-Air Filters.
Prof. Dr. Adel Sharaf
Objective:
Gaseous Adsorption using natural
/Synthetic Zeolites for
(CO,CO2,NOx,SO2) &Possibly VOC- Volatile- Organic Compounds
Device :
Based on Dr.Adel Sharaf Design of Three/Four–Axis EM/EM/EM/ES Electromagnetic & Electrostatic Ripple Field -Excitation
Introduction to control Gaseous emission control:
Atmospheric Emission Control Activities
• Air toxic pollutants
• Fine particulates-Smog
• Flue gas conditioning for enhanced particulate control
• Fine particulate control
• Hot-gas cleaning
• Acid–gas emission control
• Fuel and sorbent characterization
• VOC-Adsorption
• Waste utilization and and disposal
• Fuel conditioning
• Land-Fill Odor Emission Control(DALHOUSIE/ACOA-AIF)
1.2 Zeolite Compounds:
Zeolite powder crystals are used in the chemical process industry as filters, and chemical agents and adsorbents. Zeolite crystals are often used as chemical sieves to filter specific molecular compounds selectively
Zeolite are also used in ODOR-Control in Land - Fill sites.
Zeolites are used extensively in Petroleum Refinery & other Chemical Process.
Zeolite Compounds:
Consumption
Zeolites are found in abundance throughout the world…. However, the value of the synthetic zeolites sold is far higher…. Many of the uses for natural zeolites are environmentally related.
Detergent –Cleaning Industries
Health and Safety
Far and away, the largest outlet for zeolite volume is the global laundry detergent market. By the end of 1992 [it was expected that the world would] be consuming detergent zeolite (zeolite A) at the rate of 1.44 million - metric tons per year. Unlike phosphates, zeolite A- cannot contribute to the pollution of lakes, streams or bays....
Zeolite Compounds:
Zeolites possess high adsorption capacity, undergo reversible adsorption/desorption, and are structurally stable.
These properties enable zeolite to be used in solar-powered refrigerators and to store energy during off-peak periods and release it during peak periods. Zeolites can also be used in refrigeration and air cooling systems to reduce water in the air to very low concentrations, allowing very effective evaporation.
Zeolite Molecular Sieve
GRACE Davison---- zeolite molecular sieves are characterized by the following properties:
1. Selective adsorption due to the uniform pore size of the zeolite structure
2.High adsorption capacity for polar substances at low concentrations
Industrial Products: Absorbents for oil and spills Gas separations
Radioactive Waste, Site remediation/decontamination
Catalytic-Treatment Natural zeolites are being used to treat low and intermediate aqueous waste: Nuclear waste treatment: British Nuclear Fuels in Great Britain, West Valley
Nuclear and Date Ridge National Laboratory. Natural zeolite has been used in the clean-up at Three- Mile Island, USA and Chernobyl-Disaster, Ukraine.
Zeolite Are :
Zeolites can be manufactured in robust small- granules which can be placed on a metal mesh0 conveyer belt which would, at some predetermined interval, refresh itself with a new load of zeolite granules.
Zeolites tend to provide zero- release for the entire period that they are adsorbing SO2.
Chemical Compound: Silicates with Aluminum ,Sodium & Potassium Composition.
Zeolites
What is adsorption?
involves nothing more than the preferential partitioning of substances from the gaseous or liquid phase onto the surface of a solid substrate.
Adsorption phenomena are operative in most natural physical, biological, and chemical systems
Physical adsorption is caused mainly by Van der Waals forces and electrostatic- type Bonding-Force between adsorbate molecules and the atoms which compose the adsorbent surface
Van der Waals Term and the Electrostatic Term
These terms are by far the most important and the accuracy of our models depend largely on the parameterisation and description of these terms.
The forces between atoms due to van der Waals -electrostatic interactions may be summarised as follows; no effect at very large distances, repulsive but attractive at very short and short distances respectively.
Zeolites adsorption can be increased using both Electrostatic and Electro magnetic Ripple-Frequency-Excitations(Dr.Sharaf).
1.3 Thesis objectives:
The project is about a simple-prototyping and building of an EM/EM/EM/ES Excited Gasous -Adsorption Zeolite-Filter/Muffler for SOX, NOX, CO and CO2 gaseous adsorption.
This project required research in the field of electrical Energy, physics, and chemistry .
Understand the different Zeolite compounds that can be used.
Select Suitable Natural and synthetic high adsorption-Zeolites
Build a low cost Zeolite Based Muffler/Filter for Autos/Trucks/Locomotives based on Dr.A.M.Sharaf Basic Three /Four Axes EM/EM/EM/ES Ripple Frequency Excitation.
1.3 Thesis objectives cont.
• (1)The most important point in this project is to
find the best distribution magnetic Field in X,Y ,Z
directions.Using FEM-QUICK-FIELD software
and Specific Coil-Design formula for sizing
excitation coils-MMF/Size/Polarity.
• (2) Design an electrostatic Quasi- uniform DC-
Field distribution within Zeolite-Cartridge core
using a low cost High Voltage-Multiplier Circuit .
Thesis objectives Cont.
Need to know the effects of EM/EM/ES on Zeolites-Adsorption .
The Basic principle is to try to polarize the electrons orbits for SOX,
NOX, CO and CO2 gas atoms.
To enhance Zeolite absorbability by combined Multi-Axial
Electrostatic / Electromagnetic Variable Frequency-Variable Intensity-Magnetic field.
2.Zeolite Muffler Design :
D = 5 – 8 “
D = 2 - 3 “ 0.1 L 0.1 L
Gas in
Gas out
L = 2D – 3D = 10 – 25 ‘
Zeolite Muffler Design :
2.1 Muffler-Filter Layout:
Design
(1) Electromagnetic Coil #1 , Coil #2 & possibly a third Coil #3 .Excitation (variable-F) circuit using CD-4046 ,V/F or (555)-Timer-circuits: Variable Frequency from: 0 < f < 25 KHz (adjustable).
• (2) High voltage DC-Multiplier Circuit: H.V =(2-10KV), E = 20kv/m
• Use thermal-Plastic or solid- Aluminum /Copper.
3. Variable-Frequency 555-Timer-Pulsing Driver- Circuit
0< f < 25 KHz
Electrostatic –DC-High Voltage Driver Circuit
5.Triggening –Test-electronic circuits and interface
devices .
To D1V dc
V
Coil Trigger
Flux/Current- Adjustable Magnetic Flux density-BFrom Car Battery/ V Regulator
R2
1kR3
50K
C20.01MF
R510K
C4
0.1
C10.1MF
Coi l 1
R4100
R7
10
C31000MF
VCC + 12v
Q1
Q2N3055
Coi l 2
u1
555D
1
234
567
8G
ND
TRIGGEROUTPUTRESET
CONTROLTHRESHOLDDISCHARGE
VC
C
D1
R11k
Will be conducted at NB-RPC/ UNB-Chemical Engineering Laboratory for (CO,CO2,NOx,SO2)-Adsorption:
(1) The Device will be tested for specific-gas adsorption efficiency under variable Frequency f from 0-25 KHZ-Pulsing
NOx SOx CO,CO2 (2) Study the Effect of Axial/Resultant Flux Density B1,B2,B3,Br BR = SQRT (B1
^2 + B2^2 + B3^2 ) -Range from 100-1000 Mill-iTesla!!
E = K V /r(radius)-Range from 20-200 KV/m (3) Automotive Exhaust-Testing under Running/Idle/Variable
RPM conditions.
TESTING
The prototype Zeolite –Muffler-attachment will be Mounted on a Car-Exhaust
Idle/Run Field testing will be conduct using a global-Gaseous Monitoring Meter to asses the effectiveness of the EM/EM/EM/ES polarizing-Dual Field on Zeolite-Adsorption Efficiency!!
Future Applications & Testing
Different-Prototype devices-2 AXIS/THREE AXIS/FOUR AXIS EM/ES based on Dr.A.M.Sharaf’s Principle of
RIPPLE OTHOGONAL EM/ES EXCITATION for Zeolite-Polarization and Crystalline Elasticity for other applications:
(1) Ai-ventilation and VOC-Compound adsorption.
(2)Odor- Control in sick Building & land-Fill sites
Work Done On thesis
Work cont..Fiber glass
Work cont..
Work cont..
Work cont..
Prototype-Results:
The coils resistance are about 3.5 Ohm each .
Magnetic Field strength B= 100-1000 Milli-TESLA
High voltage measurement 2-20KV
Frequency measurement –Variable: 0-25 KHz
Q field Software
Project Design
Device-Triggering Circuit- Photo
AL-MUFFLER ATTACHEMENT-FILTER 3 COIL-XYZ ATTACHMENT
Coil-Layout Design
Triggering -Circuit with Variable F, B and H.V. Generator
Using a Car in idle ,Running Conditions.
Measure Adsorption-Efficiency for different Zeolite Compounds at different Resultant-Field (Br) strength(100-1000mTesla) &different frequencies from 0-25 KHZ without and with DC Electrostatic Field enhancement
RPC-NB Proposed TESTING
Use Calibrated Gas Detector
The Polytron 2 XP Ex is an explosion proof gas detector for continuous
monitoring of combustible gases and vapors in amb
Toxic Gas Testing
SO2 NO2 NO CO NH3 H2SHCN HCl H2 O2 O3 EtO Cl2
Toxic gas sensors for measuring SO2, NO2, NO, CO, NH3, H2S, HCN, HCl, H2, O2, O3, EtO, Cl2, and more.
Up to 5 gas sensors (in addition to a temperature sensor) can be configured into a single TG-501 probe. Combine the best available electrochemical gas sensor technology with mobile computing for on-site application info access and to efficiently log/document your surveys.
Hand Field –PC-Based Acquisition &Test system
Reference:
TITLE: THE REMOVAL OF SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) DATE: April 1998 FROM FLUE GAS USING UTILITY
SYNTHESIZED ZEOLITES
http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/98/98ucr/GRUTZECK.PDF
Text adapted from:Slejko, F.L., Adsorption Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985M. Suzuki, Adsorption Engineering, Elsevier,Amsterdam, 1990
• Gray Wolf :
http://www.wolfsense.com/demos.html
• Dragar Safety http://www.draeger.com/ST/internet/US/en/Industries/GDS/gds_engineering.jsp
Questions ??
A NOVEL Maximum POWER-TRACKING CONTROLLER
FOR A STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV-DC 1) SCHEME
A.M. Sharaf, SM IEEE
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of New Brunswick
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction
System Model Description
Novel Dynamic Error Driven PI Controller
Digital Simulation Results
Conclusions
Future Work
Introduction
The advantages of Photo-Voltaic-PV solar energy:
Clean and green energy source that can reduce green house gases
Highly reliable and needs minimal maintenance
Costs little to build and operate ($2-3/Watt-Peak)
Almost has no environmental polluting impact
Modular and flexible in terms of size, ratings and applications
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
The photovoltaic system displays an inherently nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) relationship, requiring an online search and identification of the optimal maximum power operating point.
MPPT controller/interface is a power electronic DC/DC converter or DC/AC inverter system inserted between the PV array and its electric load to achieve the optimum characteristic matching
PV array is able to deliver maximum available solar power that is also necessary to maximize the photovoltaic energy utilization in stand-alone energy utilization systems (water pumping, ventilation)
I-V and P-V characteristics of a typical PV array at a fixed
ambient temperature and solar irradiation condition
The performance of any stand-alone PV system depends on:
Electric load operating conditions/Excursions/ Switching
Ambient/junction temperature (Tx)
Solar-Insolation / Irradiation variations (Sx)
System Model Description
Key components:
PV array module model
Power conditioning filter:
♦ Blocking Diode
♦ Input filter (Rf & Lf)
Storage Capacitor (C1)
Four-Quadrant PWM converter feeding the
PMDC (Permanent Magnet Direct Current)
motor (1-15kW size)
Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC
motor drive system
Novel Dynamic Error DrivenPI Controller
Three regulating loops:
The motor reference speed (ωm-Reference)
trajectory tracking loop
The first supplementary motor current (Iam)
limiting loop
The second supplementary
maximum photovoltaic power (Pg) tracking loop
Novel Dynamic tri-loop error driven
Proportional plus Integral control system
The global error signal (et) comprises
3-dimensional excursion vectors (ew, ei, ep)
The loop weighting factors (γw, γ i and γ p) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0
Digital Simulation Results
Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system
model using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software
where
is the total excursion error,
N= T0/Tsample,
T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s),
Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)
Test Variations of ambient temperature and solar irradiation
Variation of
ambient temperature (Tx)
Variation of
solar irradiation (Sx)
For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory
ωref & ωm vs. time ωm vs. Te
For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)
Iam vs. time Pg vs. time
For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)
Vg vs. Ig Pg vs. Ig & Vg
For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory
ωref & ωm vs. time ωm vs. Te
For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)
Iam vs. time Pg vs. time
For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)
Vg vs. Ig Pg vs. Ig & Vg
The digital simulation results validate the tri-loop dynamic error driven
PI controller, ensures:
Good reference speed trajectory tracking with
a small overshoot/undershoot and minimum
steady state error
The motor inrush current Iam is kept to a specified
limited value
Maximum PV solar power/energy tracking near
knee point operation can be also achieved
Conclusions
The proposed dynamic error driven controller requires only the PV array output voltage and current signals and the DC motor speed and current signals that can be easily measured.
The low cost stand-alone photovoltaic renewable energy scheme is suitable for village electricity application in the range of (150 watts to 15000 watts), mostly for Village-water pumping and irrigation use in arid developing countries.
Future Work
Other PV-DC, PV-AC and Hybrid
PV/Wind energy utilization schemes and Control Strategies
New control strategies for MAX-P/Energy Utilization
Household Green Plug
Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf
Description of Green Plug
Modulated/Switched Dynamic Filter Capacitor Compensator
(MSDFCC) for Electrical-Energy Efficiency, $$$-Savings and Power
Quality Enhancement for a 3-wire 2-ph Household Load
Outline
Objectives
Designs
Benefits / Application
Control-Strategies
Digital- Simulation Results-MATLAB
Conclusions
Future / Extended Work/Testing
Objectives
Create a low cost Green Plug –Compensator design by using the
neutral or return current for the control loop activation.
Run various Digital simulation scenarios to test the Green Plug and
control loop effectiveness
Select a final low cost-design
Designs
Family of Green Plugs, Energy Misers & MPF/SPF Compensator
Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf
Designs
Designs
Designs
Designs
Designs
Control Schemes
Designs
Designs
Benefits / Application
Enhance Power-Quality PQ and reduce HARMONIC-
POLLUTION
Reduce Energy Consumption
Improve Power Factor
Reduce THD-Total Harmonic Voltage/Current Distortion
Clean AC- Waveforms
Regulate Supply Voltage
Reduce Light Flickering-Voltage Sags
Reduce Hazardous-GPR/Hot Ground/Shock-Potential
Benefits / Application
Reduce Green- House Gases by better Energy Utilization.
Dynamic Reactive Energy Compensation to release System
Capacity to allow Electric Load Growth without new Generation
Maximize Energy Utilization & Improve Power Factor
Reduce Anomalies/Faults/Failure impact and associated Risk-
Safety Issues!!!
Strategies
•Digital Simulation using SIMULINK, MATALB software
developer for model analysis and function constructor
•Simple Idea of reducing the Reactive Power Component Q-
reduce Supply Current needed and KVA and compensate for a
higher Power Factor above 90-95 % Targeted!!
Strategies
2 Phase 3 Wire -Scott Connection Household Wiring-Model
Digital Simulation of the Three GP- SCHEMES
Green Plug Scheme 1, 2, 3-Study under----
Imbalance-1 (Phase 1: 4.5kW + 1.9kVAR; Phase 2: 3.5kW +
1000VAR)
Imbalanced -2 (Phase 1: 4.5kW + 1.9kVAR; Phase 2: 5.5kW +
2.5VAR)
Non-Linear Load operation (Phase 1: 500W + 60VAR RECTIFIED;
Phase 2: 2kW + 150VAR)
Fault (OC/SC) Conditions: One Phase Open Circuit; One Phase Short
Circuit.
Digital Simulation
Select about 9kVA loading @ 90%PF
Select-Filter Parameters:
50uF, 10mH, & 0.25 ohms
Digital Simulation
Green Plug Design 1
Digital Simulation
Green Plug Design 2
Digital Simulation
Green Plug Design 3
Digital Simulation
W/out GP1 GP2 GP3
St (VA) 8595
7715
9220
8292
7494
8912
8250
7495
8910
n/a
PF
(%)
92
94
91.5
97.2
98.6
96.4
97.5
98.6
96.3
n/a
THD-i
(%)
27 17 13.6 n/a
Digital Simulation
Non-Linear Current Waveforms: Before and After
Conclusion
Green Plug-GP ADVANTAGES:
Raised PF by average 5%
Reduced Energy Consumption by an average 5%-for load scenarios
Reduced Harmonics to almost 50% for the Nonlinear-NL load
Raised Phase Voltage slightly,while reducing the imbalance neutral-
current
Fault Cases showed no sign of excess Risk/Safety/Shock/Hazard
ground and neutral currents and associated GPR-HOT GROUNDS!!
All controllers were effective, but the GP-Filter objectives change from
Energy Savings to Harmonic Filtering/PQ Enhancement or both..
Conclusion
Neutral current control has somewhat limited capabilities which
in turn showed limited effectiveness.
Green Plug design 2 performed the best!!!!
Green Plug 3 was not very effective when used with limited
ON-OFF TRIAC CONTROLLER
These GP-PLUGS/FILTERS can become unstable if used with
improper or non-optimized Controller
GP/ Capacitive-Compensators/Filters can be used for other
Large Commercial/Residential/Office/Malls/Process Plants
; LOSSES. As well as Electric Utility Substations.
Conclusion
Theoretically; During Summer time (fans, AC...) GP will reduce
KVA/Energy and compensate high Reactive Power Demand.
Winter time (Resistive heating Loads),the GP will reduce needed
load-current due to imbalanced phase currents in a household,
therefore reducing KVA/KVAR/kWh Daily-Consumption
The project has earned the title of Energy Ambassador from the
Dept. of Natural Resources-Canada with A Student Prize of $
1000.00(Mr. Rene Rioux)
Future / Extended Work
Study different GP-FILTER Schemes.
Use maximum PF controller, or minimum power controller with
Green Plug, which uses both phase current and voltage (more
costly, and compare advantages)
Uses dedicated-single phase filters /GP on both phases, treat
each phase independently
Transient Analysis on Green Plug on the Household Model
Techniques for selecting/ optimizing controllers
Future /Extended Work
Build the Prototype, Lab-Validation Testing, & Field Summer/Winter
household-Testing
Study other GP-TOPOLOGIES/INTERFACE METHODS/Control Schemes
for specific objective/combination of objectives such as:
Electricity Savings
Harmonic reduction
Neutral/Hot GROUND/High GPR reduction
Power Factor Correction
Power Quality Enhancement
Questions
A Novel Foot Power Generator
Prof. Dr. Adel Sharaf
Presentation Layout
Summary
History & Background
Moving Platform-FOOT-GEN
DC-Generator
Charging Circuit & DC-Source
Future Recommendations
Questions
Summary
Purpose is to generate electrical energy from a foot- step.
Courtesy: www.3dcharacter.com
History & Background
The project is based on a foot generator designed by a group of 2nd year mechanical engineering students in 2004 ,under Dr. sharaf supervision.
A DC generator was their method of producing electrical energy.
Platform & Generator
Courtesy: Floor Generator manual, ME2332, Winter 2004
Moving Platform
Redesign or Reuse the old Plateform
Tested the prototype design with pre-established requirements of output Power/Voltage!!-Low output
A new design was built by Students in for a Sr.-Thesis Project
Moving Platform Testing
Tests Measured or Observed
Required
Average peak voltage per foot step
2.4 V peak 9.0 V peak
Platform vertical displacement
15 mm Between 5 and 20 mm
Repeated foot strikes
Gears cracked No failures
Moving Platform Design
Goals: 15 mm displacement and sturdy
Red = Frame
Green = Moving Platform Welding Design
Moving Platform Construction
The frame was welded by Mr. Oscar Robichaud.
The main assembly/construction was performed by two Students.
Functional Diagram DC-Generator
Charger- circuit
Source-Storage
Utility/Load circuit
Generator
Three methods were suggested by our advisor.
Piezoelectric-Electrostatic ceramics
DC generators
Variable reluctance coils
Secondary DC-Generator
Variable/Movable Capacitor Storage
DC Generator Design
Decision: DC Generator
Restrictions:
Small Linear Vertical Movement
Two main concerns:
High Gear Ratio
Total Voltage Rating of about- 9V DC
DC Generator 1
Tamiya 72005 6-Speed Gearbox
Specifications:
•RPM: 5040-6300
•Rated: 3V
•Amperage: 0.64A
•Variable gear ratio
DC Generator 2
Specifications:
•RPM: 6990-9100
•Rated: 3V each
•Amperage: 0.66A
•Variable gear ratio
Tamiya 70097 Twin-Motor Gearbox
Generator Mechanisms
2 Attempted –Motional-Mechanisms
Air Pressure
Mechanical Arm
Mechanical Arm Design
Green = Moving PlatformRed = FrameObjectives:
• Increase Linear Motion
• Interact with Shaft
• Easy to adjust
Mechanical Arm
Problems:
Quick change in direction, hard on gears
Change in direction will change current-Polarity, requires H- Rectifier-Bridge
Counterweights required due to motor torque
One-Way Bearing
Solution: Use a one-way bearing
Benefits:
Eliminate H- Rectifier-Bridge
Decrease needed-Plate Resistance
Easier on Gears
Generator System
Generator Results
Peak Voltage = 8.20 Volts ,Noise!!!!
Generator Results
Max Current = 1.20A
Max Power = 9.84W
Assumptions for plot: Constant- Velocity
No time delay from plate movement to generator output
Charging Circuit & Source
Two methods can be used:
Sealed lead-Gel Batteries
Not Expensive(5$)
Requires Charging Circuit
Super-Capacitor-1 FARAD at 12 Volt!!!
Expensive(100$+)
No Charging Circuit Required
Sealed Lead Gel Battery
Specifications:
• 6V, 4Amp-Hours
• Charging Voltage
6.7-7.3 Volts
Charging Circuit Design
Charging Circuit Result
1.10 Voltage drop across the regulator
Charging Circuit Modification
Voltage Regulator LM317T will be replaced
An LDO Voltage Regulator, LM1117 will be used in its place
Expected results: Lower voltage drop across the regulator
Need to use a good Low Voltaage drop Regulator
Need to use a unidirectional Diode to ensure Current Flow to Storage at all times!!
Future Recommendations
Generator:
Piezoelectric-Effect using Ceramics
Variable reluctance coils
Variable/Movable Core Capacitor
Source/Storage:
Super Capacitor
Piezoelectric Generator
Possible Future Applications
Wave Generator
Conclusion
F-Gen-First Prototype demonstrates that a floor generator can be designed at low cost!!
A DC-Generator can be used but reliability and durability may be questionable
Methods to increase output Dc-Power: Increase Displacement-up to 20 mm
Increase Applied Force
Use a technique to filter output voltage notching-a input Filter(LC) can be used
Use a better uniform motion-mechanism!!
Use Piezo-Converter)
Questions
Charger-Current Sensing