ELEMENTARY GREEK GREK 1001-1 M-F 8:40-9:30 Prescott 120
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ELEMENTARY GREEK The sounds of the Greek alphabet
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Some basic principles about the ancient Greek
alphabet: Greeks spelled words the way they pronounced them If they
changed the pronunciation of a word, they changed the spelling to
match.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Consider the verb record (reCORD) and the noun
record (RECord), which are spelled alike but pronounced differently
in English. In Greek, such words would be spelled according to
their pronunciations: rikrd and rkerd
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Imagine these examples in English: If anyone
pronounced going as gonna, they would spell it gonna. Homophones
like but and butt would both be spelled but, even though they have
different meanings.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Therefore, the surest and most straightforward
way to become comfortable reading and writing Greek is to sound out
the words and match the sounds to the letters on the page.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK This also means that speakers in different
regions spelled their own dialects differently. Less common
dialects thus require specialized knowledge, but most Greek
literature is written in one of a few common and very similar
dialects.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK The most important dialect is Attic, spoken in
ancient Athens. Classical Greek usually refers to Attic Greek. Most
classical texts are written in Attic. Koine (Greek for common) was
a generic form of Attic Greek used in many places, including the
text of the New Testament. The Greek we learn in this class teaches
you to read both Attic and Koine Greek.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Homeric or Epic is the older dialect used for
the Iliad, Odyssey and related poems. Similar to Attic is the Ionic
dialect, used by the historian Herodotus, the doctor Hippocrates,
and some other authors.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK There were many less common dialects in
antiquity (and there are many dialects of Modern Greek). Modern
Greek, also called Demotic (the peoples), differs from ancient
Greek primarily in the shift in the sound of several letters and a
number of new words in the language.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Modern Greek and Classical Greek are the same
language, but with more than two thousand years of linguistic and
historical change. It is similar to the difference between modern
English and that of Shakespeare, Chaucer, or the King James Bible.
Much is different but much is the same.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK VOWELS Greek has roughly the same five vowels
as English: ah eh ih o u
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ah eh ih o u ay or aah ay ee oh h Short Long
Like English, Greek has short and long versions of its vowels.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Speakers of ancient Greek, especially Attic,
did not like to say two vowel sounds in a row. Consequently, if two
vowels come together, they tended to merge them into one (called a
diphthong, Greek for double sound) or contract them.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK A vowel + or forms a diphthong. , and contract
with each other (in Attic Greek, and so also in koine).
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ELEMENTARY GREEK A vowel + forms a diphthong: + = eye + = aah
usually written + = ay + = ay usually written + = oy + = oh usually
written + = wee
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ELEMENTARY GREEK A vowel + forms a diphthong: + = ow! + = eu +
= oo
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ELEMENTARY GREEK , and + contract: + = + = + =
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ELEMENTARY GREEK , and + contract: + = + = + =
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ELEMENTARY GREEK , and + contract: + = + = + =
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ELEMENTARY GREEK CONSONANTS Greek consonants are built around
just three basic sounds: LabialDentalPalatal ptk
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ELEMENTARY GREEK CONSONANTS Add a vocal sound and you get a new
set, called voiced: LabialDentalPalatal p t k= unvoiced b d g=
voiced
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ELEMENTARY GREEK CONSONANTS Add the h sound and you get a new
set, called aspirated: LabialDentalPalatal p t k = unvoiced b d g =
voiced ph th kh= aspirated
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ELEMENTARY GREEK The Trouble with Sigma Greek is strange when
it comes to pronouncing and writing words with the s sound: You
never write , or . Instead you write . , and disappear before a .
You never write , or . Instead you write .
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ELEMENTARY GREEK CONSONANTS LabialDentalPalatal p t k =
unvoiced b d g = voiced ph th kh = aspirated ps s ks= +
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ELEMENTARY GREEK CONSONANTS LabialDentalPalatal p t k =
unvoiced b d g = voiced ph th kh = aspirated ps s ks = + m n , , ,
ng = nasals
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ELEMENTARY GREEK The leftover consonants are: (instead of
writing ) the liquids: l r
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ELEMENTARY GREEK When foreigners started learning Greek in
antiquity, Greek scholars developed additional symbols to help
non-Greeks understand the language. Modern printed editions,
following medieval manuscripts, use the following: breathings
accents punctuation
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ELEMENTARY GREEK BREATHINGS Ancient Greek does not use a
separate letter for the h sound. As we saw earlier, Greek has the
aspirated consonants , , and to indicate this sound.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK BREATHINGS If a word begins with aspiration
but not with one of these consonants, however, the aspirated
consonants are no help, so Greek uses two symbols to indicate
aspiration or lack of it.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK BREATHINGS no aspiration: = o (smooth
breathing) aspiration: = ho (rough breathing)
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ELEMENTARY GREEK BREATHINGS Words beginning with or always have
a rough breathing: = rho = rhythmos (rhythm) hyper above ( English
hyper)
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ELEMENTARY GREEK BREATHINGS Sometimes only a breathing marks
the difference between words. For example: = him = her = himself =
herself Notice that if the word begins with a diphthong, the
breathing appears over the second letter.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Greek displays three types of accent
marks: / acute \ grave circumflex Ancient Greeks knew how to accent
words. They wrote accents to help non-Greeks learn the
language.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Accents appear only over vowels
(second letter over diphthongs). Normally a word bears only one
accent, and only on one of its last three syllables: ultima = last
syllable of a word penult = next to last syllable of a word
antepenult = third to last syllable of a word
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Ancient Greek scholars say the
accented vowel had a rising tone and so marked it with a line
rising from left-to-right: / (acute accent). All other vowels had a
falling tone, but this was mostly not marked. When it was marked, a
line falling left-to-right was used: \ (grave accent). If an accent
on a word was not pronounced for some reason, the syllable which
was normally accented shows a grave accent (\) instead. For
example, a final accented syllable before another word was
typically not accented: but .
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Accenting short vowel sounds The
vowels , , , , and are short. When accented, the acute accent
appears above these vowels: , , , , and . The diphthongs
(combinations) and are considered short for purposes of accent, but
only at the end of a word. The accent appears over the : ,
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds The vowels
, , , , and are long. Long vowels are, as their name suggests,
long, in fact double-length, vowel sounds: = , = , = , = , and
=
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds If the
first part of this sound bears the accent, then the whole vowel has
a rising tone (/) then a falling tone (\), so it is marked ^
(circumflex) over the vowel. = , = , = , = , = If the second part
of the sound bears the accent, then the whole vowel sound has a
falling tone (\) then a rising tone (/). The falling tone, as
usual, is not written. = , = , = , = , =
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds When the
second of two consecutive vowels is an or , the pair is a
diphthong. The same rules for marking an acute (/) or circumflex
(^) apply as for long vowels, and the accent is always written over
the second vowel: = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
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ELEMENTARY GREEK ACCENTS Accenting long vowel sounds In Attic
and Koine Greek, the vowels , and contract when they meet. The same
rules for marking an acute (/) or circumflex (^) apply as for long
vowels and diphthongs: + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + = + =
+ =
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Most words in Greek have recessive accent =
the accent wants to recede back (left) to the antepenult. The
length of the vowel in the ultima determines how far back the
accent can recede. If the ultima is short, the accent recedes to
the antepenult: short ultimaaccent on antepenult
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Most words in Greek have recessive accent =
the accent wants to recede back (left) to the antepenult. The
accent can appear as part of the circumflex accent. If the ultima
is short, the accent recedes to the antepenult: short ultima accent
on antepenult short ultima accent
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Most words in Greek have recessive accent =
the accent wants to recede back (left) to the antepenult. The
length of the vowel in the the ultima determines how far back the
accent can recede. If the ultima is long (= two shorts), the accent
recedes only to the penult: long ultimaaccent on penult
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Most words in Greek have recessive accent =
the accent wants to recede back (left) to the antepenult. If the
ultima is long, the accent can recede only to the penult. In this
scenario, the accent can appear only as an acute: long
ultimaaccent
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ELEMENTARY GREEK The chart of general restrictions on accents
(Shelmerdine p.3): Some words do not have recessive accent. We will
study these as we proceed through the class.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK PUNCTUATION Greek uses four marks of
punctuation: full stop. (period) half stop (colon; Greek for limb;
~ semi-colon) pause, (comma; Greek for stamp mark) question mark ;
Quotation marks: strictly speaking, a capital letter marks the
beginning of a direct quote, but often modern texts add quotation
marks for clarity.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK Finally, to return to our first observation,
that Greek spells words the way they sound, a note about elision:
If a Greek elided or contracted words when he spoke, he wrote them
in contracted form. In formal English, we write only uncontracted
forms (stop and go instead of stop n go etc), regardless of how we
pronounce them. Formal Greek writing, however, shows the
contractions.
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ELEMENTARY GREEK An example of elision: = with me remember,
saying two vowels together is bad, so most of the time, this phrase
is elided to: = wit me
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ELEMENTARY GREEK for tomorrow (Thursday, August 25, 2005):
Quiz: write out the charts of (1) long and short vowels (2)
consonants Prepare Exercises 1-3 in Shelmerdine Chapter 1 (pp.
4-5)