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M. Cheng, Computer Science
Elementary ComputingCSC 100
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M. Cheng, Computer Science
Software Applications
• Application Software • Personal Computing • Text and Graphics based Computing • Examples of Applications • Word Processing, Spreadsheets, Graphics and Database
• Search Engine and Semantic Web
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Outcomes
• Early computer applications were mostly processing data for banks, payrolls, scientific calculations.
• With personal computers, we entered a new era of interactive computing, where applications are more graphics intensive.
• WWW introduced “information at your finger-‐tip” and Web-‐based applications.
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Study Guide
• What is application software? • What are typical mainframe software applications?
• What are typical software applications for personal computers?
• What are the early text-‐based and graphics-‐based applications?
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Study Guide
• What is Human Computer Interface (HCI)? • What hardware technologies are driving our personal computer applications?
• What is cloud computing? • What are file formats, file types/extensions? • What are spreadsheets and databases? • What is a search engine? • And semantic web?
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Without software applications, a computer is not a useful tool.
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If a computer is the “body”, then the software is the “soul”.
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Mainframe Computers(1950)
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A Mainframe Computer
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Early Mainframe Applications
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Early Computer Room
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The Workstation (1970)
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A Professional Workstation
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Early Interactive Computing
• XEROX invented the mouse and graphical user interface (GUI).
• It introduced a personal workstation (precursor to personal computer) for office applications.
• With a laser printer, WYSIWYG computing is a reality.
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XEROX Alto Workstation
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Personal Computers(1975)
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Early Personal Computing
• Personal computing in early 80s is mostly text-‐based, no mouse and no graphics.
• Early microprocessors were too slow; the display technology was mostly monochrome and cannot do graphics.
• Apple Macintosh was the first personal computer that uses a mouse and a graphical display.
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Apple I
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Apple II User Interface
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VisiCalc : First “Killer” App
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The IBM-‐PC
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Early Microsoft Word
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Human Computer Interface have gone from keyboard-‐based to mouse-‐based, now to touch-‐based.
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Software applications have evolved from mostly text-‐based
to graphics-‐based.
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Apple MacIntosh & GUI
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GUI of Apple Macintosh
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Early Applications on PC
• Spreadsheets (e.g., VisiCalc, Lotus-‐123)
• Draw and Paint (e.g., MacPaint, MacDraw)
• Word processing (e.g., Apple Works)
• Simple text-‐based or low-‐quality graphics-‐based games
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Business Applications on PC
• Accounting
• Database
• Payroll & Taxes
• Cashier Registers
• Inventory29
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Engineering Applications on PC
• Computer-‐Aided Design
• Medical Imaging
• Project & Budget Management
• Automation & Manufacturing
• Data Analysis and Visualization31
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Applications on Today’s PC
• Digital Media Player and Editor • Desktop and Web Publishing • Gaming • Entertainment • Instant Messaging • Online Shopping • TV, News & Magazines
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Faster microprocessors, high definition color displays and high
speed network changed the way we use our computers today.
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With WWW, smartphones and tablets, we are entering a new era of mobile computing.
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As long as we are connected to the network, we can do almost anything with a tablet or laptop.
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Chromebook
iPad
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Examples of Cloud Services
• All Google services, including gmail, calendar, youtube, etc.
• Apple’s iCloud services, iWorks, etc.
• Microsoft’s Office365, Google Doc
• Dropbox, GoogleDrive, Microsoft SkyDrive42
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Cloud computing is about storing and processing all your personal data somewhere in the network.
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“Network is the computer.”
SUN MicroSystems
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What does a typical software application do?
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Typical Software Applications
• Read some input data, do some processing on that data, then write some output data.
• Typically, the data are stored or represented in some application-‐specific format.
• Some formats are standard (i.e., open); some are proprietary. Here is a list.
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Common File Formats and Types
• Text is a common plain-‐text file format. It usually use “.txt” as the file type.
• HTML is another plain-‐text file format. It typically uses “.htm”, “.html”, “.xhtml” file types.
• JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP are common image format, with file types “.jpg”, “.gif”, “.png”, “.bmp”.
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File Types and Applications
• Operating Systems (e.g., OS X, Windows) use file types (i.e., file extensions) to associate with the applications.
• There may be multiple applications that can read/write the same file format.
• A user can choose which application is the default one.
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Windows 7 File Types
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Apple OS X File Types
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How to turn on File Extensions in Windows 7?
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How to turn on File Extensions on OS X?
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What is a Spreadsheet?
• A spreadsheet consists of rows and columns of cells.
• A cell may contain a value (a number or some text) or a formula.
• A formula defines a relationship between the current cell and other cells.
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An Example Spreadsheet
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Values, Addresses and FormulasColumn addresses
Row addresses Formulae55
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Automatic Re-‐calculations
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Charting
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Benefits of Spreadsheets
• They are easy to learn.
• No pencil or paper!
• They are visual, What You See Is What I Mean.
• Once formulae are set up correctly, calculations are automatic and instant.
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What is a Database?
• A database is a structured collection of record of data.
• Each record represents an item, an individual, or an entity of interest.
• All records have common attributes, e.g., age, sex, name, id#, address, etc.
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An Example of a Database
Each rowis a record
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Data Entry into a Database
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Why use a Database?
• A database is not a spreadsheet. It has rows and columns, but it doesn’t have the concept of cell address or formula.
• It is primarily used for maintaining a very large collection of “similar” (structured) records.
• We can sort, search, select a subset of records of interests.
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Database in the Real World
• Many government organizations, banks, universities, etc., use databases heavily to maintain a record of their assets and members.
• The data must be structured, with well-‐defined attributes.
• For unstructured data (i.e., no fixed format), we will need a search engine such as Google.
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iTunes is a Database of Songs
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Songs & Albums
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Smart Playlist & Search
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The Dawn of WWW
• Netscape was the first widely browser.
• Hundreds of thousands of websites were created, but nobody knows!
• Yahoo! started a portal that organizes websites for visitors.
• Webcrawler, Lycos, Excite, and Infoseek are some of the early search engines on the WWW.
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Search Engines
• WWW is built around HTML (text), images and videos.
• A search engine collects all text inside HTML pages and looks for phrases which a user is interested.
• When it finds something relevant, it displays the URLs (hyperlinks) to the search results.
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Domination of Google
• Early search engine’s results are not very good. Most search results are irrelevant.
• A user must sift through the results to look for something relevant.
• In 2000, Google announced their PageRank algorithm, which changes the way how a search engine works.
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PageRank Algorithm
The more a webpage is being linked to, the higher its ranking.
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A Semantic Web
• Current search engines are based on search phrases or keywords.
• The search engine doesn’t understand the meanings of the search phrases. For example,What is the Gross Domestic Product of Canada?
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www.wolframalpha.com
A Computational Knowledge Engine
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Questions to Try in WolframAlpha
• gene • 3rd largest country in Europe • China • GDP of Canada / China • birth rate of Japan • Apple • . . .
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The End.
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