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M. Cheng, Computer Science Elementary Computing CSC 100 1

Elementary#Computing CSC100 - University of Victoriarlittle/100/fall.2017/lectures/5... · M.#Cheng,#Computer#Science Software#Applications • Application#Software# • Personal#Computing#

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Page 1: Elementary#Computing CSC100 - University of Victoriarlittle/100/fall.2017/lectures/5... · M.#Cheng,#Computer#Science Software#Applications • Application#Software# • Personal#Computing#

M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Elementary  ComputingCSC  100

1

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Software  Applications

• Application  Software  • Personal  Computing  • Text  and  Graphics  based  Computing  • Examples  of  Applications  • Word  Processing,  Spreadsheets,  Graphics  and  Database  

• Search  Engine  and  Semantic  Web

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Outcomes

• Early  computer  applications  were  mostly  processing  data  for  banks,  payrolls,  scientific  calculations.  

• With  personal  computers,  we  entered  a  new  era  of  interactive  computing,  where  applications  are  more  graphics  intensive.  

• WWW  introduced  “information  at  your  finger-­‐tip”  and  Web-­‐based  applications.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Study  Guide

• What  is  application  software?  • What  are  typical  mainframe  software  applications?  

• What  are  typical  software  applications  for  personal  computers?  

• What  are  the  early  text-­‐based  and  graphics-­‐based  applications?

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Study  Guide

• What  is  Human  Computer  Interface  (HCI)?  • What  hardware  technologies  are  driving  our  personal  computer  applications?  

• What  is  cloud  computing?  • What  are  file  formats,  file  types/extensions?  • What  are  spreadsheets  and  databases?  • What  is  a  search  engine?    • And  semantic  web?

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Without  software  applications,  a  computer  is  not  a  useful  tool.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

If  a  computer  is  the  “body”,  then  the  software  is  the  “soul”.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Mainframe  Computers(1950)

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

A  Mainframe  Computer

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Early  Mainframe  Applications

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Early  Computer  Room

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

The  Workstation (1970)

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

A  Professional  Workstation

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Early  Interactive  Computing

• XEROX  invented  the  mouse  and  graphical  user  interface  (GUI).

• It  introduced  a  personal  workstation  (precursor  to  personal  computer)  for  office  applications.

• With  a  laser  printer,  WYSIWYG  computing  is  a  reality.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

XEROX  Alto  Workstation

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Personal  Computers(1975)

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Early  Personal  Computing

• Personal  computing  in  early  80s  is  mostly  text-­‐based,  no  mouse  and  no  graphics.

• Early  microprocessors  were  too  slow;  the  display  technology  was  mostly  monochrome  and  cannot  do  graphics.

• Apple  Macintosh  was  the  first  personal  computer  that  uses  a  mouse  and  a  graphical  display.  

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Apple  I

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Apple  II  User  Interface

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

VisiCalc  :  First  “Killer”  App

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

The  IBM-­‐PC

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Early  Microsoft  Word

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Human  Computer  Interface  have  gone  from  keyboard-­‐based  to  mouse-­‐based,  now  to  touch-­‐based.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Software  applications  have  evolved  from  mostly  text-­‐based  

to  graphics-­‐based.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Apple  MacIntosh  &  GUI

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

GUI  of  Apple  Macintosh

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Early  Applications  on  PC

• Spreadsheets  (e.g.,  VisiCalc,  Lotus-­‐123)

• Draw  and  Paint  (e.g.,  MacPaint,  MacDraw)

• Word  processing  (e.g.,  Apple  Works)

• Simple  text-­‐based  or  low-­‐quality  graphics-­‐based  games  

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Business  Applications  on  PC

• Accounting

• Database

• Payroll  &  Taxes

• Cashier  Registers

• Inventory29

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Engineering  Applications  on  PC

• Computer-­‐Aided  Design

• Medical  Imaging

• Project  &  Budget  Management

• Automation  &  Manufacturing

• Data  Analysis  and  Visualization31

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Applications  on  Today’s  PC

• Digital  Media  Player  and  Editor  • Desktop  and  Web  Publishing  • Gaming  • Entertainment  • Instant  Messaging  • Online  Shopping  • TV,  News  &  Magazines

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Faster  microprocessors,  high  definition  color  displays  and  high  

speed  network  changed  the  way  we  use  our  computers  today.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

With  WWW,  smartphones  and  tablets,  we  are  entering  a  new  era  of  mobile  computing.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

As  long  as  we  are  connected  to  the  network,  we  can  do  almost  anything  with  a  tablet  or  laptop.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Chromebook

iPad

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Examples  of  Cloud  Services

• All  Google  services,  including  gmail,  calendar,  youtube,  etc.

• Apple’s  iCloud  services,  iWorks,  etc.

• Microsoft’s  Office365,  Google  Doc

• Dropbox,  GoogleDrive,  Microsoft  SkyDrive42

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Cloud  computing  is  about  storing  and  processing  all  your  personal  data  somewhere  in  the  network.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

“Network  is  the  computer.”

SUN  MicroSystems

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

What  does  a  typical  software  application  do?

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Typical  Software  Applications

• Read  some  input  data,  do  some  processing  on  that  data,  then  write  some  output  data.

• Typically,  the  data  are  stored  or  represented  in  some  application-­‐specific  format.

• Some  formats  are  standard  (i.e.,  open);  some  are  proprietary.  Here  is  a  list.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Common  File  Formats  and  Types

• Text  is  a  common  plain-­‐text  file  format.  It  usually  use  “.txt”  as  the  file  type.

• HTML  is  another  plain-­‐text  file  format.  It  typically  uses  “.htm”,  “.html”,  “.xhtml”  file  types.

• JPEG,  PNG,  GIF,  BMP  are  common  image  format,  with  file  types  “.jpg”,  “.gif”,  “.png”,  “.bmp”.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

File  Types  and  Applications

• Operating  Systems  (e.g.,  OS  X,  Windows)  use  file  types  (i.e.,  file  extensions)  to  associate  with  the  applications.

• There  may  be  multiple  applications  that  can  read/write  the  same  file  format.

• A  user  can  choose  which  application  is  the  default  one.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Windows  7  File  Types

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Apple  OS  X  File  Types

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

How  to  turn  on  File  Extensions  in  Windows  7?

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

How  to  turn  on  File  Extensions  on  OS  X?

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

What  is  a  Spreadsheet?

• A  spreadsheet  consists  of  rows  and  columns  of  cells.

• A  cell  may  contain  a  value  (a  number  or  some  text)  or  a  formula.

• A  formula  defines  a  relationship  between  the  current  cell  and  other  cells.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

An  Example  Spreadsheet

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Values,  Addresses  and  FormulasColumn  addresses

Row  addresses Formulae55

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Automatic  Re-­‐calculations

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Charting

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Benefits  of  Spreadsheets

• They  are  easy  to  learn.

• No  pencil  or  paper!

• They  are  visual,  What  You  See  Is  What  I  Mean.

• Once  formulae  are  set  up  correctly,    calculations  are  automatic  and  instant.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

What  is  a  Database?

• A  database  is  a  structured  collection  of  record  of  data.

• Each  record  represents  an  item,  an  individual,  or  an  entity  of  interest.

• All  records  have  common  attributes,  e.g.,  age,  sex,  name,  id#,  address,  etc.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

An  Example  of  a  Database

Each  rowis  a  record

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Data  Entry  into  a  Database

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Why  use  a  Database?

• A  database  is  not  a  spreadsheet.  It  has  rows  and  columns,  but  it  doesn’t  have  the  concept  of  cell  address  or  formula.

• It  is  primarily  used  for  maintaining  a  very  large  collection  of  “similar”  (structured)  records.

• We  can  sort,  search,  select  a  subset  of  records  of  interests.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Database  in  the  Real  World

• Many  government  organizations,  banks,  universities,  etc.,  use  databases  heavily  to  maintain  a  record  of  their  assets  and  members.

• The  data  must  be  structured,  with  well-­‐defined  attributes.

• For  unstructured  data  (i.e.,  no  fixed  format),  we  will  need  a  search  engine  such  as  Google.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

iTunes  is  a  Database  of  Songs

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Songs  &  Albums

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Smart  Playlist  &  Search

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

The  Dawn  of  WWW

• Netscape  was  the  first  widely  browser.

• Hundreds  of  thousands  of  websites  were  created,  but  nobody  knows!

• Yahoo!  started  a  portal  that  organizes  websites  for  visitors.

• Webcrawler,  Lycos,  Excite,  and  Infoseek  are  some  of  the  early  search  engines  on  the  WWW.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Search  Engines

• WWW  is  built  around  HTML  (text),  images  and  videos.

• A  search  engine  collects  all  text  inside  HTML  pages  and  looks  for  phrases  which  a  user  is  interested.

• When  it  finds  something  relevant,  it  displays  the  URLs  (hyperlinks)  to  the  search  results.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Domination  of  Google

• Early  search  engine’s  results  are  not  very  good.  Most  search  results  are  irrelevant.

• A  user  must  sift  through  the  results  to  look  for  something  relevant.

• In  2000,  Google  announced  their  PageRank  algorithm,  which  changes  the  way  how  a  search  engine  works.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

PageRank  Algorithm

The  more  a  webpage  is  being  linked  to,  the  higher  its  ranking.

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

A  Semantic  Web

• Current  search  engines  are  based  on  search  phrases  or  keywords.

• The  search  engine  doesn’t  understand  the  meanings  of  the  search  phrases.  For  example,What  is  the  Gross  Domestic  Product  of  Canada?

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

www.wolframalpha.com

A  Computational  Knowledge  Engine

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

Questions  to  Try  in  WolframAlpha

• gene  • 3rd  largest  country  in  Europe  • China    • GDP  of  Canada  /  China  • birth  rate  of  Japan    • Apple  • .  .  .

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M.  Cheng,  Computer  Science

The  End.

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