Elements in Landscape

8/13/2019 Elements in Landscape

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LANDSCAPE

ANDGREENERY

SUBMITTED BY:-

DEVENDRA SAHU

101110112

Sec - B


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Elements of landscape

Water features

Stone

Shelters

Green wall

Sitting

Fencing

SculpturesLightning

Other Elements


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Water FeaturesSwimming Pools

Spouts

Fountains

Artificial Waterfall


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Swimming Pools

A swimming pool, swimming bath, wading pool, or

simply a pool, is a container filled with water intendedfor swimming or water-based recreation.

History The "Great Bath" at the site of Mohenjo-Daro was most likely

dug during the 3rd millennium BC. This pool is 12 by 7 meters, is

lined with bricks and was covered with a tar-based sealant.

Ancient Greeks and Romans built artificial pools for athletic

training , water games and for military exercises.

The Roman Baths of Bath Spa, England.The "Great Bath" at the site of Mohenjo-Daro


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Types Of Pools

a) Public pools

b) Private pools

c) Competition pools

d) Exercise poolse) Outdoor hot tubs and spa pools

f) Ocean pools

g) Infinity poolsh) Natural pools and ponds

i) Zero-entry swimming pools


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Public pools

Pools that may be used by many people or by the

generalpublic are called public pools.

Public pools usually start at 80 ft (24 m).

Public pools may belong to a hotel or holiday resort,

as an

amenity for the recreation of their guests.

Public pools are often found as part of a larger leisure

centre

or recreational complex.


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Private poolsPools used exclusively by a few people or in a home are

called private pools. Private pools are usually smaller than public pools, on

average 12 24 ft (3.7 7.3 m) to 20 40 ft

(6.1 12 m)

Privately owned outdoor pools in backyards or gardensstarted to proliferate in the 1950s in regions with warm

summer climates, particularly in the United States.


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Competition pools

Competition pools are generally indoors and heated to

enable their use all year round, and to more easily

comply with the regulations regarding temperature,

lighting, and automatic officiating equipment. Federation International de la Notation (FINA,

International Swimming Federation) sets standards for

competition pools: 25 or 50 m (82 or 164 ft) long and at

least 1.35 m (4.4 ft) deep


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Exercise pools These consist of a small vessel in which the swimmer

swims in place, either against the push of an artificiallygenerated water current.

They are usually about 2.5 m x 5 m.


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Outdoor Hot tubs and spa pools

Hot tubs and spa pools are common heated pools

used for relaxation and sometimes for therapy.

They rarely exceed 8 sq ft (0.74 m2) and are

typically 36 (1.07 m) deep.


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Ocean Pools These were built typically on headlands by

enclosing part of the rock shelf, with watercirculated through the pools by flooding from tidal

tanks or by regular flooding over the side of the

pools at high tide.

Bathing in these pools provided security againstboth rough surf and against sharks.


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Infinity pools An infinity edge pool is a swimming pool which

produces a visual effect of water extending to thehorizon, vanishing, or extending to "infinity".

Often, the water appears to fall into an ocean,

lake, bay, or other similar body of water.

The illusion is most effective whenever there is asignificant change in elevation, though having a

natural body of water on the horizon.


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Natural pools and ponds Natural pools were developed in central and western Europe

in the early and mid 1980's by designers and landscapearchitects with environmental concerns.

They are constructed bodies of water in which no chemicals

or devices that disinfect or sterilize water are used, and all

the cleaning of the pool is achieved purely with the motion of

the water through biological filters and plants


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Zero-entry swimming pools A zero-entry swimming pool, also called a beach entry

swimming pool, is a swimming pool having an edge orentry that gradually slopes from the deck into the water,

becoming deeper with each step, in the manner of a

natural beach.

As there are no stairs or ladders to navigate, this type ofentry assists older people, young children and people

with accessibility problems where gradual entry is useful.


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Spouts

Water Feature in which water is forced to flow

through small pipes from an elevation.


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Fountains A fountain (from the Latin "fons" or "fontis", a

source or spring) is a piece of architecture whichpours water into a basin or jets it into the air

either to supply drinking water or for decorative

or dramatic effect.

Types of fountainsi. Musical Fountains

ii. Splash fountains

iii. Drinking fountains


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Musical Fountains Musical fountains create a theatrical spectacle with music, light and

water, usually employing a variety of programmable spouts and water

jets controlled by a computer.


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Splash fountains

A splash fountain or bathing fountain is intended for people tocome in and cool off on hot summer days.

These fountains are designed to allow easy access, and

feature nonslip surfaces, and have no standing water.

These splash pads are often located in public pools, publicparks, or public playgrounds


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Drinking fountains A water fountain or drinking fountain is designed to

provide drinking water and has a basin arrangementwith either continuously running water or a tap.

Water fountains are usually found in public places, like

schools, rest areas, libraries, and grocery stores.


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Artificial Waterfall Outdoor man-made waterfalls, a

continuous flow of water and heights

can vary to gain different effects.


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Stones are hard, impermeable inorganic elements

used extensively in landscape architecture. Stonesare basically used for the following:

Paving Retaining walls Stacked stone wall Sitting Shelters

Parapets

Bridges Sculptures Planters Bollards


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Paving is the method of creating durablesurfaces laid down on an area intended to

sustain traffic (vehicular or foot traffic). Themost common modern paving methods arestone and concrete. In the past, brick wasextensively used. Today, permeable pavingmethods are beginning to be used more for

low-impact roadways and walkways.


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The surfaces of pathways or patios that lead to, or are under structures, canbe just as important as the structure itself, and should tie into the totaldesign.These pictures illustrate using stone that was already on the site


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RETAINING WALLS

They are used to create relatively level

areas at different elevations, wherechanges in elevation cant be accomplished

by grading because of limited horizontaldistances or where changes of grade mustbe accomplished with least disturbance to

topography.


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Retaining Walls as landscape elements Used to level or retain slopes and give them a more

vertical character.

Provide usable space for landscape purpose

To maintain an existing grade around a tree or someother landscape feature you're trying to save

To support a level area such as a patio or driveway.

For visual effect in the landscape,

They feature an informal shape and irregular

placement of wall materials. More pronounced in visual character than functional

retaining walls. Complement other landscapeelements such as plants, paving and mulches.

Used as a

Bench wall, Base for a fence,

An accent element in the landscape.


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STACKED STONE WALLS: Masonry stone walls are retaining walls with or without concrete block foundations.

Mortar adds strength and longevity, and keeps the stones in place. Masonry walls alsoinclude attention to drainage with drainage gravel, fabric, and outlets to prevent hydraulic

pressure from damaging the wall. Natural stone is a popular alternative to the traditional modular cement block for retaining

wall construction. Dry-stacked, natural stone walls add a very natural look to anylandscape as the material is taken right from the ground. Natural stone walls allow waterto flow freely behind and through the wall thus relieving a significant amount of pressureon the wall.


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Stone benches and shelters


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Stone bridges


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Stone sculptures


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Stone Planters:


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Stone Planters:


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SEATING

Seating should be sited so as to:

Be sheltered from wind

Take advantage of site views

Be situated back of circulation

paths

Provide a variety of options for

pedestrians such assunlight,

shade, multitude, activity,formality, informality etc.

They include benches, stoops,

ledges, seat walls, steps etc.

BENCHES


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BENCHESBenches, in the cityscape, are afocus of activity and welcome

relief for those who wish to sitand relax or simply pass theirtime between various activities.


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SHELTER Shelters are often major elements of a site.

They can be used as a visual reference to the

historical or cultural character of a place. Thechoice of an appropriate design idiom should

reflect an understanding of the social and

cultural forces that have given the place its

unique identity.

Because shelters often serve as focal points of asite they should be:

1. Readily visible

2. Easily accessible

3. Sited to take advantage of views

4. Sited adjacent to major pedestrian routes


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SHELTERS

Tensile Fabric Structures

Pergolas

Trellis

Canopies

Gazebos


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Tensile Fabric Structures Tensile fabric structures are an environmentally sensitive

medium and an inexpensive way to create an organic

form.

The biggest performance advantage is its strength to

weight ratio, which saves on materials

Being lightweight and flexible; fabric interacts better with

natural forces than a rigid material, its daytime

translucency and night-time luminosity gives a magicalfeeling of being outdoors, combined with the security and

comfort..


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Pergolas A pergola is a garden feature forming a shaded walk or

passageway of pillars that support cross-beams and a

sturdy open lattice, upon which woody vines are trained.

As a type of gazebo, it may also be an extension of a

building, or serve as protection for an open terrace or a link

between pavilions.

Materials can be differs according to the design and the

need.


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Trellis An open framework, latticework, or design of

wood or steel in a vertical wall or horizontaloverhead.

Vegetation is supported either vertically or

horizontally.


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Canopies

A covered shelter for protection from sun, rain,

snow, tree-litter, etc., that generally projects overa sidewalk, driveway, entry, window or similar

area.

It may be wholly supported by columns, poles, or

braces extending from the ground. Can be of different materials and shapes.

Gazebos


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Gazebos A gazebo is a pavilion structure, sometimes octagonal,

in parks, gardens, and spacious public areas.

Gazebos are freestanding or attached to a garden wall,roofed, and open on all sides.

They provide shade, shelter, ornamental features in a

landscape, and a place to rest.

Some gazebos in public parks are large enough toserve as bandstands or rain shelters.


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Green wall A green wall is a wall, either free-standing

or part of a building, that is partially or

completely covered with vegetation and,in some cases, soil or an inorganic

growing medium.

The concept of the green wall dates back

to 600 BC with the hanging gardens of

babylon.

The vegetation for a green faade is

always attached on outside walls; with

living walls this is also usually the case,

although some living walls can also be

green walls for interior use.

Our green walls are low maintenancethanks to an automatic irrigation system.

They are water efficient, especially when

compared to the irrigation that is used for

gardens and urban parks


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Li i g ll


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Living walls:

There are three types of growth media used in living walls: loose

media, mat media and structural media.

Loose media Mat media

Structural media

Loose medium walls tend to be "soil-on-a-shelf"

or "soil-in-a-bag" type systems. Loose medium

systems have their soil packed into a shelf or

bag and then are installed onto the wall. These

systems require their media to be replaced atleast once a year on exteriors and

approximately every two years on interiors.

Loose soil systems are not well suited for areas

with any seismic activity.

Loose media :


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Mat media :

Mat type systems tend to be either coir fibre or felt mats. Mat

Media are quite thin, even in multiple layers These systems

are best used on the interior of a building and are a goodchoice in areas with low seismic activity with small plants that

will not grow to a weight that could rip the mat apart under

their own weight over time. Mat media are better suited for

small installations no more than eight feet in height where

repairs are easily completed.

Structural media

Structural media are growth medium "blocks" that are

not loose, nor mats, but incorporate the best features

of both into a block that can be manufactured intovarious sizes, shapes and thicknesses. Structural

media are superior to the other media for their

longevity and high-level of performance in a variety of

circumstances. Depending on the installation, they do

tend to be more expensive to install, but lower cost to

maintain.

FENCES SCREENS & WALLS


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FENCES, SCREENS & WALLSFences, screens & walls are used for

a variety of reasons:

Visual privacy

Physical inclusion

Control of people & animals

Modification of environmental

factors like noise, wind, sunlightetc.

Purely aesthetic reasons

DESIGN INFORMATION


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DESIGN INFORMATION

an integral part of the architecture of the entire site.

should be compatible with adjacent buildings and

fences or walls.should be of durable material such as brick, wood,

wrought iron, decorative concrete block or similar

Fences should generally be stepped up or down to

accommodate changes in topography rather than

sloping with the ground.

Fences adjacent to sidewalks should be at least 12from the sidewalk.

INSTALLATION MATERIAL

Limited Solid Material. All fences which have 50% or

less solid material will be considered limited solidmaterial fences.

Less than 50% solid material may be spaced eight

feet (8) on centre.

Example: chain link or split rail fences.

Solid Material. All fences which have more than 50%

solid materials will be considered solid material fences.


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All fences must be installed within or on

the property lines. It is the property

owners responsibility to locate theproperty lines.

A fence, a hedge or a wall located in a

side yard or rear yard area adjacent to a

driveway, alley or street, must comply

with the visibility triangle requirements.

LOCATION

Types of fences

monumental fenceVinyl fenceDecorative

wire fenceWood fence


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LIGHTING The height of light standards is the

single factor that most directly

determines the quality of the lightand the consequent ambience of

the site.

Exterior lighting can be generally

categorised as:

1. Decorative lighting

2. Vehicular use lighting

3. General site lighting

4. Pedestrian use lighting

5. Feature lighting


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Sculptures


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Sculptures

Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork

created by shaping or combining different

materials.

Materials may be worked by removal such as

carving; or they may be assembled such as by

welding. Different materials like stone,wood,steel,marbel

etc. can be used


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Sculptures


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Tree guards

Signage


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Signage

Signage is any kind of visual graphics created to

display information to a particular audience.

This is typically manifested in the form of way

finding information in places such as streets or

outside of buildings.

TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ROTECTION


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TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ROTECTION

BOLLARDS


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Bollards are low profile sturdy posts embedded

in the floor to protect some other fragile

structures or to exclude vehicles from pedestrian

precincts.

The message they convey here is not of `STAY

OUT' but that of `COME IN ON YOUR FEET'.

Where vehicular traffic is to be restricted for a

few hours only, light weight temporary bollards

are also used.

Bollards unlike railings do not form visually

continuous horizontal barriers

BOLLARDS


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SANDSand consists of small particles of rock or mineral. It

occurs naturally as silica beach sand and can be artificially

crushed from larger rocks. Bank-run sand refers to sand beforepreparation for construction; screened and washed sand has

been prepared for site use. It is also used as a leveling bed to

prepare ground to receive rigid pavings and to observedimensional changes in materials that underlie construction.


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Brick screensrick pavements


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Tree ring


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MetalMetals are nowadays extensively

used in landscape architecture.

Metals like aluminium chrome steelwrought iron brass bronze etc are

being used to create different types

of street furniture.

Metals are used to create benches,

railings, fences, bollards, lightingpoles dust bins, pergolas, trellises,

bicycle parking, bridges, sculptures,

fountains etc


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THANK YOU

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Elements in Landscape