ELEMENTS INFO. GOOD.docx

8/9/2019 ELEMENTS INFO. GOOD.docx

1/59

The Element Chromium[Click for Isotope Data]

24 CrChromium51.9961

Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Weight: 51.9961

Melting Point: 2180 K 190!"C or #465"$% Boiling Point: 2944 K26!1"C or 4840"$%Density: !.15 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter Phase at RoomTemperature: )oli*Element Classifcation: +etal Perio Number: 4

!roup Number: 6 !roupName: (o(e

What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for color chroma.$ay %hat# Chromium is pro(ou(ce* as &R'()mee)em.

(istory an *ses:

Chromium -as *isco/ere* ' ouis3icholas auueli( -hileeperime(ti(& -ith a material k(o-( as )i'eria( re* lea* also k(o-(as the mi(eral crocoite 7'Cr4% i( 1!9!. e pro*uce* chromium oi*eCr#% ' mii(& crocoite -ith h*rochloric aci* Cl%. :lthou&h he'elie/e* a metho* for isolati(& chromium *i*(;t et eist auueli(-as pleasa(tl surprise* i( 1!98 to *isco/er that he -as a'le to o'tai(metallic chromium ' simpl heati(& chromium oi*e i( a charcoalo/e(. u'ies a(* emeral*s alsoo-e their colors to chromium compou(*s. 7otassium *ichromateK 2Cr2!% is use* i( the ta((i(& of leather -hile other chromiumcompou(*s are use* as mor*a(ts materials -hich perma(e(tl ?*es to fa'rics. Chromium compou(*s are also use* to a(o*i@ealumi(um a process -hich coats alumi(um -ith a thick protecti/elaer of oi*e. Chromite chromium;s primar ore is use* to make

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mol*s for the ?ri(& of 'ricks 'ecause of its hi&h melti(& poi(tmo*erate thermal epa(sio( a(* sta'le crstal structure.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: 1.02A102 milli&rams per kilo&ramEstimate 'ceanic Abunance: #A104 milli&rams per literNumber o+ $table ,sotopes: # ie- all isotope *ata%,oni-ation Energy: 6.!6! e'.iation $tates: B6 B# B2

Electron $hell Confguration:1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*5

4s1

The Element Manganese[Click for Isotope Data]

25 Mn +a(&a(ese 54.9#8045

Atomic Number: 25Atomic Weight: 54.9#8045Melting Point: 1519 K 1246"C or 22!5"$%Boiling Point: 2##4 K 2061"C or #!42"$%Density: !.# &rams per cu'ic ce(timeterPhase at Room Temperature: )oli*Element Classifcation: +etalPerio Number: 4 !roup Number: ! !roup Name: (o(e

What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* for ma&(et magnes.$ay %hat# +a(&a(ese is pro(ou(ce* as MAN)ge)nees.

(istory an *ses:

7ropose* to 'e a( eleme(t ' Carl ilhelm )cheele i( 1!!4ma(&a(ese -as *isco/ere* ' oha( ,ottlie' ,ah( a )-e*ish chemist' heati(& the mi(eral prolusite +(2% i( the prese(ce of charcoallater that ear. ailroa* tracks for eample are ma*e -ith steel that co(tai(sas much as 1.2= ma(&a(ese. +a(&a(ese is also use* to &i/e &lass a(amethst color a(* is respo(si'le for the color of amethst &emsto(es.

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+a(&a(ese *ioi*e +(2% the most commo( compou(* ofma(&a(ese makes up a'out 0.14= of the Earth;s crust. It is use* i(*r cell 'atteries to pre/e(t the formatio( of h*ro&e( to remo/e the&ree( color i( &lass that is cause* ' the prese(ceof iro( co(tami(a(ts a(* as a *ri(& a&e(t i( 'lack pai(ts.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: 9.50A102

milli&rams per kilo&ramEstimate 'ceanic Abunance: 2A104 milli&rams per literNumber o+ $table ,sotopes: 1 ie- all isotope *ata%,oni-ation Energy: !.4#4 e'.iation $tates: B! B4 B# B2


2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*5

4s2

The Element Nic/el[Click for Isotope Data]

28 Ni3ickel58.69#4

Atomic Number: 28Atomic Weight: 58.69#4Melting Point: 1!28 K 1455"C or 2651"$%Boiling Point: #186 K 291#"C or 52!5"$%

Density: 8.912 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeterPhase at Room Temperature: )oli*Element Classifcation: +etalPerio Number: 4 !roup Number: 10 !roup Name: (o(e

What"s in a name# $rom the ,erma( -or* Nic/el -hich mea(s Fl*3ickF a (ame for the *e/il. :lso from the ,erma( -or* for the mi(eral(iccolite /up+ernic/el -hich mea(s Fl* 3ick;s copper.F

$ay %hat# 3ickel is pro(ou(ce* as N,&)"l.

(istory an *ses:

3ickel -as *isco/ere* ' the )-e*ish chemist :el $re*rik Cro(ste*ti( the mi(eral (iccolite 3i:s% i( 1!51.


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3ickel is a har* corrosio( resista(t metal. It ca( 'e electroplate* o(toother metals to form a protecti/e coati(&. $i(el *i/i*e* (ickel is use*as a catalst for the h*ro&e(atio( of /e&eta'le oils. :**i(& (ickel to&lass &i/es it a &ree( color. : si(&le kilo&ram of (ickel ca( 'e *ra-(i(to #00 kilometers of -ire. 3ickel is also use* to ma(ufacture sometpes of coi(s a(* 'atteries.

3ickel is alloe* -ith other metals to impro/e their stre(&th a(*resista(ce to corrosio(. 3ickel is alloe* -ith steel to make armorplate /aults a(* machi(e parts. It is alloe* -ith copper to make pipesthat are use* i( *esali(atio( pla(ts. er po-erful perma(e(t ma&(etsk(o-( as :l(ico ma&(ets ca( 'e ma*e from a( allo of alumi(um(ickel co'alt a(* iro(.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: 8.4A101 milli&rams per kilo&ramEstimate 'ceanic Abunance: 5.6A104 milli&rams per literNumber o+ $table ,sotopes: 5 ie- all isotope *ata%,oni-ation Energy: !.640 e

'.iation $tates: B# B2


2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*8

4s2

The Element Magnesium[Click for Isotope Data]

12 Mg +a&(esium 24.#050

Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.#050Melting Point: 92# K 650"C or 1202"$% Boiling Point: 1#6# K1090"C or 1994"$%Density: 1.!4 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter Phase at RoomTemperature: )oli*Element Classifcation: +etal Perio Number: #

!roup Number: 2!roup Name: :lkali(e Earth +etal

What"s in a name# $or +a&(esia a *istrict i( the re&io( of


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(e/er fou(* free i( (ature. +a&(esium -as ?rst isolate* ' )irumphr Da/ a( E(&lish chemist throu&h the electrolsis of amiture of ma&(esium oi*e +&% a(* mercuric oi*e &% i( 1808.


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2s2 2p6

#s2

The Element Titanium[Click for Isotope Data]

22 Ti e/ere(* illiam ,re&or a(E(&lish pastor. 7ure tita(ium -as ?rst pro*uce* ' +atthe- :. u(tera( :merica( metallur&ist i( 1910.


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: ?(al 'it of tita(ium tri/ia tita(ium is the o(l eleme(t that -ill'ur( i( a( atmosphere of pure (itro&e(.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: 5.65A10# milli&rams perkilo&ram

Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: 1A10# milli&rams per literNumber o+ $table ,sotopes: 5 ie- all isotope *ata%

,oni-ation Energy: 6.828 e'.iation $tates: B4 B# B2


2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*2

4s2

The Element 1irconium[Click for Isotope Data]

401r

Jirco(ium91.224

Atomic Number: 40

Atomic Weight: 91.224

Melting Point: 2128 K 1855"C or ##!1"$%

Boiling Point: 4682 K 4409"C or !968"$%Density: 6.52 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter

Phase at Room Temperature: )oli*

Element Classifcation: +etal

Perio Number: 5 !roup Number: 4 !roup Name: (o(e

What"s in a name# $rom the 7ersia( -or* for &ol*like -argun.

$ay %hat# Jirco(ium is pro(ou(ce* as -er)&')nee)em.

(istory an *ses:

Jirco(ium -as *isco/ere* ' +arti( ei(rich Klaproth a ,erma(chemist -hile a(al@i(& the compositio( of the mi(eral ar&o( Jr)i4%i( 1!89. Jirco(ium -as isolate* ' L(s aco' Mer@elius a )-e*ishchemist i( 1824 a(* ?(all prepare* i( a pure form i( 1914. 'tai(i(&pure @irco(ium is /er *iNcult 'ecause it is chemicall similartohaf(ium a( eleme(t -hich is al-as fou(* mie* -ith *eposits of@irco(ium.


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Jr)i4% a(* 'a**eleite Jr2% throu&h a process k(o-( as the Kroll7rocess.

Jirco(ium is a corrosio( resista(t metal that is use* i( hi&hperforma(ce pumps a(* /al/es. )i(ce it also *oes (ot easila'sor' (eutro(s @irco(ium is -i*el use* i( (uclear reactors.


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Density: 6.0 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter




What"s in a name# 3ame* for the )ca(*i(a/ia( &o**ess 2anais.

$ay %hat# a(a*ium is pro(ou(ce* as 3eh)NA0)ee)em.(istory an *ses:

a(a*ium -as *isco/ere* ' :(*rPs +a(uel *el >io a +eica(chemist i( 1801. >io se(t samples of /a(a*ium ore a(* a letter*escri'i(& his metho*s to the I(stitute *e $ra(ce i( 7aris $ra(ce fora(alsis a(* co(?rmatio(. (fortu(atel for >io his letter -as lost i( aship-reck a(* the I(stitute o(l recei/e* his samples -hich co(tai(e*a 'rief (ote *escri'i(& ho- much this (e- eleme(t -hich >io ha*(ame* erthro(ium resem'le* chromium. >io -ith*re- his claim

-he( he recei/e* a letter from 7aris *isputi(& his *isco/er. a(a*ium-as re*isco/ere* ' 3ils ,a'riel )efstrQm a )-e*ish chemist i( 18#0-hile a(al@i(& samples of iro( from a mi(e i( )-e*e(. a(a*ium -asisolate* ' )ir e(r E(?el* >oscoe a( E(&lish chemist i( 186! 'com'i(i(& /a(a*ium trichlori*e Cl#% -ithh*ro&e( &as 2%.


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a(a*ium pe(toi*e ca( also 'e mie* -ith &allium to formsuperco(*ucti/e ma&(ets.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: 1.20A102 milli&rams per kilo&ram

Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: 2.5A10# milli&rams per liter

Number o+ $table ,sotopes: 1 ie- all isotope *ata%

,oni-ation Energy: 6.!46 e

'.iation $tates: B5 B4 B# B2

Electron $hell Confguration:

1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*#

4s2

The Element Niobium[Click for Isotope Data]

41Nb

3io'ium92.906#8

Atomic Number: 41

Atomic Weight: 92.906#8

Melting Point: 2!50 K 24!!"C or 4491"$%

Boiling Point: 501! K 4!44"C or 85!1"$%

Density: 8.5! &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter




What"s in a name# 3ame* for the ,reek mtholo&ical ?&ure Niobe.

$ay %hat# 3io'ium is pro(ou(ce* as ni)'()bee)um.

(istory an *ses:


11/59

ears u(til it -as a(al@e* ' Charles atchett i( 1801. atchett coul*tell that there -as a( u(k(o-( eleme(t i( the colum'ite 'ut he -as(ot a'le to isolate it. e (ame* the (e- eleme(t colum'ium.


12/59

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*4

5s1

The Element Tantalum[Click for Isotope Data]

!#Ta


13/59

poi(t a(* is freue(tl use* as a su'stitute for plati(um -hich is moreepe(si/e.


14/59

Density: !.15 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter




What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for color chroma.

$ay %hat# Chromium is pro(ou(ce* as &R'()mee)em.(istory an *ses:

Chromium -as *isco/ere* ' ouis3icholas auueli( -hileeperime(ti(& -ith a material k(o-( as )i'eria( re* lea* also k(o-(as the mi(eral crocoite 7'Cr4% i( 1!9!. e pro*uce* chromium oi*eCr#% ' mii(& crocoite -ith h*rochloric aci* Cl%. :lthou&h he'elie/e* a metho* for isolati(& chromium *i*(;t et eist auueli(-as pleasa(tl surprise* i( 1!98 to *isco/er that he -as a'le to o'tai(metallic chromium ' simpl heati(& chromium oi*e i( a charcoal

o/e(. u'ies a(* emeral*s alsoo-e their colors to chromium compou(*s. 7otassium *ichromateK 2Cr2!% is use* i( the ta((i(& of leather -hile other chromiumcompou(*s are use* as mor*a(ts materials -hich perma(e(tl ?*es to fa'rics. Chromium compou(*s are also use* to a(o*i@e

alumi(um a process -hich coats alumi(um -ith a thick protecti/elaer of oi*e. Chromite chromium;s primar ore is use* to makemol*s for the ?ri(& of 'ricks 'ecause of its hi&h melti(& poi(tmo*erate thermal epa(sio( a(* sta'le crstal structure.


Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: #A104 milli&rams per liter

Number o+ $table ,sotopes: # ie- all isotope *ata%

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,oni-ation Energy: 6.!6! e

'.iation $tates: B6 B# B2


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*5

4s1

The Element Molybenum[Click for Isotope Data]

42Mo

+ol'*e(um95.96

Atomic Number: 42

Atomic Weight: 95.96Melting Point: 2896 K 262#"C or 4!5#"$%

Boiling Point: 4912 K 46#9"C or 8#82"$%





What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for lea* molybos.

$ay %hat# +ol'*e(um is pro(ou(ce* as meh)4,B)eh)nem.

(istory an *ses:

+ol'*e(um -as *isco/ere* ' Carl elhelm )cheele a )-e*ishchemist i( 1!!8 i( a mi(eral k(o-( as mol'*e(ite +o)2% -hich ha*'ee( co(fuse* as a lea* compou(*. +ol'*e(um -as isolate* ' 7eter aco' elm i( 1!81.


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+ol'*e(um is primaril use* as a( alloi(& a&e(t i( steel. he(a**e* to steel i( co(ce(tratio(s 'et-ee( 0.25= a(* 8= mol'*e(umforms ultrahi&h stre(&th steels that ca( -ithsta(* pressures up to#00000 pou(*s per suare i(ch. +ol'*e(um also impro/es thestre(&th of steel at hi&h temperatures. he( alloe* -ith (ickelmol'*e(um forms heat a(* corrosio( resista(t materials use* i( the

chemical i(*ustr.+ol'*e(um *isulphi*e +o)2% o(e of mol'*e(um;s compou(*s is

use* as a hi&h temperature lu'rica(t. +ol'*e(um trioi*e +o#%a(other mol'*e(um compou(* is use* to a*here e(amels to metals.ther mol'*e(um compou(*s i(clu*eS mol'*ic aci* 2+o4%mol'*e(um heaHuori*e +o$6% a(* mol'*e(um phosphi*e +o72%.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: 1.2 milli&rams per kilo&ram

Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: 1A102 milli&rams per liter

Number o+ $table ,sotopes: 6 ie- all isotope *ata%,oni-ation Energy: !.092 e

'.iation $tates: B6


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*5

5s1

The Element Manganese[Click for Isotope Data]

25Mn

+a(&a(ese54.9#8045

Atomic Number: 25

Atomic Weight: 54.9#8045Melting Point: 1519 K 1246"C or 22!5"$%

Boiling Point: 2##4 K 2061"C or #!42"$%

Density: !.# &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



Perio Number: 4 !roup Number: ! !roup Name: (o(e

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What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* for ma&(et magnes.

$ay %hat# +a(&a(ese is pro(ou(ce* as MAN)ge)nees.

(istory an *ses:

7ropose* to 'e a( eleme(t ' Carl ilhelm )cheele i( 1!!4ma(&a(ese -as *isco/ere* ' oha( ,ottlie' ,ah( a )-e*ish chemist

' heati(& the mi(eral prolusite +(2% i( the prese(ce of charcoallater that ear. ailroa* tracks for eample are ma*e -ith steel that co(tai(sas much as 1.2= ma(&a(ese. +a(&a(ese is also use* to &i/e &lass a(amethst color a(* is respo(si'le for the color of amethst &emsto(es.

+a(&a(ese *ioi*e +(2% the most commo( compou(* ofma(&a(ese makes up a'out 0.14= of the Earth;s crust. It is use* i(*r cell 'atteries to pre/e(t the formatio( of h*ro&e( to remo/e the&ree( color i( &lass that is cause* ' the prese(ceof iro( co(tami(a(ts a(* as a *ri(& a&e(t i( 'lack pai(ts.




,oni-ation Energy: !.4#4 e

'.iation $tates: B! B4 B# B2


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*5

4s2

The Element ,ron[Click for Isotope Data]

265e

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Iro(55.845

Atomic Number: 26


Melting Point: 1811 K 15#8"C or 2800"$%

Boiling Point: #1#4 K 2861"C or 5182"$%

Density: !.8!4 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeterPhase at Room Temperature: )oli*



What"s in a name# $rom the :(&lo)ao( -or* iron. Iro(;s chemicalsm'ol comes from the ati( -or* for iro( +errum.

$ay %hat# Iro( is pro(ou(ce* as E0E)ern.

(istory an *ses:

:rchaeolo&ical e/i*e(ce su&&ests that people ha/e 'ee( usi(& iro(for at least 5000 ears. Iro( is the cheapest a(* o(e of the mosta'u(*a(t of all metals comprisi(& (earl 5.6= of the earth;s crust a(*(earl all of the earth;s core. Iro( is primaril o'tai(e* from themi(erals hematite $e2#% a(* ma&(etite $e#4%.


19/59


,oni-ation Energy: !.902 e



1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*6

4s2

The Element Cobalt[Click for Isotope Data]

2!Co

Co'alt58.9##195Atomic Number: 2!

Atomic Weight: 58.9##195

Melting Point: 1!68 K 1495"C or 2!2#"$%

Boiling Point: #200 K 292!"C or 5#01"$%




Perio Number: 4 !roup Number: 9 !roup Name: (o(eWhat"s in a name# $rom the ,erma( -or* for &o'li( or e/il

spirit /obal a(* the ,reek -or* for mi(e cobalos.

$ay %hat# Co'alt is pro(ou(ce* as &')bolt.

(istory an *ses:

Co'alt -as *isco/ere* ' ,eor& Mra(*t a )-e*ish chemist i( 1!#9.Mra(*t -as attempti(& to pro/e that the a'ilit of certai( mi(erals tocolor &lass 'lue -as *ue to a( u(k(o-( eleme(t a(* (ot to 'ismuth as

-as commo(l 'elie/e* at the time. Co'alt;s primar ores are co'altiteCo:s)% a(* erthrite Co#:s4%2%. Co'alt is usuall reco/ere* as a'pro*uct of mi(i(& a(* re?(i(& (ickel sil/er lea* copper a(* iro(.

:lthou&h co'alt is use* i( electroplati(& to &i/e o'ects a( attracti/esurface that resists oi*atio( it is more -i*el use* to form allos.:l(ico a( allo co(sisti(& of alumi(um (ickel a(* co'alt is use* tomake po-erful perma(e(t ma&(ets. )tellite allos -hich co(tai(co'alt chromium a(* tu(&ste( are use* to make hi&hspee* a(* hi&h

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temperature cutti(& tools a(* *es. Co'alt is also use* to make allosfor et e(&i(es a(* &as tur'i(es ma&(etic steels a(* some tpes ofstai(less steels.

Co'alt60 a ra*ioacti/e isotope of co'alt is a( importa(t source of&amma ras a(* is use* to treat some forms of ca(cer a(* as ame*ical tracer. Co'alt60 has a halflife of 5.2! ears a(* *ecas i(to

(ickel60 throu&h 'eta *eca.

Co'alt compou(*s ha/e 'ee( use* for ce(turies to color porcelai(&lass potter tile a(* e(amel. )ome of these compou(*s are k(o-(asS co'alt 'lue ceruleum (e- 'lue smalt co'alt ello- a(* co'alt&ree(. I( a**itio( to 'ei(& use* as a *e co'alt is also importa(t tohuma( (utritio( as it is a( esse(tial part of /itami( M12.




,oni-ation Energy: !.881 e



1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*!

4s2

The Element ,riium[Click for Isotope Data]

!!,r

Iri*ium

192.21!Atomic Number: !!

Atomic Weight: 192.21!

Melting Point: 2!19 K 2446"C or 44#5"$%

Boiling Point: 4!01 K 4428"C or 8002"$%




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What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* for rai('o- iris.

$ay %hat# Iri*ium is pro(ou(ce* as i)R,D)ee)em.

(istory an *ses:

Iri*ium a(* osmium -ere *isco/ere* at the same time ' the Mritishchemist )mithso(


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4s2 4p6 4*10 4f 14

5s2 5p6 5*!

6s2

The Element Nic/el

[Click for Isotope Data]28Ni

3ickel58.69#4

Atomic Number: 28


Melting Point: 1!28 K 1455"C or 2651"$%

Boiling Point: #186 K 291#"C or 52!5"$%


Phase at Room Temperature: )oli*Element Classifcation: +etal


What"s in a name# $rom the ,erma( -or* Nic/el -hich mea(s Fl*3ickF a (ame for the *e/il. :lso from the ,erma( -or* for the mi(eral(iccolite /up+ernic/el -hich mea(s Fl* 3ick;s copper.F

$ay %hat# 3ickel is pro(ou(ce* as N,&)"l.

(istory an *ses:

3ickel -as *isco/ere* ' the )-e*ish chemist :el $re*rik Cro(ste*ti( the mi(eral (iccolite 3i:s% i( 1!51.


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k(o-( as :l(ico ma&(ets ca( 'e ma*e from a( allo of alumi(um(ickel co'alta(* iro(.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: 8.4A101 milli&rams per kilo&ramEstimate 'ceanic Abunance: 5.6A104 milli&rams per literNumber o+ $table ,sotopes: 5 ie- all isotope *ata%,oni-ation Energy: !.640 e



1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*8

4s2

The Element Copper

[Click for Isotope Data]29Cu

Copper6#.546

Atomic Number: 29

Atomic Weight: 6#.546

Melting Point: 1#5!.!! K 1084.62"C or 1984.#2"$%

Boiling Point: 28#5 K 2562"C or 4644"$%

Density: 8.9## &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* cuprum -hich mea(s Ffrom theisla(* of Cprus.F

$ay %hat# Copper is pro(ou(ce* as &'P)er.

(istory an *ses:

:rchaeolo&ical e/i*e(ce su&&ests that people ha/e 'ee( usi(&copper for at least 11000 ears. >elati/el eas to mi(e a(* re?(epeople *isco/ere* metho*s for etracti(& copper from its ores at least!000 ears a&o. oma( Empire o'tai(e* most of its copper fromthe isla(* of Cprus -hich is -here copper;s (ame ori&i(ate*.


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se* i( lar&e amou(ts ' the electrical i(*ustr i( the form of -irecopper is seco(* o(l to sil/er i( electrical co(*ucta(ce. )i(ce it resistscorrosio( from the air moisture a(* sea-ater copper has 'ee( -i*eluse* i( coi(s. :lthou&h o(ce ma*e (earl e(tirel from copper:merica( pe((ies are (o- ma*e from @i(c that has 'ee( coate* -ithcopper. Copper is also use* to make -ater pipes a(* e-elr as -ell as

other items.7ure copper is usuall too soft for most uses. 7eople ?rst lear(e*

a'out 5000 ears a&o that copper ca( 'e stre(&the(e* if it is mie*-ith other metals.


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Ag)il/er

10!.8682Atomic Number: 4!

Atomic Weight: 10!.8682

Melting Point: 12#4.9# K 961.!8"C or 1!6#.20"$%

Boiling Point: 24#5 K 2162"C or #924"$%Density: 10.501 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter




What"s in a name# $rom the :(&lo)ao( -or* seol+or. )il/er;s chemicalsm'ol comes from the ati( -or* for sil/erargentum.

$ay %hat# )il/er is pro(ou(ce* as $,4)3er.

(istory an *ses:

:rchaeolo&ical e/i*e(ce su&&ests that people ha/e 'ee( usi(& sil/erfor at least 5000 ears. )il/er ca( 'e o'tai(e* from pure *eposits fromsil/er ores such as ar&e(tite :&2)% a(* hor( sil/er :&Cl% a(* i(co(u(ctio( -ith *eposits of ores co(tai(i(& lea* &ol* or copper.

)il/er a(* sil/er compou(*s ha/e ma( uses. 7ure sil/er is the 'estco(*uctor of heat a(* electricit of all k(o-( metals so it is sometimesuse* i( maki(& sol*er electrical co(tacts a(* pri(te* circuit 'oar*s.)il/er is also the 'est reHector of /isi'le li&ht k(o-( 'ut sil/er mirrors

must 'e &i/e( a protecti/e coati(& to pre/e(t them from tar(ishi(&.)il/er has also 'ee( use* to create coi(s althou&h to*a other metalsare tpicall use* i( its place. )terli(& sil/er a( allo co(tai(i(& 92.5=sil/er is use* to make sil/er-are e-elr a(* other *ecorati/e items.i&h capacit 'atteries ca( 'e ma*e -ith sil/er a(* @i(c a(* sil/era(* ca*mium. )li/er (itrate :&3#% is li&ht se(siti/e a(* is use* tomake photo&raphic ?lms a(* papers. )il/er io*i*e :&I% is use* to see*clou*s to pro*uce rai(.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: !.5A102 milli&rams per kilo&ram



,oni-ation Energy: !.5!6 e

'.iation $tates: B1


1s2

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2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*10

5s1

The Element 1inc[Click for Isotope Data]

#0

1nJi(c65.#8

Atomic Number: #0Atomic Weight: 65.#8

Melting Point: 692.68 K 419.5#"C or !8!.15"$%

Boiling Point: 1180 K 90!"C or 1665"$%

Density: !.1#4 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter




What"s in a name# $rom the ,erma( -or* -in/ .$ay %hat# Ji(c is pro(ou(ce* as 1,N& .

(istory an *ses:

:lthou&h @i(c compou(*s ha/e 'ee( use* for at least 2500 ears i(the pro*uctio( of 'rass @i(c -as(;t reco&(i@e* as a *isti(ct eleme(tu(til much later. +etallic @i(c -as ?rst pro*uce* i( I(*ia sometime i(the 1400s ' heati(& the mi(eral calami(e J(C#% -ith -ool. Ji(c -asre*isco/ere* ' :(*reas )i&ismu(* +ar&&raf i( 1!46 ' heati(&calami(e -ith charcoal. ou&hl o(e thir* of all metallic @i(c pro*uce* to*a is use* i( aprocess k(o-( as &al/a(i@atio(. Duri(& &al/a(i@atio( a( o'ect that issu'ect to corrosio( such as a( iro( (ail is &i/e( a protecti/e coati(&of @i(c.


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to protect epose* iro( from corrosio(. +etallic @i(c is also use* tomake *r cell 'atteries roof cla**i(& a(* *ie casti(&s.

Ji(c is use* to make ma( useful allos. Mrass a( allo of @i(c thatco(tai(s 'et-ee( 55= a(* 95= copper is pro'a'l the 'est k(o-(@i(c allo. Mrass -as ?rst use* a'out 2500 ears a&o a(* -as -i*eluse* ' the a(cie(t >oma(s -ho use* it to make such thi(&s as coi(s

kettles a(* *ecorati/e items. Mrass is still use* to*a particularl i(musical i(strume(ts scre-s a(* other har*-are that must resistcorrosio(. Ji(c is alloe* -ith lea* a(* ti( to make sol*er a metal -itha relati/el lo- melti(& poi(t use* to oi( electrical compo(e(ts pipesa(* other metallic items. 7restalU a( allo co(tai(i(& !8= @i(c a(*22= alumi(um is a stra(&e material that is (earl as stro(& as steel'ut is mol*e* as easil as plastic. 3ickel sil/er tpe-riter metal spri(&'rass a(* ,erma( sil/er are other commo( @i(c allos.

Ji(c oi*e J(% a commo( @i(c compou(* forms -he( metallic @i(c

is epose* to the air a(* forms a protecti/e coati(& that protects therest of the metal. Ji(c oi*e is use* i( pai(ts some ru''er pro*uctscosmetics pharmaceuticals plastics pri(ti(& i(ks soap a(* 'atteriesamo(& other thi(&s. Ji(c sul?*e J()% a(other @i(c compou(* &lo-s-he( it is epose* to ultra/iolet li&ht Vras or electro(s a(* is use* tomake lumi(ous -atch *ials tele/isio( scree(s a(* Huoresce(t li&ht'ul's. Ji(c chlori*e J(Cl2% is a(other @i(c compou(* that is use* toprotect -oo* from *eca a(* i(sects.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: !.0A101 milli&rams per kilo&ram

Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: 4.9A10# milli&rams per liter


,oni-ation Energy: 9.#94 e

'.iation $tates: B2


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*104s2

The Element Camium[Click for Isotope Data]

48C

Ca*mium

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112.411Atomic Number: 48


Melting Point: 594.22 K #21.0!"C or 609.9#"$%

Boiling Point: 1040 K !6!"C or 141#"$%




What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* camia a(* the ,reek-or* /ameia -hich are a(cie(t (ames for calami(e @i(c car'o(ite%.

$ay %hat# Ca*mium is pro(ou(ce* as &AD)mee)em.

(istory an *ses:

Ca*mium -as *isco/ere* ' $rie*rich )trohmeer a ,erma( chemisti( 181! -hile stu*i(& samples of calami(e J(C#%. he( heate*)trohmeer (otice* that some samples of calami(e &lo-e* -ith aello- color -hile other samples *i* (ot. :fter further eami(atio( he*etermi(e* that the calami(e that cha(&e* color -he( heate*co(tai(e* trace amou(ts of a (e- eleme(t.


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tele/isio( sets a(* i( the 'lue a(* &ree( phosphors i( color tele/isio(sets.


Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: 1.1A104 milli&rams per liter


,oni-ation Energy: 8.994 e

'.iation $tates: B2


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*10

5s2

The Element Boron[Click for Isotope Data]

5B

Moro(10.811

Atomic Number: 5


Melting Point: 2#48 K 20!5"C or #!6!"$%Boiling Point: 42!# K 4000"C or !2#2"$%

Density: 2.#! &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter


Element Classifcation: )emimetal

Perio Number: 2 !roup Number: 1# !roup Name: (o(e

What"s in a name# $rom the :ra'ic -or* Bura6 a(* the 7ersia(-or* Burah -hich are 'oth -or*s for the material F'ora.F

$ay %hat# Moro( is pro(ou(ce* as B')ron.

(istory an *ses:

Moro( -as *isco/ere* ' osephouis ,aussac a(* ouisaues


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Moro( is use* i( protech(ics a(* Hares to pro*uce a &ree( color.Moro( has also 'ee( use* i( some rockets as a( i&(itio( source. Moro(10 o(e of the (aturall occurri(& isotopes of 'oro( is a &oo* a'sor'erof (eutro(s a(* is use* i( the co(trol ro*s of (uclear reactors as ara*iatio( shiel* a(* as a (eutro( *etector. Moro( ?lame(ts are use* i(the aerospace i(*ustr 'ecause of their hi&hstre(&th a(* li&ht-ei&ht.

Moro( forms se/eral commerciall importa(t compou(*s.


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Density: 2.!0 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



Perio Number: # !roup Number: 1# !roup Name: (o(e

What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* for alum alumen.

$ay %hat# :lumi(um is pro(ou(ce* as ah)4'')men)em.(istory an *ses:

:lthou&h alumi(um is the most a'u(*a(t metal i( the earth;s crust itis (e/er fou(* free i( (ature. :ll of the earth;s alumi(um has com'i(e*-ith other eleme(ts to form compou(*s. e*uctio( Compa( -hich is (o- k(o-( as the :lumi(um

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Compa( of :merica or :lcoa. he( it ope(e* his compa( coul*pro*uce a'out 25 kilo&rams of alumi(um a *a. M 1909 his compa(-as pro*uci(& a'out 41000 kilo&rams of alumi(um a *a. :s a resultof this hu&e i(crease of suppl the price of alumi(um fell rapi*l toa'out X0.60 per kilo&ram.


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What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* for charcoal carbo.

$ay %hat# Car'o( is pro(ou(ce* as &AR)ben.

(istory an *ses:

Car'o( the sith most a'u(*a(t eleme(t i( the u(i/erse has 'ee(k(o-( si(ce a(cie(t times. Car'o( is most commo(l o'tai(e* from

coal *eposits althou&h it usuall must 'e processe* i(to a formsuita'le for commercial use.


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a(* are curre(tl the su'ect of much scie(ti?c i(terest. : si(&le'uck'all co(sists of 60 or !0 car'o( atoms C60 or C!0% li(ke* to&etheri( a structure that looks like a soccer 'all.


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2s2 2p2

The Element $ilicon[Click for Isotope Data]

14 $i)ilico(



Melting Point: 168! K 1414"C or 25!!"$%

Boiling Point: #5#8 K #265"C or 5909"$%

Density: 2.#296 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter


Element Classifcation: )emimetalPerio Number: # !roup Number: 14 !roup Name: (o(e

What"s in a name# $rom the ati( -or* for Hi(t sile..

$ay %hat# )ilico( is pro(ou(ce* as $,4)ee)/en.

(istory an *ses:

)ilico( -as *isco/ere* ' L(s aco' Mer@elius a )-e*ish chemist i(1824 ' heati(& chips of potassium i( a silica co(tai(er a(* the(

carefull -ashi(& a-a the resi*ual 'pro*ucts. )ilico( is these/e(th most a'u(*a(t eleme(t i( the u(i/erse a(* the seco(* mosta'u(*a(t eleme(t i( the earth;s crust.


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)ilico( forms other useful compou(*s. )ilico( car'i*e )iC% is (earlas har* as *iamo(* a(* is use* as a( a'rasi/e. )o*ium silicate3a2)i#% also k(o-( as -ater &lass is use* i( the pro*uctio( ofsoaps a*hesi/es a(* as a( e&& preser/ati/e. )ilico( tetrachlori*e)iCl4% is use* to create smoke scree(s. )ilico( is also a( importa(ti(&re*ie(t i( silico(e a class of material that is use* for such thi(&s as

lu'rica(ts polishi(& a&e(ts electrical i(sulators a(* me*ical impla(ts.Estimate Crustal Abunance: 2.82A105 milli&rams per kilo&ram

Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: 2.2 milli&rams per liter



'.iation $tates: B4 B2 4


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p2

The Element 4ea[Click for Isotope Data]

82

Pbea*20!.2

Atomic Number: 82

Atomic Weight: 20!.2

Melting Point: 600.61 K #2!.46"C or 621.4#"$%

Boiling Point: 2022 K 1!49"C or #180"$%

Density: 11.#42 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter




What"s in a name# $rom the :(&lo)ao( -or* lea. ea*;s chemicalsm'ol comes from the ati( -or* for -ater-orksplumbum.

$ay %hat# ea* is pro(ou(ce* as 4ED.

(istory an *ses:

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ea* has 'ee( k(o-( si(ce a(cie(t times. It is sometimes fou(* freei( (ature 'ut is usuall o'tai(e* from the ores &ale(a 7')% a(&lesite7')4% cerussite 7'C#% a(* mi(um 7'#4%. :lthou&h lea* makes upo(l a'out 0.001#= of the earth;s crust it is (ot co(si*ere* to 'e arare eleme(t si(ce it is easil mi(e* a(* re?(e*. +ost lea* is o'tai(e*' roasti(& &ale(a i( hot air althou&h (earl o(e thir* of the lea* use*

i( the (ite* )tates is o'tai(e* throu&h reccli(& eOorts.ea* is a soft mallea'le a(* corrosio( resista(t material. oma(s use* lea* to make -ater pipes some of -hich are still i( useto*a. (fortu(atel for the a(cie(t >oma(s lea* is a cumulati/epoiso( a(* the *ecli(e of the >oma( empire has 'ee( 'lame* i( parto( lea* i( the -ater suppl. ea* is use* to li(e ta(ks that storecorrosi/e liui*s such as sulfuric aci* 2)4%. ea*;s hi&h *e(sitmakes it useful as a shiel* a&ai(st Vra a(* &ammara ra*iatio( a(*is use* i( Vra machi(es a(* (uclear reactors. ea* is also use* as aco/eri(& o( some -ires a(* ca'les to protect them from corrosio( as amaterial to a'sor' /i'ratio(s a(* sou(*s a(* i( the ma(ufacture ofammu(itio(. +ost of the lea* use* to*a is use* i( the pro*uctio( o(lea*aci* stora&e 'atteries such as the 'atteries fou(* i( automo'iles.

)e/eral lea* allos are -i*el use*. )ol*er a( allo that is (earl half lea* a(* half ti( is a material -ith a relati/el lo- melti(& poi(t that isuse* to oi( electrical compo(e(ts pipes a(* other metallic items.


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Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: #A105 milli&rams per liter


,oni-ation Energy: !.41! e

'.iation $tates: B4 B2


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*10 4f 14

5s2 5p6 5*10

6s2 6p2

The Element Nitrogen[Click for Isotope Data]

!N

3itro&e(14.006!

Atomic Number: !


Melting Point: 6#.15 K 210.00"C or #46.00"$%

Boiling Point: !!.#6 K 195.!9"C or #20.44"$%


Phase at Room Temperature: ,as

Element Classifcation: 3o(metal

Perio Number: 2 !roup Number: 15 !roup Name: 7(icto&e(

What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or*s nitron a(* genes -hichto&ether mea( Fsaltpetre formi(&.F

$ay %hat# 3itro&e( is pro(ou(ce* as N0E)treh)gen.

(istory an *ses:

3itro&e( -as *isco/ere* ' the )cottish phsicia( Da(iel >utherfor*i( 1!!2. It is the ?fth most a'u(*a(t eleme(t i( the u(i/erse a(*makes up a'out !8= of the earth;s atmosphere -hich co(tai(s a(estimate* 4000 trillio( to(s of the &as. 3itro&e( is o'tai(e* fromliue?e* air throu&h a process k(o-( as fractio(al *istillatio(.

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Perio Number: # !roup Number: 15 !roup Name: 7(icto&e(

What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for li&ht 'eari(& phosphoros.

$ay %hat# 7hosphorus is pro(ou(ce* as 5'$)+er)es.(istory an *ses:

I( -hat is perhaps the most *is&usti(& metho* of *isco/eri(& a(eleme(t phosphorus -as ?rst isolate* i( 1669 ' e((i& Mra(* a,erma( phsicia( a(* alchemist ' 'oili(& ?lteri(& a(* other-iseprocessi(& as ma( as 60 'uckets of uri(e. e* phosphorus is use* i( safet matches ?re-orkssmoke 'om's a(* pestici*es. Mlack phosphorus is also forme* 'heati(& -hite phosphorus 'ut a mercurcatalst a(* a see* crstal of

'lack phosphorus are reuire*. Mlack phosphorus is the least reacti/eform of phosphorus a(* has (o si&(i?ca(t commercial uses.

7hosphoric aci* #74% is use* i( soft *ri(ks a(* to create ma(phosphate compou(*s such as triple superphosphate fertili@erCa274%2G2%.


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1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p#

The Element Antimony[Click for Isotope Data]

51 $b:(timo(121.!60

Atomic Number: 51

Atomic Weight: 121.!60

Melting Point: 90#.!8 K 6#0.6#"C or 116!.1#"$%

Boiling Point: 1860 K 158!"C or 2889"$%



Element Classifcation: )emimetalPerio Number: 5 !roup Number: 15 !roup Name: 7(icto&e(

What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or*s anti a(* monos -hichto&ether mea( F(ot alo(e.F :(timo(;s chemical sm'ol comes from itshistoric (ame $tibium.

$ay %hat# :(timo( is pro(ou(ce* as AN)the)M'()nee.

(istory an *ses:

:(timo( has 'ee( k(o-( si(ce a(cie(t times. It is sometimes fou(*free i( (ature 'ut is usuall o'tai(e* from the ores sti'(ite )'2)#% a(*/ale(ti(ite )'2#%. 3icolas Pmer a $re(ch chemist -as the ?rstperso( to scie(ti?call stu* a(timo( a(* its compou(*s. epu'lishe* his ?(*i(&s i( 1!0!. :(timo( makes up a'out 0.00002= ofthe earth;s crust.

:(timo( is a 'rittle metal a(* is a poor co(*uctor of heat a(*electricit. er pure a(timo( is use* to make certai( tpes ofsemico(*uctor *e/ices such as *io*es a(* i(frare* *etectors.:(timo( is alloe* -ith lea* to i(crease lea*;s *ura'ilit. :(timo(

allos are also use* i( 'atteries lo- frictio( metals tpe metal a(*ca'le sheathi(& amo(& other pro*ucts. :(timo( compou(*s are use*to make Hameproo?(& materials pai(ts ceramic e(amels &lass a(*potter.


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'.iation $tates: B5 B# #


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*10

5s2 5p#

The Element '.ygen[Click for Isotope Data]

8'

&e(15.9994

Atomic Number: 8


Melting Point: 54.#6 K 218.!9"C or #61.82"$%

Boiling Point: 90.20 K 182.95"C or 29!.#1"$%


Phase at Room Temperature: ,asElement Classifcation: 3o(metal

Perio Number: 2 !roup Number: 16 !roup Name: Chalco&e(

What"s in a name# $rom the &reek -or*s o.ys a(* genes -hichto&ether mea( Faci* formi(&.F

$ay %hat# &e( is pro(ou(ce* as '&)si)7en.

(istory an *ses:

&e( ha* 'ee( pro*uce* ' se/eral chemists prior to its *isco/er

i( 1!!4 'ut the faile* to reco&(i@e it as a *isti(ct eleme(t. oseph7riestle a(* Carl ilhelm )cheele 'oth i(*epe(*e(tl *isco/ere*o&e( 'ut 7riestl is usuall &i/e( cre*it for the *isco/er.


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&e( is the thir* most a'u(*a(t eleme(t i( the u(i/erse a(*makes up (earl 21= of the earth;s atmosphere. &e( accou(ts for(earl half of the mass of the earth;s crust t-o thir*s of the mass ofthe huma( 'o* a(* (i(e te(ths of the mass of -ater. ar&e amou(tsof o&e( ca( 'e etracte* from liue?e* air throu&h a process k(o-(as fractio(al *istillatio(. &e( ca( also 'e pro*uce* throu&h the

electrolsis of -ater or ' heati(& potassium chlorate KCl#%.&e( is a hi&hl reacti/e eleme(t a(* is capa'le of com'i(i(& -ith

most other eleme(ts. It is reuire* ' most li/i(& or&a(isms a(* formost forms of com'ustio(. Impurities i( molte( pi& iro( are 'ur(e*a-a -ith streams of hi&h pressure o&e( to pro*uce steel. &e(ca( also 'e com'i(e* -ith acetle(e C22% to pro*uce a( etremelhot Hame use* for -el*i(&. iui* o&e( -he( com'i(e* -ithliui* h*ro&e( makes a( ecelle(t rocket fuel. @o(e #% forms athi( protecti/e laer arou(* the earth that shiel*s the surface from thesu(;s ultra/iolet ra*iatio(. &e( is also a compo(e(t of hu(*re*s ofthousa(*s of or&a(ic compou(*s.


Estimate 'ceanic Abunance: 8.5!A105 milli&rams per liter


,oni-ation Energy: 1#.618 e

'.iation $tates: 2


1s2

2s2 2p4

The Element $ul+ur[Click for Isotope Data]

16$

)ulfur#2.065

Atomic Number: 16

http://education.jlab.org/glossary/abund_uni.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/glossary/abund_atmos.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/glossary/abund_ele.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso008.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/qa/electron_config.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso016.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/glossary/abund_uni.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/glossary/abund_atmos.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/glossary/abund_ele.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele026.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso008.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/qa/electron_config.htmlhttp://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso016.html


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Atomic Weight: #2.065

Melting Point: #88.#6 K 115.21"C or 2#9.#8"$%

Boiling Point: !1!.!5 K 444.60"C or 8#2.28"$%

Density: 2.06! &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



Perio Number: # !roup Number: 16 !roup Name: Chalco&e(

What"s in a name# $rom the )a(skrit -or* sul3ere a(* the ati(-or* sulphurium.

$ay %hat# )ulfur is pro(ou(ce* as $*4)+er.

(istory an *ses:

)ulfur the te(th most a'u(*a(t eleme(t i( the u(i/erse has 'ee(k(o-( si(ce a(cie(t times. )ometime arou(* 1!!! :(toi(e a/oisierco(/i(ce* the rest of the scie(ti?c commu(it that sulfur -as a(eleme(t. )ulfur is a compo(e(t of ma( commo( mi(erals such as&ale(a 7')% &psum Ca)4G22% prite $e)2% sphalerite J() or$e)% ci((a'ar &)% sti'(ite )'2)#% epsomite +&)4G!2%%celestite )r)4% a(* 'arite Ma)4%. 3earl 25= of the sulfur pro*uce*to*a is reco/ere* from petroleum re?(i(& operatio(s a(* as a'pro*uct of etracti(& other materials from sulfur co(tai(i(& ores.


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a&e(t sol/e(t *isi(fecta(t a(* as a refri&era(t. he( com'i(e* -ith-ater 2% sulfur *ioi*e forms sulfurous aci* 2)#% a -eak aci*that is a maor compo(e(t of aci* rai(.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: #.50A102 milli&rams per kilo&ram


Number o+ $table ,sotopes: 4 ie- all isotope *ata%,oni-ation Energy: 10.#60 e

'.iation $tates: B6 B4 2


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p4

The Element 5luorine[Click for Isotope Data]

95

$luori(e18.99840#2

Atomic Number: 9


Melting Point: 5#.5# K 219.62"C or #6#.#2"$%

Boiling Point: 85.0# K 188.12"C or #06.62"$%




Perio Number: 2 !roup Number: 1! !roup Name: alo&e(

What"s in a name# $rom the ati( a(* $re(ch -or*s for Ho- 8uere.

$ay %hat# $luori(e is pro(ou(ce* as 54*)eh)reen or as 54*)eh)rin.

(istory an *ses:

$luori(e is the most reacti/e of all eleme(ts a(* (o chemicalsu'sta(ce is capa'le of freei(& Huori(e from a( of its compou(*s. $orthis reaso( Huori(e *oes (ot occur free i( (ature a(* -as etremel*iNcult for scie(tists to isolate.


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,ore -as a'le to pro*uce a small amou(t of Huori(e throu&h a(electroltic process i( 1869. (k(o-( to ,ore Huori(e &as eplosi/elcom'i(es -ith h*ro&e( &as.


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The Element Chlorine[Click for Isotope Data]

1!Cl

Chlori(e#5.45#

Atomic Number: 1!

Atomic Weight: #5.45#Melting Point: 1!1.65 K 101.5"C or 150.!"$%

Boiling Point: 2#9.11 K #4.04"C or 29.2!"$%

Density: 0.00#214 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



Perio Number: # !roup Number: 1! !roup Name: alo&e(

What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for &ree(ish ello- chloros.

$ay %hat# Chlori(e is pro(ou(ce* as &4'R)een or as &4'R)in.

(istory an *ses:

)i(ce it com'i(es *irectl -ith (earl e/er eleme(t chlori(e is (e/erfou(* free i( (ature. Chlori(e -as ?rst pro*uce* ' Carl ilhelm)cheele a )-e*ish chemist -he( he com'i(e* the mi(eral prolusite+(2% -ith h*rochloric aci* Cl% i( 1!!4. :lthou&h )cheele thou&htthe &as pro*uce* i( his eperime(t co(tai(e* o&e( )ir umphrDa/ pro/e* i( 1810 that it -as actuall a *isti(ct eleme(t.


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of the &as as lo- as #.5 parts per millio( ca( 'e *etecte* ' smell-hile co(ce(tratio(s of 1000 parts per millio( ca( 'e fatal after a fe-*eep 'reaths.



Number o+ $table ,sotopes: 2 ie- all isotope *ata%,oni-ation Energy: 12.968 e

'.iation $tates: B! B5 B1 1


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p5

The Element Bromine[Click for Isotope Data]

#5Br

Mromi(e!9.904

Atomic Number: #5

Atomic Weight: !9.904

Melting Point: 265.95 K !.2"C or 19.0"$%

Boiling Point: ##1.95 K 58.8"C or 1#!.8"$%

Density: #.11 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter

Phase at Room Temperature: iui*



What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for ste(ch bromos.

$ay %hat# Mromi(e is pro(ou(ce* as BR')meen.

(istory an *ses:


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*etail. (fortu(atel -i(ter eams a(* the holi*as *elae* L-i&;s-ork lo(& e(ou&h for a(other chemist :(toi(ePrQme Malar* topu'lish a paper i( 1826 *escri'i(& the (e- eleme(t. Malar* -ascre*ite* -ith the *isco/er a(* (ame* it after the &reek -or* forste(ch 'romos.


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Melting Point: #86.85 K 11#.!"C or 2#6.!"$%

Boiling Point: 45!.55 K 184.4"C or #64.0"$%

Density: 4.9# &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter




What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for /iolet ioes.

$ay %hat# Io*i(e is pro(ou(ce* as E0E)eh)ine or as E0E)eh)in.

(istory an *ses:

Io*i(e -as *isco/ere* ' the $re(ch chemist Mar(ar* Courtois i(1811. Courtois -as etracti(& so*ium a(* potassium compou(*s fromsea-ee* ash. (ce these compou(*s -ere remo/e* he a**e* sulfuricaci*

2)

4% to further process the ash. e acci*e(tall a**e* too

much aci* a(* a /iolet colore* clou* erupte* from the mass.


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1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*10

5s2 5p5

The Element (elium[Click for Isotope Data]

2(e

elium4.002602

Atomic Number: 2


Melting Point: 0.95 K 2!2.2"C or 458.0"$%

Boiling Point: 4.22 K 268.9#"C or 452.0!"$%Density: 0.0001!85 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



Perio Number: 1 !roup Number: 18 !roup Name: 3o'le ,as

What"s in a name# $or the ,reek &o* of the su( (elios.

$ay %hat# elium is pro(ou(ce* as (EE)lee)em.

(istory an *ses:

elium the seco(* most a'u(*a(t eleme(t i( the u(i/erse -as*isco/ere* o( the su( 'efore it -as fou(* o( the earth. 7ierreulesCPsar a(sse( a $re(ch astro(omer (otice* a ello- li(e i( the su(;sspectrum -hile stu*i(& a total solar eclipse i( 1868. )ir 3orma(ocker a( E(&lish astro(omer reali@e* that this li(e -ith a-a/ele(&th of 58!.49 (a(ometers coul* (ot 'e pro*uce* ' a(eleme(t k(o-( at the time. It -as hpothesi@e* that a (e- eleme(t o(the su( -as respo(si'le for this msterious ello- emissio(.


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elium makes up a'out 0.0005= of the earth;s atmosphere.


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Boiling Point: 8!.#0 K 185.85"C or #02.5#"$%

Density: 0.001!8#! &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



Perio Number: # !roup Number: 18 !roup Name: 3o'le ,as

What"s in a name# $rom the ,reek -or* for i(acti/e argos.

$ay %hat# :r&o( is pro(ou(ce* as AR)gon.

(istory an *ses:

:r&o( -as *isco/ere* ' )ir illiam >amsa a )cottish chemist a(*or* >alei&h a( E(&lish chemist i( 1894. :r&o( makes up 0.9#= ofthe earth;s atmosphere maki(& it the thir* most a'u(*a(t &as. :r&o(is o'tai(e* from the air as a 'pro*uct of the pro*uctio(of o&e( a(* (itro&e(.

:r&o( is freue(tl use* -he( a( i(ert atmosphere is (ee*e*. It isuse* to ?ll i(ca(*esce(t a(* Huoresce(t li&ht 'ul's to pre/e(t o&e(from corro*i(& the hot ?lame(t. :r&o( is also use* to form i(ertatmospheres for arc -el*i(& &ro-i(& semico(*uctor crstals a(*processes that reuire shiel*i(& from other atmospheric &ases.

(ce thou&ht to 'e completel i(ert ar&o( is k(o-( to form at leasto(e compou(*. s(e( i( :u&ust of 2000. )ta'le o(l at /er

lo- temperatures ar&o( Huoroh*ri*e 'e&i(s to *ecompose o(ce it-arms a'o/e 246"C 411"$%. Mecause of this limitatio( ar&o(Huoroh*ri*e has (o uses outsi*e of 'asic scie(ti?c research.

Estimate Crustal Abunance: #.5 milli&rams per kilo&ram



,oni-ation Energy: 15.!60 e

'.iation $tates: 0


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6

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The Element Cerium[Click for Isotope Data]

58Ce

Cerium



Melting Point: 10!1 K !98"C or 1468"$%

Boiling Point: #69! K #424"C or 6195"$%

Density: 6.!!0 &rams per cu'ic ce(timeter



Perio Number: 6 !roup Number: (o(e !roup Name: a(tha(i*e

What"s in a name# 3ame* for the asteroi* Ceres.

$ay %hat# Cerium is pro(ou(ce* as $ER)ee)em.

(istory an *ses:

Cerium -as *isco/ere* ' L(s aco' Mer@elius a(* ilhelm /o(isi(&er )-e*ish chemists a(* i(*epe(*e(tl ' +arti( ei(richKlaproth a ,erma( chemist i( 180#. Cerium is the most a'u(*a(t ofthe rare earth eleme(ts a(* makes up a'out 0.0046= of the earth;scrust.


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,oni-ation Energy: 5.5#9 e

'.iation $tates: B4 B#


1s2

2s2 2p6

#s2 #p6 #*10

4s2 4p6 4*10 4f 1

5s2 5p6 5*1

6s2

The Element Thorium[Click for Isotope Data]90

Th e/ere(* as +orte(


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84 #6 B 3um'er of 3eutro(s%

hat (um'er a**e* to #6 makes 84\ opefull ou sai* 48.

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