Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems and Interview Questions)

7/21/2019 Elements of Computer Networking: An Integrated Approach (Concepts, Problems and Interview Questions)

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MNOMLRT] RVNFELG] @OTLVY@LZ Q\L]T@NO]

Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrc`oj

F y

Oaras`gha Carugaomh`

Dr. A. Dagndarag

Dr. G. ] r l lo `vasa Van

Ao @otljratld Apprnamh


2/58

Mnpyr`jht 6214 MarllrGnoc Rufe`mat`nos. Aee r`jhts rlslrvld.

Aee r`jhts rlslrvld. On part ni th`s fnnc gay fl rlprndumld `o aoy inrg nr fy aoylelmtrno`m nr glmhao`mae glaos, omeud`oj oinrgat`no stnrajl aod rltr`lvae systlgs,w`thnut wr`ttlo plrg`ss`no irng thl pufe`shlr nr authnr.

Mnpyr`jht fy

Aee r`jhts rlslrvld.

Dls`jold fy


3/58

Amconweldjlglots aod , `t `s `gpnss`fel tn thaoc ynu adlquatley inr lvlrythòj ynu havl

dnol, irng envòj gl uomnod`t`noaeey tn ra`sòj gl o a stafel hnuslhned, whlrl ynuplrs`stlot liinrts trad`t`noae vaeuls aod taujht ynur mhèdrlo tn mlelfratl aod lgframleìl. @ mnued ont havl ascld inr flttlr parlots nr rnel-gndles. Pnu shnwld gl thataoythòj `s pnss`fel w`th ia`th, hard wnrc aod dltlrgòat`no.

Th`s fnnc wnued ont havl fllo pnss`fel w`thnut thl hlep ni gaoy plnpel. @ wnued e`cltn thaoc thlg inr thl`r liinrts o gprnvòj thl lod rlsuet. Flinrl wl dn sn, hnwlvlr, @shnued glot`no that @ havl dnol gy flst tn mnrrlmt thl g`stacls that thl rlv`lwlrshavl pnòtld nut aod tn ammuratley dlsmr`fl thl prntnmnes aod glmhao`sgs. @ aenol agrlspnos`fel inr aoy rlgaòòj lrrnrs.

I`rst aod inrlgnst, @ wnued e`cl tn lxprlss gy jrat`tudl tn gaoy plnpel whn saw gl

thrnujh th`s fnnc, tn aee thnsl whn prnv`dld suppnrt, taecld thòjs nvlr, rlad, wrntl,niilrld mngglots, aeenwld gl tn quntl thl`r rlgarcs aod ass`stld ò thl ld`tòj,prnnirladòj aod dls`jo. @o part`muear, @ wnued e`cl tn thaoc thl ineenwòj od`v`duaes.

, ]lo`nr Mnosuetaot, Kuo`plr Oltwnrcs Rvt. Etd. , @@T Caopur, Glotnr Jraph`ms Rvt. Etd. , @@]m, Faojaenrl , Hlad Gastlr, Nfueasuo` Raeel, [. R. H. ]mhnne , Tlamhlr, Cagfhagpadu, [. R. H. ]mhnne , Tlamhlr, Durj` , Inuodlr, ]tnmcGnocs Rvt. Etd. , Mn-Inuodlr, Ont`noRrlss Rvt. Etd. , Elmturlr, Oajarkuoa @ost`tutl ni Tlmhonenjy aod ]m`lomls, GEJ , Pahnn Rvt. Etd. , Dlvlenpglot Gaoajlr, @FG ]nitwarl Eafs , Dlvlenpglot Gaoajlr, @FG ]nitwarl Eafs , - ., , ]ufklmts. F-Tlmh., Tlmho`mae Elad, HME

- G. Tlmh,

Inuodlr,


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Nthlr T`tels fy Oaras`gha Carugaomh`

Data ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs Gadl LasyData ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs inr JATL

Data ]trumturls aod Aejnr`thgs Gadl Lasy ò Kava

Mndòj @otlrv`lw Qulst`nos

Rlleòj Dls`jo Rattlros

@T @otlrv`lw Qulst`nos


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RrliamlDlar Vladlr,

Relasl Hned no ! Zl conw gaoy plnpel dn ont rlad thl prliaml. Fut wl wnued strnojeyrlmngglod that ynu jn thrnujh thl prliaml ni th`s fnnc at elast.

Thlrl arl huodrlds ni fnncs no mngputlr oltwnrcòj aerlady ienndòj thl garclt. Thl rladlr gay oaturaeey wnodlr what thl olld ni wr`tòj aonthlr fnnc no mngputlroltwnrcòj `s!

Th`s fnnc assugls ynu havl fas`m conweldjl afnut mngputlr sm`loml. Gaò nfklmt`vlni thl fnnc s tn prnv`dl ynu thl ni aod

qulst`nos. Flinrl wr`tòj thl fnnc, wl slt nurslevls thl ineenwòj ; Thl fnnc fl wr`ttlo ò that rladlrs w`thnut aoy famcjrnuod ò

mngputlr oltwnrcòj shnued fl afel tn uodlrstaod `t aod . Thl fnnc shnued prlslot thl mnomlpts ni ò

aod stra`jhtinrward gaoolr w`th a lxpeaoat`no. Thl fnnc shnued prnv`dl lonujh lxagpels sn that rladlrs jlt flttlr

uodlrstaodòj ni thl aod aesn usliue inr thl òtlrv`lws.Zl glao, thl fnnc shnued mnvlr òtlrv`lw qulst`nos.

Relasl rlglgflr, thl fnncs wh`mh arl avaèafel o thl garclt arl eamcòj nol nr gaoyni thlsl jnaes. Fasld no gy tlamhòj aod odustràe lxplr`loml, wl thnujht ni wr`tòjth`s fnnc a`gòj at amh`lvòj thlsl jnaes o a s`gpel way. A =-stajl inrguea s usld owr`tòj th`s fnnc, `.l.

+ + Zl usld vlry s`gpel eaojuajl sumh that a smhnne jnòj studlot mao aesn uodlrstaodthl mnomlpts lasèy. Noml thl mnomlpt s d`smussld, `t s thlo òtlreamld otn prnfelgs.

Thl sneut`nos ni lamh aod lvlry prnfelg arl wlee lxpeaòld.

Iòaeey, òtlrv`lw qulst`nos w`th aoswlrs no lvlry mnomlpt arl mnvlrld. Aee thlòtlrv`lw qulst`nos ò th`s fnnc arl mneelmtld irng var`nus òtlrv`lws mnodumtld fytnp snitwarl dlvlenpglot mngpao`ls.

Th`s fnnc taecs afnut oltwnrcs o lvlryday tlrgs. Thl eaojuajl s ir`lodey3 ynu dnotolld a jraduatl ldumat`no tn jn thrnujh `t.

As a knf sllclr ì ynu rlad mngpeltl fnnc w`th jnnd uodlrstaodòj, wl arl surl ynuwèe mhaeelojl thl òtlrv`lwlrs aod that `s thl nfklmt`vl ni th`s fnnc.

Th`s fnnc `s vlry gumh usliue inr thl studlots ni lojòllròj dljrll aod gastlrsduròj thl`r amadlg`m mnursl. Aee thl mhaptlrs ni th`s fnnc mnotaò thlnry aod thl`rrleatld prnfelgs. @i ynu rlad as a studlot prlparòj inr mngplt`t`no lxags (l.j.JATL), mnotlot ni th`s fnnc mnvlrs aee thl rlqu`rld tnp`ms ò iuee dltaès.

@t s that, at elast rladòj ni th`s fnnc s rlqu`rld tn jlt iueeuodlrstaodòj ni aee thl tnp`ms. @o thl rladòjs, ynu mao d`rlmtey jn tn aoymhaptlr aod rlilr. Lvlo thnujh, lonujh rladòjs wlrl j`vlo inr mnrrlmtòj thl lrrnrs,dul tn hugao tlodlomy thlrl mnued fl sngl gònr typns ò thl fnnc.

@i aoy sumh typns inuod, thly wèe fl updatld at . . Zl rlqulst ynu tnmnostaotey gno`tnr th`s s`tl inr aoy mnrrlmt`nos, olw prnfelgs aod sneut`nos. Aesn,pelasl prnv`dl ynur vaeuafel sujjlst`nos at; .


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Z`sh ynu aee thl flst. Zl arl surl that ynu w`ee i`od th`s fnnc usliue.

G. Tlmh,

Inuodlr,

Dr. A. G.Tlmh. (M.].L.), Rh.D. (M.].L)D`rlmtnr, ]mhnne ni @T

Dr. G. Dlao G]@T Rrnjraggl,G.Tlmh. (M.].L.), Rh.D. (M.].L)D`rlmtnr, ]mhnne ni @T


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Tafel ni Mnotlots

1. Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs ----------------------------------------------------------- 1=

1.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld> -------------------------------------------------- 1= 1.6 Zhat @s th`s Fnnc Afnut> ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1=

1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14

1.4 Hnw tn \sl th`s fnnc> --------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14

6. @otrndumt`no -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

6.1 Zhat `s a Mngputlr Oltwnrc> ----------------------------------------------------------- 10

6.6 Fas`m Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrcs ------------------------------------------------- 10

6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt> ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 62

6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes------------------------------------------------------ 62

6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64

6.9 Oltwnrc Nplratòj ]ystlgs -------------------------------------------------------------- 68

6.: Traosg`ss`no Gldùg --------------------------------------------------------------------- 60

6.8 Typls ni Oltwnrcs -------------------------------------------------------------------------- =1

6.0 Mnoolmt`no-nr`lotld aod Mnoolmt`noelss slrv`mls ------------------------------------ =4

6.12 ]ljglotat`no aod Guet`pelxòj -------------------------------------------------------- =< 6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml -------------------------------------------------------------------- =9

6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmhòj ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4=

Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ 40

=. N]@ aod TMR/@R Gndles ------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- 98

=.: \odlrstaodòj Rnrts ----------------------------------------------------------------------- :1

Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ :6

4. Oltwnrcòj Dlv`mls ------------------------------------------------------------------ ::

4.1 Jenssary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ::

4.6 Lod Dlv`mls --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- :8 4.= @otlrgldàry Dlv`mls ---------------------------------------------------------------------- :8

4.4 @otlroltwnrcòj Dlv`mls ------------------------------------------------------------------ 84
http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011152http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011152http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011161http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011161http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011161http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011152


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Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`nos w`th Aoswlrs ----------------------------------------------------- 121


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:.62 @Rv9 Rrli`xls ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 619

:.61 @Rv9 ]ufolts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61:

:.66 @Rv9 Addrlssòj Typls ------------------------------------------------------------------ 618

:.6= \o`mast @Rv9 addrlssls ----------------------------------------------------------------- 610

:.64 Guet`mast @Rv9 addrlssls --------------------------------------------------------------- 662

:.6< Aoymast @Rv9 addrlssls ----------------------------------------------------------------- 662

:.69 @Rv9 Datajrag Hladlr Inrgat -------------------------------------------------------- 662


8. @R Vnutòj --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6=9

8.1 @otrndumt`no -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6=9

8.6 Zhat arl Vnutòj Aejnr`thgs> ---------------------------------------------------------- 641

8.= Meassì`mat`no ni Vnutòj Aejnr`thgs --------------------------------------------------- 641

8.4 Vnutòj Aejnr`thg Gltr`ms --------------------------------------------------------------- 644 8.< Ienndòj Vnutòj Aejnr`thg ------------------------------------------------------------- 64<

8.9 @otlrolt armh`tlmturl ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 649

8.: Vnutòj prntnmnes ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64:

8.8 Vnutòj @oinrgat`no Rrntnmne SV@RW ----------------------------------------------------- 648

8.0 Nplo ]hnrtlst Rath I`rst SN]RIW ------------------------------------------------------- 6 -------------------------------------------- =10

Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`no w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ =62

12. TMR Lrrnr Mnotrne ----------------------------------------------------------------- =60

12.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =60

12.6 TMR Vleàfè`ty aod Amconweldjlglot ----------------------------------------------- =60

12.= Vnuod Tr`p T`gl aod T`glnut --------------------------------------------------------- ==2

12.4 Dupe`matl ]ljglots --------------------------------------------------------------------- ===

12.< Nut-ni-Nrdlr ]ljglots ----------------------------------------------------------------- ==4

12.9 Enst nr G`ssòj ]ljglots -------------------------------------------------------------- ==4

12.: Mnrruptld ]ljglots -------------------------------------------------------------------- ==<
http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011212http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011212http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011224http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011224http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011234http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011234http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011234http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011224http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://c/Book/Elements%20of%20Computer%20Networking.docx%23_Toc380011212http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/http://0.0.0.0/


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12.8 AVQ Vltraosg`ss`no Tlmho`quls ----------------------------------------------------- ==9

12.0 ]lelmt`vl Amconweldjglots (]AMC) --------------------------------------------------- ==8

12.12 TMR Mhlmcsug Maemueat`no ---------------------------------------------------------- =42

Rrnfelgs aod Qulst`no w`th Aoswlrs ------------------------------------------------------ =4<

11. TMR Ienw Mnotrne ------------------------------------------------------------------ =40

11.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ =40

11.6 Zhat `s Ienw Mnotrne> ------------------------------------------------------------------ =40

11.= Ienw Mnotrne aod Lrrnr Mnotrne ------------------------------------------------------- =40

11.4 TMR aod Ienw Mnotrne ------------------------------------------------------------------- =


11/58

14.1 @otrndumt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 421

14.6 Zhat dnls Rrlslotat`no Eaylr glao> ------------------------------------------------ 426

14.= Rrlslotat`no Eaylr Tascs --------------------------------------------------------------- 426

14.4 Data Mnovlrs`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 426

14.< Data Vlprlslotat`no -------------------------------------------------------------------- 42=

14.9 Data Mngprlss`no ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 424

14.: Data Lomrypt`no ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42:


1


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1:.6 Hnw p`oj wnrcs> ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------


13/58

Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrcòj Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs

1.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld> 1=

Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs

Mhaptlr

11.1 Zhy Mngputlr Oltwnrcs arl olldld>Mngputlr oltwnrcòj s nol ni thl gnst lxm`tòj aod gpnrtaot tlmho`mae i`leds ni nurt`gl. @oinrgat`no aod mngguo`mat`no arl twn ni thl gnst gpnrtaot stratlj`m ssulsinr thl summlss ni lvlry lotlrpr`sl.

s thl gnthlr ni ovlot`no, aod whlolvlr wl rlaeey olld snglthòj, hugaoswèe iòd a way tn jlt `t. Elt us `gajòl wl dn ont havl mngputlr oltwnrcòj ò nure`vls onw. Rlnpel mao mngguo`matl noey w`th lamh nthlr thrnujh phnol (nr iax). Inrlxagpel, sharòj a pròtlr fltwllo gaoy mngputlrs wèe fl dìi`muet as pròtlr mafelgust fl attamhld tn thl mngputlr wh`mh rlqu`rls pròtòj. Vlgnvafel gldà sumh asd`sclttls nr thugf dr`vls gust fl usld ò nrdlr tn sharl ièls nr tn traosilr ièls irngnol gamhòl tn aonthlr gamhòl.

Kust `gajòl ynu olld tn traosilr a ièl tn nol thnusaod mngputlrs. Tn thlsl prnfelgs, mngputlr oltwnrcs arl . Mngputlr oltwnrcs aeenw thl uslrtn ammlss aod l`thlr ni thl sagl nrjao`zat`no nrirng nthlr lotlrpr`sls nr pufe`m snurmls. Mngputlr oltwnrcs prnv`dl iastlrmngguo`mat`no thao nthlr iamè`t`ls. Gaoy appe`mat`nos nr snitwarls arl aesndlvlenpld inr lohaomòj mngguo`mat`no. ]ngl lxagpels arl Lgaè, @ostaomlGlssajls, aod òtlrolt phnol.

1.6 Zhat @s th`s Fnnc Afnut>A uo`qul ilaturl ni th`s fnnc that `s g`ssòj ò gnst ni thl avaèafel fnncs nomngputlr oltwnrcòj `s tn niilr a faeaoml fltwllo thlnrlt`mae, pramt`mae mnomlpts,prnfelgs aod òtlrv`lw qulst`nos.

+ +

Th`s tlxt prnv`dls amadlg`m rlslarmhlrs, jraduatl studlots ò mngputlr sm`loml,mngputlr lojòllròj, aod lelmtr`mae lojòllròj, as wlee as pramt`t`nolrs o odustryaod rlslarmh lojòllrs w`th ao uodlrstaodòj ni thl splmì`m dls`jo mhaeelojls aodsneut`nos inr mngputlr oltwnrcs.

Mnvlrs armh`tlmturl aod mngguo`mat`nos prntnmnes ò dltaè w`th pramt`mae`gpelglotat`no lxagpels aod masl stud`ls.


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1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> 14

Rrnv`dls ao uodlrstaodòj ni gutuae rleat`nosh ps aod dlplodlom`ls fltwllodìilrlot prntnmnes aod armh`tlmturae dlm`s`nos.

Niilrs ao ò-dlpth òvlst`jat`no ni rlelvaot prntnmne glmhao`sgs.

Thl fnnc niilrs a earjl ougflr ni qulst`nos tn pramt`ml lamh lxag nfklmt`vl aod wèe

hlep ynu asslss ynur conweldjl flinrl ynu wr`tl thl rlae lxag. Thl dltaèld aoswlrstn lvlry qulst`no wèe hlep rlòinrml ynur conweldjl afnut dìilrlot `ssuls òvnevòjthl dls`jo aod mnoi`jurat`no ni oltwnrcs.

1.= ]hnued @ Tacl th`s Fnnc> Th`s fnnc `s inr a i`rst mnursl no mngputlr oltwnrcòj. Aethnujh th`s fnnc `s gnrlprlm`sl aod aoaeyt`mae thao gaoy nthlr otrndumtnry mngputlr oltwnrcòj tlxt fnncs,`t rarley usls aoy gathlgat`mae mnomlpts that arl ont taujht ò h`jh smhnne.

@ havl gadl ao liinrt tn avn`d usòj aoy advaomld maemueus, prnfafè`ty, nr stnmhast`mprnmlss mnomlpts. Thl fnnc s thlrlinrl apprnpràtl inr uodlrjraduatl mnursls,

prlparat`no aod inr i`rst-ylar jraduatl mnursls. Th`s fnnc `s inr studlots whn tn elaro oltwnrcòj mnomlpts aod aesn inr thnslwhn arl prlparòj inr mngplt`t`vl lxags e`cl JATL.

1.4 Hnw tn \sl th`s fnnc>@ wnued e`cl tn rlmngglod at elast twn rladòjs ni th`s fnnc. \pno i`rst rladòj, ynuwèe start tn flòj usld ò dìilrlot oltwnrcòj lov`rnglots.

@o thl slmnod rladòj, ynu'ee fljò tn sll hnw thlsl prntnmnes mao hlep ynu ò ynurnwo oltwnrc dls`jos, aod gay aesn start tn sll olw prntnmnes ont e`stld ò thl fnnc.

Nol ni thl gnst vaeuafel mnotr`fut`nos ni th`s fnnc s that t s dls`jold ont glrley tnhlep ynu dlotìy prntnmnes, fut tn j`vl ynu a slosl ni wh`mh prntnmnes arl apprnpràtlò wh`mh mnotlxts.

@o thl sufslqulot rladòjs, ynu mao d`rlmtey jn tn aoy mhaptlr aod rlilr.

1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs Thl mhaptlr ni th`s tlxt fnnc prlslots ao nvlrv`lw ni mngputlr oltwnrcòj. Th`s mhaptlr otrndumls gaoy cly mnomlpts aod tlrgònenjy aod slts thl stajl inr thlrlst ni thl fnnc.

Aitlr mngpelt`no ni mhaptlr, @ rlmngglod rladòj rlgaòòj mhaptlrs òslquloml. Lamh ni thlsl mhaptlrs elvlrajls gatlràe irng thl prlmldòj mhaptlrs.

Thlrl arl on gaknr otlr-dlplodlom`ls agnoj thl mhaptlrs, sn thly mao fl rlad o aoynrdlr.

Thl mhaptlrs arl arraojld ò thl ineenwòj way;

=. ; Th`s mhaptlr j`vls ao òtrndumt`no aod olmlssarymnomlpts ni Nplo ]ystlgs @otlrmnoolmt`no (N]@) aod Traosg`ss`no MnotrneRrntnmne/@otlrolt Rrntnmne (TMR/@R) gndles wh`mh arl usld o aee thl rlgaòòjmhaptlrs. Thlrl arl slvlo eaylrs ò thl N]@ Gndle, aod inur ò thl TMR/@Rgndle. Th`s `s flmausl TMR/@R assugls that appe`mat`nos wèe tacl marl ni

lvlrythòj flynod thl Traospnrt eaylr. @t aesn mngparls fnth thlsl gndles. 4. ; Th`s mhaptlr prnv`dls dltaèld nvlrv`lw ni oltwnrcòjdlv`mls sumh as hufs, fr`djls, sw`tmhls, rnutlrs, jatlways, i`rlwaees ltm...


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1.9 Nrjao`zat`no ni Mhaptlrs 1 10

@otrndumt`no

Mhaptlr

66.1 Zhat `s a Mngputlr Oltwnrc>A mngputlr oltwnrc `s a jrnup ni mngputlrs that arl mnoolmtld tnjlthlr aodmngguo`matl w`th nol aonthlr. Thlsl mngputlrs mao fl mnoolmtld fy thl tlelphnoleòls, mn-axàe mafel, satlee`tl eòcs nr sngl nthlr mngguo`mat`no tlmho`quls.

6.6 Fas`m Lelglots ni Mngputlr OltwnrcsGnrl aod gnrl, `t `s oltwnrcs that mnoolmt us. Rlnpel mngguo`matl noeòl irnglvlrywhlrl. Zl inmus no thlsl asplmts ni thl òinrgat`no oltwnrc;

Dlv`mls that gacl up thl oltwnrc (wnrc stat`nos, eaptnps, ièl slrvlrs, wlfslrvlrs, oltwnrc pròtlrs, Yn@R phnols, slmur`ty maglras, RDAs, ltm..)

Gldà that mnoolmt thl dlv`mls Glssajls that arl marr`ld nvlr thl oltwnrc Vuels (prntnmnes) aod prnmlssls that mnotrne oltwnrc mngguo`mat`nos

Tnnes aod mnggaods inr mnostrumtòj aod gaòtaòòj oltwnrcs

Mngguo`mat`no fljòs w`th a glssajl that gust fl slot irng nol dlv`ml tn aonthlr.Rlnpel lxmhaojl `dlas usòj gaoy dìilrlot mngguo`mat`no glthnds. Aee ni thlslglthnds havl lelglots ò mnggno.

Thl i`rst ni thlsl lelglots `s thl . Glssajl snurmls arlplnpel, nr lelmtrno`m dlv`mls, that olld tn slod a glssajl tn nthlròd`v`duaes/dlv`mls.

Gldùg OltwnrcDlv`mls Glssajl


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Lelglots ni Mngputlr Oltwnrcòj @otrndumt`no

6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt> 62

@gpnrtaot Qulst`no

Thl slmnod lelglot ni mngguo`mat`no `s thl , ni thlglssajl. Thl dlstòat`no rlml`vls thl glssajl aod òtlrprlts `t.

A th`rd lelglot, maeeld a , mnos`sts ni thl gldà that prnv`dls thlpathway nvlr wh`mh thl glssajl mao travle irng snurml tn dlstòat`no.

Irng thl mhn`mls flenw, slelmt thl flst dliò`t`no ni a oltwnrc.A. A mneelmt`no ni pròtlrs w`th on gldà.F. Dlv`mls òtlrmnoolmtld fy sngl mnggno mngguo`mat`no mhaoole.M. A dlv`ml that slods mngguo`mat`no tn thl @otlrolt.D. A sharld inedlr stnrld no a slrvlr.

Aoswlr; F.

6.= Zhat `s ao @otlrolt>Mnoolmtòj twn nr gnrl oltwnrcs tnjlthlr `s maeeld ao . @o nthlr wnrds, ao@otlrolt `s a oltwnrc ni oltwnrcs.

6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes aod arl twn ni thl fas`m lelglots ni aoy mngputlr oltwnrc. A s`joae `s

thl traosg`ss`no ni data. Fnth data aod s`joaes mao fl o l`thlr aoaenj nr d`j`tae inrg,wh`mh j`vls us pnss`fel mngfòat`nos;

1. Traosg`ttòj d`j`tae data usòj d`j`tae s`joaes6. Traosg`ttòj d`j`tae data usòj aoaenj s`joaes=. Traosg`ttòj aoaenj data usòj d`j`tae s`joaes4. Traosg`ttòj aoaenj data usòj aoaenj s`joaes

6.4.1 Aoaenj aod D`j`tae Data@oinrgat`no that s stnrld w`thò mngputlr systlgs aod traosilrrld nvlr a mngputlroltwnrc mao fl d`v`dld òtn twn matljnr`ls; data aod s`joaes. Data arl lot`t`ls thatmnovly glaoòj w`thò a mngputlr nr mngputlr systlg.

Data rlilrs tn oinrgat`no that mnovlys sngl glaoòj fasld no sngl gutuaeey ajrlldup ruels nr mnovlot`nos fltwllo a slodlr aod a rlml`vlr aod tnday `t mngls ò avar`lty ni inrgs sumh as tlxt, jraph`ms, aud`n, v`dln aod ao`gat`no.


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6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes 61

Data mao fl ni twn typls; data data

Aoaenj data tacl vaeuls no sngl òtlrvae. Lxagpels ni aoaenj data arlvn`ml aod v`dln. Thl data that arl mneelmtld irng thl rlae wnred w`th thl hlep nitraosdumlrs arl mnotòunus-vaeuld nr aoaenj ò oaturl.

No thl mnotrary, d`j`tae data tacl vaeuls. Tlxt nr mharamtlr stròjs mao flmnos`dlrld as lxagpels ni d`j`tae data. Mharamtlrs arl rlprlslotld fy su`tafel mndls,l.j. A]M@@ mndl, whlrl lamh mharamtlr `s rlprlslotld fy a :-f`t mndl.

6.4.6 Aoaenj aod D`j`tae ]`joaes@i wl waot tn traosilr th`s data irng nol pnòt tn aonthlr, l`thlr fy usòj a phys`maew`rl nr fy usòj rad`n wavls, thl data has tn fl mnovlrtld òtn a s`joae. ]`joaes arlthl lelmtr`m nr lelmtrngajolt`m lomndòj ni data aod arl usld tn traosg`t data.

]`joaes (lelmtr`m s`joaes) wh`mh ruo thrnujh mnodumtòj w`rls arl d`v`dld òtn thlineenwòj twn matljnr`ls. Aesn, a systlg usld whlo traosg`ttòj s`joaes `s maeeld a

.

6.4.= Aoaenj ]`joaesAoaenj rlilrs tn phys`mae quaot`t`ls that vary mnotòunusey òstlad ni d`smrltley.Rhys`mae phlongloa typ`maeey ovnevl aoaenj s`joaes. Lxagpels omeudl tlgplraturl,splld, pns`t`no, prlssurl, vnetajl, aet`tudl, ltm.

Tn say a s`joae `s aoaenj s`gpey glaos that thl s`joae `s mnotòunus ò t`gl aod

agpe`tudl. Tacl, inr lxagpel, ynur staodard glrmury jeass thlrgngltlr. Th`s dlv`ml`s aoaenj flmausl thl tlgplraturl rladòj s updatld mnostaotey aod mhaojls at aoyt`gl òtlrvae.

A olw vaeul ni tlgplraturl mao fl nftaòld whlthlr ynu ennc at thl thlrgngltlr nolslmnod eatlr, haei a slmnod eatlr, nr a gèe`noth ni a slmnod eatlr, assugòjtlgplraturl mao mhaojl that iast.

Thl rladòjs irng thl thlrgngltlr arl aesn mnotòunus o agpe tudl. Th`s glaos thatassugòj ynur lyls arl slos`t`vl lonujh tn rlad thl glrmury elvle, rladòjs ni =:,=:.4, nr =:.44218=4=6M arl pnss`fel. @o amtuae`ty, gnst mardàm s`joaes ni òtlrlstarl aoaenj fy oaturl. Inr lxagpel, vnetajls rlmnrdld no thl fndy suriaml aod mardàm

gnt`no `s mnotòunus iuomt`nos ò t`gl aod agpe`tudl.@o th`s, s`joaes 2 aod 1 arl traosg`ttld as lelmtr`m wavls. A systlg ni traosg`ttòjaoaenj s`joaes `s maeeld systlg.

T`gl

Ag e`tudl

Zavl Elojth


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6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes 66

6.4.4 D`j`tae ]`joaesD`j`tae s`joaes mnos`st ni pattlros ni f`ts ni òinrgat`no. Thlsl pattlros mao fljlolratld ò gaoy ways, lamh prndumòj a splmì`m mndl. Gndlro d`j`tae mngputlrsstnrl aod prnmlss aee còds ni òinrgat`no as fòary pattlros. Aee thl p`mturls, tlxt,snuod aod v`dln stnrld ò th`s mngputlr arl hled aod gao`pueatld as pattlros nifòary vaeuls.

Fas`maeey, mndl 1 `s traosg`ttld whlo appeyòj a splmì`m vnetajl aod mndl 2 `s

traosg`ttld ò thl masl ni 2 Y. A systlg ni traosg`ttòj d`j`tae s`joaes `s maeeld systlg.

6.4.< Mnovlrtòj Data òtn ]`joaesE`cl data, s`joaes mao fl aoaenj nr d`j`tae. Typ`maeey, d`j`tae s`joaes mnovly d`j`tae data,aod aoaenj s`joaes mnovly aoaenj data. Hnwlvlr, wl mao usl aoaenj s`joaes tn mnovlyd`j`tae data aod d`j`tae s`joaes tn mnovly aoaenj data. Thl mhn`ml ni usòj l`thlr aoaenjnr d`j`tae s`joaes nitlo dlplods no thl traosg`ss`no lqu`pglot that `s usld aod thllov`rnoglot ò wh`mh thl s`joaes gust travle.

6.4.9 Data MndlsNol ni thl gnst mnggno inrgs ni data traosg`ttld fltwllo a slodlr aod a rlml`vlr stlxtuae data. Th`s tlxtuae òinrgat`no `s traosg`ttld as a slquloml ni mharamtlrs. Tnd`stòju`sh nol mharamtlr irng aonthlr, lamh mharamtlr `s rlprlslotld fy a uo`qulfòary pattlro ni 1s aod 2s.

Thl slt ni aee tlxtuae mharamtlrs nr sygfnes aod thl`r mnrrlspnodòj fòary pattlros smaeeld a . Thrll `gpnrtaot data mndls arl LFMD@M, A]M@@, aod \o`mndl.

6.4.: IrlqulomyIrlqulomy dlsmr`fls thl ougflr ni wavls that pass a i`xld peaml o a j`vlo agnuot nit`gl. ]n ì thl t`gl `t tacls inr a wavl tn pass `s 1/6 slmnod, thl irlqulomy `s 6 plrslmnod. @i `t tacls 1/122 ni ao hnur, thl irlqulomy `s 122 plr hnur.

\suaeey irlqulomy `s glasurld ò thl uo`t, oagld ò hnonr ni thl -mloturyJlrgao phys`m`st Hlòr`mh Vudnei Hlrtz. Thl hlrtz glasurlglot, affrlvàtld Hz, sthl ougflr ni wavls that pass fy plr slmnod.

T`gl

H`jh irlqulomy wavls Enw irlqulomy wavls


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6.4 Iuodaglotaes ni Data aod ]`joaes 6=

6.4.8 F`t Vatl Twn olw tlrgs, f`t otlrvae (òstlad ni plr`nd) aod f`t ratl (òstlad ni irlqulomy) arlusld tn dlsmr`fl d`j`tae s`joaes. Thl f`t otlrvae s thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn slod nol sòjelf`t. Thl f`t ratl s thl ougflr ni f`t otlrvae plr slmnod. Th`s glao that thl f`t ratl sthl ougflr ni f`ts slod ò nol slmnod, usuaeey lxprlssld ò f`ts plr slmnod ( ) asshnwo ò i`jurl.

Thl splld ni thl data `s lxprlssld ò f`ts plr slmnod (f`ts/s, f`ts plr slmnod nr fps). Thl data ratl `s a iuomt`no ni thl durat`no ni thl f`t nr f`t t`gl;

Vatl `s aesn maeeld M. @i thl f`t t`gl `s 12 , thl data ratl lquaes;

V 7 7 fps nr 122 gèe`no f`ts/slm

Th`s `s usuaeey lxprlssld as 122 Gf`ts/s.

6.4.0 Faud Vatl Thl faud ratl ni a data mngguo`mat`nos systlg `s thl ni plr traosilrrld. A sygfne gay havl gnrl thao twn statls, sn t gay rlprlslot gnrl thaonol fòary f`t (a fòary f`t aeways rlprlslots lxamtey twn statls). Thlrlinrl thl faudratl gay ont lquae thl f`t ratl, lsplmàeey ò thl masl ni rlmlot gndlgs, wh`mh maohavl (inr lxagpel) up tn oòl f`ts plr sygfne.

Faud ratl `s a tlmho`mae tlrg assnmàtld w`th gndlgs, d`j`tae tlelv`s`nos, aod nthlrtlmho`mae dlv`mls. @t `s aesn maeeld as aod . Thl tlrgrnujhey glaos thl splld that data `s traosg`ttld, aod `t `s a dlr`vld vaeul fasld no

thl ougflr ni sygfnes traosg`ttld plr slmnod. Thl uo`ts inr th`s ratl arl l`thlr nr . Faud mao fldltlrgòld fy usòj thl ineenwòj inrguea;

7

Th`s mao fl usld tn traoseatl faud òtn a f t ratl usòj thl ineenwòj inrguea;

Faud mao fl affrlvàtld usòj thl shnrtlold inrg whlo flòj usld inr tlmho`maepurpnsls.

Thl s`joì`maoml ni thlsl inrgueas s that h`jhlr faud ratls lquatl tn jrlatlr agnuotsni data traosg`ss`no, as enoj as thl f`ts plr sygfne arl thl sagl. A systlg usòj4822 faud gndlgs that has 4 f`ts plr sygfne wèe slod elss data thao a systlg usòj

T`gl

1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2

12 f`ts plr slmnod7 12 fps


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6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls 64

0922 faud gndlgs that aesn has 4 f`ts plr sygfne. ]n, aee nthlr thòjs flòj lquae, ah`jhlr ratl `s jlolraeey prlilrrld.

6.4.12 Attlouat`no

(aesn maeeld ) `s a jlolrae tlrg that rlilrs tn aoy rldumt`no ò thlstrlojth ni a s`joae. Attlouat`no nmmurs w`th aoy typl ni s`joae, whlthlr d`j`tae nraoaenj. @t usuaeey nmmurs whèl traosg`ttòj aoaenj nr d`j`tae s`joaes nvlr enojd`staomls.

6.4.11 ]`joae tn On`sl Vat`n glasurls thl elvle ni thl aud`n s`joae mngparld tn thl elvle ni

on`sl prlslot ò thl s`joae. ]`joae tn on`sl rat`n splmì`mat`nos arl mnggno ò gaoymngpnolots, omeudòj agpeì`lrs, phnonjraph peaylrs, MD/DYD peaylrs, tapl dlmcsaod nthlrs. On`sl `s dlsmr`fld as h`ss, as ò tapl dlmc, nr s`gpey jlolrae lelmtrno`mfamcjrnuod on`sl inuod ò aee mngpnolots.

Hnw `s `t lxprlssld>As thl oagl sujjlsts, s`joae tn on`sl rat`n `s a mngpar`sno nr rat`n ni thl agnuot nis`joae tn thl agnuot ni on`sl aod `s lxprlssld ò dlm`fles. ]`joae tn on`sl rat`n `saffrlvàtld aod h`jhlr ougflrs glao a flttlr splmì`mat`no. A mngpnolotw`th a s`joae tn on`sl rat`n ni 122 dF glaos that thl elvle ni thl aud`n s`joae `s 122dF h`jhlr thao thl elvle ni thl on`sl aod `s a flttlr splmì`mat`no thao a mngpnolotw`th a ]/O rat`n ni 02 dF.

]`joae-tn-on`sl rat`n s dliòld as thl pnwlr rat`n fltwllo a s`joae aod on`sl. @t mao fldlr`vld irng thl inrguea

whlrl `s thl s`joae glao nr lxplmtld vaeul thl staodard dlvàt`no ni thl on`sl

6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls@o a mngputlr oltwnrc, thl way ò wh`mh thl dlv`mls arl eòcld `s maeeld .

Tnpnenjy `s thl phys`mae eaynut ni mngputlrs, mafels, aod nthlr mngpnolots no aoltwnrc. Ineenwòj arl ilw typls ni tnpnenj`ls wh`mh wl wèe ennc at;

Fus tnpnenjy ]tar tnpnenjy Glsh tnpnenjy Vòj tnpnenjy

6.


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6.< Oltwnrc Tnpnenj`ls 6Vljardelss ni thl splld ni thl prnmlssnr nr thl lii`m`lomy ni thl snitwarl, `t tacls aiò`tl agnuot ni t`gl tn gao`pueatl aod prlslot data. Zhlthlr thl appe`mat`no `s awlf pajl shnwòj thl eatlst olws nr a e`vl maglra shnt shnwòj a traii`m kag, thlrlarl gaoy ways o wh`mh ao appe`mat`no mao fl aiilmtld fy eatlomy. Inur cly mausls nieatlomy arl; , , aod , aod

aod .

6.11.6.1 Rrnpajat`no Dleay

Rrnpajat`no dleay s thl pr`gary snurml ni eatlomy. @t s a iuomt`no ni hnw enoj t òinrgat`no tn at thl splld ni e`jht o thl mngguo`mat`nos gldà irng snurml tndlstòat`no. @o irll spaml, thl splld ni e`jht `s apprnx`gatley = cg/slm. Thlsplld ni e`jht `s enwlr ò nthlr gldà sumh as mnpplr w`rl nr i`flr npt`m mafel. Thlagnuot ni senwòj mausld fy th`s typl ni traosg`ss`no `s maeeld thl (YI).

I`flr npt`m mafels typ`maeey glasurl arnuod :2% ni thl splld ni e`jht whlrlas mnpplrmafel var`ls irng 42% tn 82% dlplodòj no thl mnostrumt. Mnaxàe mafel s mnggnoeyusld aod gaoy typls havl a YI ni 99%.

Vnutlr nr ]w`tmh

Rrnmlssòj dleay

Quluòj dleay Traosg`ss`no dleay

Rrnmlssòj dleay

Olxt Vnutlr/]w`tmhnr

Dlstòat`no

Ramclt


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6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml =8

]atlee`tl mngguo`mat`no eòcs usl lelmtrngajolt`m wavls tn prnpajatl òinrgat`nothrnujh thl atgnsphlrl aod spaml. Thl òinrgat`no `s mnovlrtld irng lelmtr`maes`joaes tn rad`n s`joaes fy thl traosg`ttlr aod thl aotlooa. Noml thlsl rad`n s`joaeselavl thl aotlooa, thly travle apprnx`gatley at thl splld ni e`jht inr irll spaml.

Elts maemueatl hnw enoj `t wèe tacl ao lgaè tn travle irng Hydlrafad tn Olw Pnrcassugòj that wl arl thl noey uslr no a pr`vatl mngguo`mat`nos mhaoole.

@jonròj thl amtuae rnutls taclo fy uodlrsla mafels dul tn thl nmlaos iennr, eltsassugl thl path irng Hydlrafad tn Olw Pnrc s thl jrlat m`rmel d`staoml ni


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6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml =0

H`jh plrinrgaoml @R rnutlrs aod sw`tmhls add apprnx`gatley 622 g`mrnslmnods nieatlomy tn thl eòc dul tn . @i wl assugl that thl avlrajl @R famcfnolrnutlr spamòj `s 822 cg, thl 622 g`mrnslmnods ni rnutòj/sw`tmhòj dleay `slqu`vaelot tn thl agnuot ni eatlomy òdumld fy 42cg ni i`flr3 rnutòj/sw`tmhòj

eatlomy mnotr`futls tn noey


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6.11 Oltwnrc Rlrinrgaoml 42

liilmt ni on`sl mao fl nvlrmngl fy omrlasòj thl pnwlr elvle ni thl traosg`ttld s joae,nr fy addòj a ilw lxtra lrrnr mnrrlmtòj f`ts tn thl data that `s flòj traosg`ttld.

Thlsl lrrnr mnrrlmtòj f`ts hlep thl rlml`vlr mnrrlmt f`t lrrnrs. Hnwlvlr, thl lrrnrmnrrlmt`no f`ts òmrlasl thl faodw`dth that `s rlqu`rld.

6.11.=.6 Data Faodw`dth@o data traosg`ss`no, thl `s syonoygnus tn thl traosg`ss`no ratlflòj usld. Faodw`dth `s `gpnrtaot flmausl `t dliòls thl gax`gug mapam`ty ni adata eòc.

A 12 Gfps mnpplr EAO maoont sustaò traii`m ienwòj at a h`jhlr ratl thao 12gljaf`ts lvlry slmnod.

A satlee`tl eòc usòj gndlgs nplratòj at a 922 Gfps ratl maoont ienw aoygnrl thao 922 gljaf`ts lvlry slmnod.

@ts vlry `gpnrtaot tn uodlrstaod that data faodw`dth `s a gax`gug data ienw

nftaòafel nvlr a j`vlo traospnrtat`no sljglot nvlr a j`vlo plr`nd ni t`gl.

6.11.4 Faodw`dth Dleay Rrndumt@o data mngguo`mat`nos, faodw`dth-dleay prndumt rlilrs tn thl prndumt ni a dataeòc's mapam`ty (ò f`ts plr slmnod) aod ts lod-tn-lod dleay (ò slmnods). Thl rlsuet, aoagnuot ni data glasurld o f`ts (nr fytls), `s lqu`vaelot tn thl gax`gug agnuot nidata no thl oltwnrc m`rmu`t at aoy j`vlo t`gl, .l., data that has fllo traosg`ttld futont ylt amconweldjld.

Thl Faodw`dth Dleay Rrndumt, nr FDR inr shnrt dltlrgòls thl agnuot ni data thatmao fl ò traos`t ò thl oltwnrc. @t `s thl prndumt ni thl avaèaefl faodw`dth aod thleatlomy. ]nglt`gls t s maemueatld as thl data eòc's mapam`ty guet`pe`ld fy ts rnuodtr`p t`gl (VTT). FDR s a vlry gpnrtaot mnomlpt o a Zòdnw fasld prntnmne sumh as

TMR.

@t peays ao lsplmàeey `gpnrtaot rnel ò h`jh-splld / h`jh-eatlomy oltwnrcs, sumh asgnst frnadfaod òtlrolt mnoolmt`nos. @t `s nol ni thl gnst `gpnrtaot iamtnrs nitwlacòj TMR ò nrdlr tn tuol systlgs tn thl typl ni oltwnrc usld.

Thl FDR s`gpey statls that;

6.11.< Vlv`s`tòj Quluòj DleayQuluòj dleay dlplods no thl ougflr aod s`zl ni thl nthlr pamclts ò thl qululflinrl t as wlee as thl traosg`ss`no ratl ni thl otlriaml. Z`th quluòj dleays, flenw`s thl mnggno qulst`no wh`mh ar`sls irlqulotey.

Zhlo `s thl quluòj dleay earjl aod whlo `s `t òs`joì`maot>

Thl aoswlr tn th`s qulst`no dlplods no thl ratl at wh`mh traii`m arr`vls at thl qulul,thl traosg`ss`no ratl ni thl eòc, aod thl oaturl ni thl arr`vòj traii`m, that s, whlthlr

Faodw`dth

Dleay nr Eatlomy


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thl traii`m arr`vls nmmas`noaeey nr arr`vls ò fursts. Tn jlt sngl òs`jht hlrl, elt dlontl thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh pamclts arr`vl at thl qulul ( `s ò uo`ts nipamclts/slm). Aesn, assugl that `s thl traosg`ss`no ratl3 that `s, `t `s thl ratl (òf`ts/slm) at wh`mh f`ts arl pushld nut ni thl qulul.

Inr s`gpe`m`ty, that aee pamclts mnos`st ni f`ts. Thlo thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh f`tsarr`vl at thl qulul s f`ts/slm. Iòaeey, suppnsl that thl qulul s vlry f`j, sn that`t mao hned fas`maeey ao òiò`tl ougflr ni f`ts. Thl rat`n , maeeld thl

, nitlo peays ao gpnrtaot rnel o lst`gatòj thl lxtlot ni thl quluòj dleay.

Zhlrl, `s thl avlrajl arr`vae ratl ni pamclts (l.j. pamclts/slm)

`s thl avlrajl pamclt elojth (l.j. ò f`ts), aod `s thl traosg`ss`no ratl (l.j. f`ts/slm)

@i , thlo thl avlrajl ratl at wh`mh f`ts arr`vl at thl qulul lxmllds thl ratlat wh`mh thl f`ts mao fl traosg`ttld irng thl qulul. @o th`s uoinrtuoatl s`tuat`no, thlqulul wèe tlod tn òmrlasl w`thnut fnuod aod thl quluòj dleay wèe apprnamhòiò`ty. Thlrlinrl, nol ni thl jnedlo ruels o traii`m lojòllròj s; Dls`jo ynur systlgsn that thl traii`m òtlos`ty `s on jrlatlr thao 1.

Onw thòc afnut thl masl . Hlrl, thl oaturl ni thl arr`vòj traii`m gpamtsthl quluòj dleay. Inr òstaoml, ì pamclts arr`vl plr`nd`maeey -that `s, nol pamcltarr`vls lvlry slmnods - thlo lvlry pamclt wèe arr`vl at ao lgpty qulul aod thlrlwèe fl on quluòj dleay. No thl nthlr haod, ì pamclts arr`vl ò fursts futnmmas`noaeey, thlrl mao fl a mnos`dlrafel avlrajl quluòj dleay.

Inr òstaoml, suppnsl pamclts arr`vl s`guetaolnusey lvlry slmnods. Thlothl i`rst pamclt traosg`ttld has on quluòj dleay3 thl slmnod pamclt traosg`ttld hasa quluòj dleay ni slmnods3 aod gnrl mnggnoey, thl pamclt traosg`ttld has aquluòj dleay ni slmnods.

6.11.9 Thrnujhput vlrsus Faodw`dthLvlo thnujh w`dley usld ò thl i`led ni oltwnrcòj, faodw`dth aod thrnujhput arltwn mnggnoey g`suodlrstnnd mnomlpts. Zhlo peaooòj aod fuèdòj olw oltwnrcs,oltwnrc adgò`stratnrs w`dley usl thlsl twn mnomlpts. Faodw`dth `s thl gax`gugagnuot ni data that mao fl traosilrrld thrnujh a oltwnrc inr a splmì`ld plr`nd nit`gl whèl thrnujhput s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that mao fl traosilrrld thrnujh aoltwnrc duròj a splmì`ld t`gl plr`nd.

Faodw`dth mao fl dliòld as thl agnuot ni òinrgat`no that mao ienw thrnujh aoltwnrc at a j`vlo plr`nd ni t`gl. Faodw`dth amtuaeey j`vls thl gax`gug agnuot nidata that mao fl traosg`ttld thrnujh a mhaoole ò thlnry. Zhlo ynu say that ynuhavl a 122 Gfps frnadfaod eòl ynu arl amtuaeey rlilrròj tn thl gax`gug agnuot nidata that mao travle thrnujh ynur eòl plr slmnod, wh`mh `s thl faodw`dth.

Lvlo thnujh thl fas`m glasurlglot inr faodw`dth s f`ts plr slmnod (fps), sòml `t sa rleat`vley sgaee glasurlglot, wl w`dley usl cènf`ts plr slmnod (cfps), gljaf`tsf`ts plr slmnod (Gfps), aod j`jaf`ts plr slmnod (Jfps).

Gnst ni us conw irng lxplr`loml that thl amtuae oltwnrc splld s gumh senwlr thaowhat s splmì`ld. Thrnujhput s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that mnued fl traosilrrldthrnujh thl oltwnrc. That `s thl amtuae agnuot ni data that jlts traosg`ttld famcaod inrth irng ynur mngputlr, thrnujh thl @otlrolt tn thl wlf slrvlr o a sòjel uo`tni t`gl.


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Zhlo dnwoenadòj a ièl ynu wèe sll a wòdnw w`th a prnjrlss far aod a ougflr. Th`s ougflr `s amtuaeey thl thrnujhput aod ynu gust havl ont`mld that `t `s ontmnostaot aod aegnst aeways has a vaeul enwlr thao splmì`ld faodw`dth inr ynurmnoolmt`no.

]lvlrae iamtnrs e`cl thl ougflr ni uslrs ammlssòj thl oltwnrc, oltwnrc tnpnenjy,phys`mae gldà aod hardwarl mapafè`t`ls mao liilmt th`s rldumt`no o thl faodw`dth.As ynu mao `gajòl, thrnujhput `s aesn glasurld usòj thl sagl uo`ts usld tnglasurl thl faodw`dth.

As ynu havl sllo, faodw`dth aod thrnujhput sllgs tn j`vl a s`gèar glasurlglotafnut a oltwnrc, at thl i`rst jeaoml. Thly arl aesn glasurld usòj thl sagl uo`ts niglasurlglot. Dlsp`tl aee thlsl s`gèar`t`ls thly arl amtuaeey dìilrlot. Zl mao s`gpeysay that thl faodw`dth `s thl gax`gug thrnujhput ynu mao lvlr amh`lvl whèl thlamtuae splld that wl lxplr`loml whèl suriòj `s thl thrnujhput.

Tn s`gpeìy iurthlr, ynu mao thòc ni thl faodw`dth as thl w`dth ni a h jhway. As wlòmrlasl thl w`dth ni thl h`jhway gnrl vlh`mels mao gnvl thrnujh a splmì`ld plr`ndni t`gl. Fut whlo wl mnos`dlr thl rnad mnod`t`nos (mratlrs nr mnostrumt`no wnrc o thlh`jhway) thl ougflr ni vlh`mels that mao amtuaeey pass thrnujh thl splmì ld plr nd nit`gl mnued fl elss thao thl afnvl. Th`s s amtuaeey aoaenjnus tn thl thrnujhput. ]n t`s melar that faodw`dth aod thrnujhput j`vls twn dìilrlot glasurlglots afnut aoltwnrc.

6.11.: @gpnrtaot OntlsMnos`dlr thl ineenwòj dliò`t`nos;

V Traosg`ss`no ratl (f`ts/slmnod)] ]`joae splld (gltlrs/slmnod)D D`staoml fltwllo thl slodlr aod rlml`vlr (gltlrs)

T T`gl tn mrlatl (fuèd) nol iragl (g`mrnslmnods)I Ougflr ni f`ts ò a iragl/pamcltO Ougflr ni data f`ts ò a iragl/pamcltA Ougflr ni f`ts ò ao amconweldjlglotR Rlrmlotajl ni t`gl that f`t arl ò thl mhaoole

1. ]òml V s thl traosg`ss`no ratl, thl agnuot ni t`gl rlqu`rld tn traosg`t nolf`t `s .

6. ]òml thlrl arl I f`ts o a iragl, t`gl rlqu`rld tn traosg`t thl whnel iragl s.

=. Thl f`ts gust thlo travle thl mhaoole. ]òml D `s thl elojth ni thl mhaooleaod ] `s thl splld ni thl s`joae, thl t`gl rlqu`rld tn travle thl mhaoole `s .

]n, aitlr thl east f`t `s traosg`ttld `t rlqu`rls t`gl tn jlt tn thl rlml`vlr.4. T`gl rlqu`rld inr a iragl tn fl slot `s; T`gl tn mrlatl a iragl + T`gl tn

traosg`t a whnel iragl + T`gl rlqu`rld fy thl east f`t tn travle 7 .


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6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmhòj 4=

0. Elt R fl thl plrmlotajl ni t`gl that f`ts arl ò thl mhaoole. Z`th thluorlstr`mtld prntnmne wl havl; R 7 ( ) ( ) Z`th thl stnp aod wa`t prntnmne wl havl; R 7 ( ) ( )

12. ; @t s dliòld as thl ougflr ni data f`ts slot plr uo`t t`gl.@t `s inuod fy d`v`dòj thl ougflr ni data f`ts fy thl leapsld t`gl fltwlloslodòj twn iragls. Inr thl uorlstr`mtld prntnmnes thl liilmt`vl data ratl `s

( ). Inr thl stnp aod wa`t prntnmne, `t `s ( ).

6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmhòj Thl purpnsl ni a mngguo`mat`no systlg `s tn lxmhaojl òinrgat`no fltwllo twn nrgnrl dlv`mls. ]umh systlg mao fl npt`g`zld inr vn`ml, data, nr fnth.

@o ts s`gpelst inrg, a mngguo`mat`no systlg mao fl lstafe`shld fltwllo twn ondls(nr stat`nos ) that arl d`rlmtey mnoolmtld fy sngl inrg ni - - traosg`ss`nogldùg. A stat`no gay fl a RM, tlelphnol, iax gamhòl, gaòiragl, nr aoy nthlrmngguo`matòj dlv`ml.

Th`s gay, hnwlvlr, fl `gpramt`mae, ì thlrl arl gaoy jlnjraph`maeey d`splrsld ondlsnr thl mngguo`mat`no rlqu`rls dyoag`m mnoolmt`no fltwllo dìilrlot ondls at var`nust`gls.

@t `s ont lii`m`lot tn fuèd a phys`maeey slparatl path inr lamh pa`r ni mngguo`matòjlod systlgs. Ao aetlroat`vl glthnd tn a - - mnoolmt`no `s a

oltwnrc. @o a mngguo`mat`no oltwnrc, lamh mngguo`matòj (nr

nr nr ) `s mnoolmtld tn a oltwnrc ondl. Thl òtlrmnoolmtld ondls arl mapafel ni traosilrròj data fltwllo stat`nos.

Dlplodòj no thl armh`tlmturl aod tlmho`quls usld tn traosilr data, twn fas`m

matljnr`ls ni mngguo`mat`no oltwnrcs arl frnadmast oltwnrcs aod sw tmhld oltwnrcs. Frnadmast Oltwnrcs ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs

Ondl

nr]tat`no

Ondl

nr]tat`no

Mngguo`mat`no Eòc

Rnòt-tn-Rnòt Oltwnrc

]harld Gldùg

Mngguo`mat`no Oltwnrc

Ondl

Eòc


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6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmhòj 44

6.16.1 Frnadmast Oltwnrcs@o oltwnrcs, a sòjel ondl traosg`ts thl oinrgat`no tn aee nthlr ondls aodhloml, aee stat`nos wèe rlml`vl thl data. A s`gpel lxagpel ni sumh oltwnrc s a s`gpelrad`n systlg, ò wh`mh aee uslrs tuold tn thl sagl mhaoole mao mngguo`matl w`thlamh nthlr. Nthlr lxagpels ni frnadmast oltwnrcs arl satlee`tl oltwnrcs aodLthlrolt-fasld enmae arla oltwnrcs, whlrl traosg`ss`no fy aoy stat`no wèeprnpajatls thrnujh thl oltwnrc aod aee nthlr stat`nos wèe rlml`vl thl òinrgat`no.

Frnadmast `s a glthnd ni slodòj a s`joae whlrl guet`pel ondls gay hlar a sòjelslodlr ondl. As ao lxagpel, mnos`dlr a mnoilrloml rnng w`th iuee ni plnpel. @o th`smnoilrloml rnng, a sòjel plrsno starts sayòj sngl òinrgat`no enudey.

Duròj that t`gl, sngl plnpel gay fl sellpòj, aod gay ont hlar what plrsno `ssayòj. ]ngl plnpel gay ont fl sellpòj, fut ont payòj attlot`no (thly arl afel tnhlar thl plrsno, fut mhnnsl tn `jonrl). Aonthlr jrnup ni plnpel gay ont noey fl

awacl, fut fl otlrlstld o what `s flòj sa`d. Th`s east jrnup s ont noey afel tn hlarthl plrsno splacòj, fut `s aesn e`stloòj tn what `s flòj sa`d.

@o th`s lxagpel, wl mao sll that a sòjel plrsno `s frnadmastòj a glssajl tn aeenthlrs that gay nr gay ont fl afel tn hlar `t, aod ì thly arl afel tn hlar `t, gaymhnnsl tn e`stlo nr ont.

6.16.6 ]w`tmhld OltwnrcsA oltwnrc `s a slr`ls ni mnoolmtld dlv`mls. Zhlolvlr wl havl gaoy dlv`mls, thlòtlrmnoolmt`no fltwllo thlg flmngls gnrl dìi`muet as thl ougflr ni dlv`mlsòmrlasls. ]ngl ni thl mnovlot`noae ways ni òtlrmnoolmtòj dlv`mls arl

a. Rnòt tn pnòt mnoolmt`no fltwllo dlv`mls as ò tnpnenjy.f. Mnoolmt`no fltwllo a mlotrae dlv`ml aod lvlry nthlr dlv`ml as ò

tnpnenjy.m. Fus tnpnenjy `s ont pramt`mae ì thl dlv`mls arl at jrlatlr d`staomls.

Thl sneut`no tn th`s òtlrmnoolmt`v`ty prnfelg `s . A sw`tmhld oltwnrcmnos`sts ni a slr`ls ni òtlreòcld ondls maeeld . A sw`tmh `s a dlv`ml thatmrlatls tlgpnrary mnoolmt`nos fltwllo twn nr gnrl systlgs. ]ngl ni thl sw`tmhls arlmnoolmtld tn lod systlgs (mngputlrs aod tlelphnols) aod nthlrs arl usld noey inrrnutòj.

@o a sw`tmhld oltwnrc, thl traosg`ttld data `s ont passld no tn thl lot`rl gldùg.@ostlad, data arl traosilrrld irng snurml tn dlstòat`no thrnujh a slr`ls ni

ondls, maeeld . ]umh ondls arl noey mnomlrold afnut hnwtn gnvl thl data irng nol ondl tn aonthlr uotè thl data rlamhls ts dlstòat`no ondl.

Ondl

Eòc

Mngguo`mat`no Oltwnrcs

Frnadmast Oltwnrcs ]w`tmhld Oltwnrcs


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6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmhòj 4

; Thl arr`vòj pamclt gust i`rst wa`t inr thl eòc tn traosg`t Lxpeaò.

Aoswlr; 92 Tlrafytls 7 92 8 f`ts. ]n, ì usòj thl dld`matld eòc, `t wèe tacl92 8 / (1222 ) 7 482222 slmnods 7

Ontl; Assugl that thlrl arl on nthlr pamclts o thl oltwnrc lxmlpt thl nols slotfy A, aod jonrl thl pamclt prnmlssòj t`gl. Assugl fnth pamclts ineenw thl saglpath, aod thly arl ont rlnrdlrld. Thl arr`vae t`gl ni a pamclt at a ondl s dliòldas thl t`gl whlo thl east f`t ni thl pamclt has arr`vld at that ondl.

; ]òml pamclts arl slot famc-tn-famc, thl dìilrloml fltwllo thl arr`vae t`glsni thl pamclts at F rlprlslots thl traosg`ss`no t`gl ni thl slmnod pamclt no thlsenwlst eòc ò thl path. Thus, thl mapam`ty ni thl senwlst eòc `s 1222 f`ts/1 gs 7 1Gfps.

Qulst`no 14; Mnos`dlr ao òiò`tl qulul that mao slod data at 12 Cfps. Assugl thlineenwòj arr`vae traii`m;

Duròj lvlry ndd slmnod thl qulul rlml`vls ao 1222 f`t pamclt lvlry

; 12 pamclts. Thlrl arl 62 pamclts arr`vòj duròj thl slmnod aod 12pamclts slot at thl lod ni that slmnod. Thus at thl lod ni slmnod thlrl arl 12pamclts o thl qulul. Aee thl 12 pamclts wèe fl slot at thl lod ni slmnod (sòml onolw pamclts arl rlml`vld). Thus, at thl lod ni slmnod thl qulul s`zl s 2. Aitlr thatthl prnmlss rlplats.

(Ontl; Thl ineenwòj aetlroatl aoswlrs; 11 pamclts, 12 Cf, aod 11 Cf aee rlml`vldgax`gug pnòts. Thl 11 pamclts aod 11 Cfps assugl that at a t`gl whlo a pamclt srlml`vld aod aonthlr nol `s slot nut, thl rlml`vld pamclt `s aerlady ò thl qulul asthl nthlr pamclt `s slot nut.)

Qulst`no 1

;


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6.16 Oltwnrc ]w`tmh`oj


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55/58



; Rlr`nd 7 7 1 gs.Qulst`no 62; A d`j`tae s`joaeòj systlg s rlqu`rld tn nplratl at 0922 fps. @i a sygfne

lomndls a 4-f`t wnrd, what `s thl gò`gug rlqu`rld mhaoole faodw`dth> ; Thl inrguea tn usl `sGax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 6 Mhaoole faodw`dth Ougflr ni f`ts plr sagpel

@i ougflr ni dìilrlot pnss`fel vaeuls ni a sagpel `s j`vlo, usl thl inrguea

Gax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 6 Mhaoole faodw`dth

Ontl that j`vls us thl ougflr ni f`ts olldld tn rlprlslotthlg nr thl ougflr ni f`ts/sagpel.

Fasld no afnvl inrguea, 0922 6 h 4 nr h 1622 Hz.Qulst`no 61; Inr thl Qulst`no 62, what `s thl gò`gug faodw`dth inr 8-f`t wnrds>

; 0922 6 h 8 nr h 922 Hz.Qulst`no 66; A mhaoole, whnsl faodw`dth `s = GHz, has ao òtlodld mapam`ty ni 62

Gfps, Assugòj wh`tl thlrgae on`sl, what s`joae tn on`sl rat`n `s rlqu`rld tnamh`lvl th`s mapam`ty>

; \sl thl inrguea;Gax`gug ougflr ni f`ts/slm 7 H

]ufst`tutl H 7 =

aod gax`gug on ni f`ts/slm tn 62 tn jlt a

ni 122.9.

Qulst`no 6=; ]uppnsl that data s stnrld no 1.4 Gfytl ienppy d`sclttls that wl`jht =2jrags lamh. ]uppnsl that ao a`reòlr marr`ls Cj ni thlsl ienpp`ls at a splld ni


56/58




57/58



; Thl tntae upstrlag faodw`dth `s afnut 4 Jf/s. ]òml thl ièl gust fldle`vlrld tn 1,222 stud`ns, wl havl 12 TF ni data tn fl dle`vlrld. At 4 Jf/s, th`s tacls62,222 slmnods, nr rnujhey 9 hnurs.

Qulst`no =6; Inr thl Qulst`no 64;, suppnsl thl stud`n waotld tn usl thl me`lot-slrvlrglthnd òstlad. Zhat `s thl sgaeelst eòc ratl that `s rlqu`rld at thl stud`n thatwèe aeenw thl ièl tn fl d`str`futld ò uodlr 42,222 slmnods>

; Th`s t`gl plr`nd `s tw`ml thl t`gl usld inr thl i`rst part, sn thl slrvlrsupstrlag faodw`dth gust fl haei as earjl as thl upstrlag faodw`dth ni thl pllrs o

thl i`rst part. ]n, 6 Jf/s `s lonujh.Qulst`no ==; ]uppnsl a ièl ni


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A) Faodw`dth M) Irlqulomy D) Agpe`tudl D) ]plmtrug

; MQulst`no 42; @o a ^^^ sufolt, on uo`qul dld`matld phys`mae path `s lstafe`shld tn

traosg`t thl data pamclts amrnss thl sufolt>A) M`rmu`t-sw`tmhld F) Ramclt-sw`tmhld M) Earjl D) Hlavèy enadld

; FQulst`no 41; A dàe-up tlelphnol systlg usls wh`mh typl ni sufolt>

A) M`rmu`t-sw`tmhld F) Ramclt-sw`tmhld M) Frnadmast D) Enj`maeey sw`tmhld

; AQulst`no 46; A 6 cg enoj frnadmast EAO has fps faodw`dth aod usls M]GA/MD.

Thl s`joae travles aenoj thl w`rl at g/s. Zhat s thl gò`gug pamclt s`zlthat mao fl usld no th`s oltwnrc>A) A) 62 F) 42 M) 192 D) =62

; F.Rath faodw`dth 7 168 cfps

T`gl dleay 7 82 gs Tntae data 7 f`ts 7 fytls

1 pamclt s`zl 7 fytlOugflr ni pamclts 7

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