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BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
1
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1)
A rule that relates quantities.
Formula
2)
Are formulas that a researcher creates and based on
scientific observation.
Definitions
3)
It summarizes a relationship that already exists in
nature.
Law
4)
A formula that we can get other formulas.
Derivation
5)
Sometimes called the first approximation, is the
simplest approximation equivalent circuit for a
device.
First Approximation
6)
Adds one or more components to the ideal
approximation.
Second Approximation
7)
Produces a load that is constant.
Ideal dc Voltage Source
8)
Produces a constant load current for different load
resistances.
dc Current Source
9)
A current source whose internal resistance is at least
100 times larger than the load resistance.
Stiff Current Source
10)
A statement that we can prove mathematically.
Theorem
11)
Defined as the resistance that an ohmmeter
measures across the load terminals.
Thevenin Resistance
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
2
12)
Defined as the load current when the load resistor is
shorted.
Norton Current IN
13)
It states that for any theorem in electrical circuit
analysis there is a dual (opposite) theorem in which.
Duality Principle
14)
Means finding out why a circuit is not doing what is
supposed to do.
Troubleshooting
15)
Two facts about an open devices:
1. the current through an
open device is zero.
2. the voltage across it is
unknown
16)
Two facts about a shorted devices:
1. the voltage across a
shorted device is zero.
2. the current through it is
unknown
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
3
CHAPTER 2 SEMICONDUCTORS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1)
The reason why electrons are not pulled into the
nucleus.
Centrifugal
2)
It controls the electrical properties of the atom.
Valence Orbit
3)
An element with electrical properties between those
of a conductor and those of an insulator.
Semiconductors
4)
An example of a semiconductor and has four
electrons in the valence orbit.
Germanium
5)
Another example of semiconductor and became
the most practical in most electronics applications.
Silicon
6)
An orderly pattern formed when silicon atoms
combined their self to form a solid.
Crystal
7)
A bond between the opposite cores.
Covalent Bond
8)
One way to increase conductivity of a
semiconductor by adding impurity atoms.
Doping
9)
A doped semiconductor.
Extrinsic Semiconductor
10)
It is added to molten silicon to increase the number
of free electrons.
Pentavalent Atom
11)
Atom with five electrons in valence orbit and also
called donor impurities.
Pentavalent Atom
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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12)
Atom with three valence electrons and also called
acceptor atom.
Trivalent
13)
Silicon that has been doped with a pentavalent
impurity.
N-Type Semiconductor
14)
Silicon that has been doped with a trivalent impurity.
P-Type Semiconductor
15)
It is the border where the p-type and n-type regions
meet.
Junction
16)
Another name for pn crystal.
Junction Diode
17)
The pair of positive and negative ions at the junction.
Dipole
18)
Charge empty region.
Depletion Region
19)
The electric field between the ions is equivalent to
difference of potential.
Barrier Potential
20)
It is when the negative source terminal is connected
to the n-type material and the positive is connected
to the p-type material.
Forward Bias
21)
The negative battery terminal is connected to the p
side and the positive battery terminal to the n side.
Reverse Bias
22)
The reverse current caused by the thermally
produced minority carriers.
Saturation Current
23)
The temperature of the surrounding air.
Ambient Temperature
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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24)
The departure of the electron creates a vacancy in
the valance orbit.
Hole
25)
The merging of a free electron and a hole.
Recombination
26)
The amount of time between the creation and
disappearance of a free electrons.
Lifetime
27)
It means that we cannot get more minority-carrier
current than is produced by the thermal energy.
Saturation
28)
A small current flows on the surface of the crystal.
Surface-Leakage Current
29)
The temperature inside a diode, right at the pn
junction.
Junction Temperature
30)
The nucleus of a copper atom contains how many
protons?
29
31)
The net charge of a neutral copper atom.
+1
32)
How many valence electrons does a silicon atom
have?
4
33)
How many protons does the nucleus of a silicon atom
contain?
14
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
6
CHAPTER 3 DIODE THEORY
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1)
A device where the graph of its current versus
voltage is a straight line.
Linear Device
2)
A device where the graph of its current versus
voltage is not straight line.
Nonlinear Device
3)
In the forward region, the voltage at which the
current starts to increase rapidly.
Knee Voltage
4)
The knee voltage of a silicon diode.
0.7 V
5)
The ohmic resistance of a semiconductor material.
Bulk Resistance
6)
The maximum power the diode can safely dissipate
without shortening its life or degrading its properties.
Power Rating
7)
A diode acts like a switch that closes when forward-
biased and opens when reverse-biased.
Ideal Diode
8)
It is a region where either avalanche or zener effects
occurs.
Breakdown Region
9)
The maximum reverse voltage a diode can withstand
before avalanche or the zener effect occurs.
Breakdown Voltage
10)
The maximum rating specified in the data sheet.
Safety Factor
11)
A tool used to find the exact value of a diode current
and voltage.
Load Line
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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12)
In load line, this point represents maximum current.
Saturation
13)
This point represents the minimum current minimum
current.
Cut-Off
14)
It represents a simultaneous solution between the
diode curve and load line.
Q Point
15)
The knee voltage of a diode is approximately equal
to the.
Barrier Potential
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
8
CHAPTER 4 DIODE CIRCUIT
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1)
Electronic device that converts the ac input voltage
to an almost perfect dc output voltage.
Power Supply Rectifiers
2)
A rectifier with only one diode in series with the load
resistor.
Half-Wave Rectifier
3)
A transformer thatwill produce a secondary voltage
that is higher than a primary.
Step-Up
4)
A transformer that will produce a secondary voltage
that is smaller than the primary.
Step-Down
5)
A rectifier that is equivalent to two half-wave
rectifiers.
Full-Wave Rectifier
6)
Type of rectifier circuit that has four diode, two of
which are conducting at the same time.
Bridge Rectifer
7)
Used to filter the output of a rectifier.
Choke-Input Filter
8)
It states that, if you have two or more sources, you
can analyze the circuit for each source separately
and then add the individual voltages to get the total
voltage.
Super Position Theorem
9)
The fluctuation in load voltage caused by the
charging and the discharging of capacitor input
filter.
Ripple
10)
A regulator that uses a transistor that switches
between saturation and cut-off.
Switching Regulator
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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11)
A filter that produce a dc output voltage equal to
the peak value of the rectified voltage.
Capacitor-Input Filter
12)
The maximum voltage across the non-conducting
diode of a rectifier.
Peak Inverse Voltage
13)
The initial rush of current when the power is turned on.
Surge Current
14)
This device not only reduces the ripple, it also holds
the output voltage constant.
IC Voltage Regulator
15)
The diodes used in low-frequency power supplies.
Rectifier Diodes
16)
This diodes are optimized for use at high frequencies
and have power ratings less than 0.5W.
Small-Signal Diodes
17)
A circuit that removes either positive or negative
parts of a wave form.
Clipper
18)
The circuit removes all the positive parts of the input
signal.
Positive Clipper
19)
The series resistance must be 100 times greater than
bulk resistance and 100 times smaller than the load
resistance.
Stiff Clipper
20)
The circuit removes all the negative parts of the input
signal.
Negative Clipper
21)
It means, applying an external voltage to change the
reference level of a circuit.
Bias
22)
The output signal when the input voltage is very large
compared to the bias level.
Square Wave
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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23)
It adds a dc voltage to the signal.
Clamper
24)
The same as a rectifier with a capacitor input filter
used for output voltage of the peak detector.
Peak Detector
25)
Connecting two or more stages so that the output of
one stage is the input to the next.
Cascaded Stage
26)
A redesign of the peak-to-peak detector, it uses
rectifier diodes instead of small-signal diodes.
Voltage Doubler
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
11
CHAPTER 5 SPECIAL – PURPOSE DIODE
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1)
A diode designed to operate in reverse break over
with a very stable voltage drop.
Zener Diode
2)
Three regions where a zener diode can operate:
Forward;
Leakage;
Break-Down
3)
As long as the reverse current is less than _________
the diode is operating with the safe range.
IZM
4)
Referred as bulk resistance in the reverse region.
Zener Resistance
5)
Also called voltage regulator diode.
Zener Diode
6)
Circuit used when you want a dc output voltage that
is less than the output of a the power supply.
Zener Regulator
7)
Sometimes called high-field emission, this occurs
when the intensity of the electric field becomes high
enough to dislodge valence electrons in reverse
biased diode.
Zener Effect
8)
The breakdown voltage of a zener diode.
Zener Voltage
9)
It is defined as the change in breakdown voltage per
degree of increase of temperature.
Temperature Coefficient
10)
The zener regulation is approaching a dropout or
failure condition when zener current is.
Near Zero
11)
The power rating usually include in the data sheet
where diode can handle without exceeding.
Maximum Current
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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12)
Also include in the data sheet tells you how much
you have to reduce the power rating of a device.
Derating Factor
13)
The technology that combines optics and
electronics.
Optoelectronics
14)
Resistor that prevents the current from exceeding the
maximum current rating of the diode.
Current-Limiting Resistor
15)
The brightness of an LED depends on the _________.
Current
16)
It contains seven rectangular LED’s.
Seven-Segment Display
17)
The seven-segment indicator were all anode are
connected together.
Common-Anode Type
18)
The seven-segment indicator were all cathode are
connected together.
Common-Cathode Type
19)
A reversed-biased diode that is sensitive to incoming
light.
Photodiode
20)
A combination of LED and photo-diode, an input
signal to the LED is converted to varying light which is
detected by the photodiode.
Opto-Coupler
21)
Light that has many different phases.
Non-coherent Light
22)
A diode that produce a coherent light.
Laser Diode
23)
This means that all the light wave is in-phase with
each other.
Coherent Light
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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24)
Analogous to a stranded wire cable, except that the
strands are thin flexible fibers of glass or plastic that
transmit light beams instead of free electrons.
Fiber-Optic Cable
25)
The temporary storage of free electrons in the upper
energy band and holes n the lower energy band.
Charge Storage
26)
The time it takes to turn off a forward-biased diode.
Reverse Recovery Time
27)
A special-purpose diode with no depletion layer,
extremely short reverse recovery time, and ability to
rectify high-frequency signals.
Schottky Diode
28)
A diode optimized for a reverse capacitance, the
larger the reverse voltage, the smaller the
capacitance.
Varactor
29)
The frequency of a lead-lag circuit or the frequency
of an LC tank circuit where the voltage gain and
phase shift are suitable for oscillation.
Resonant Frequency
30)
A device acts like two back-to-back zener diodes,
used across he primary winding of a power
transformer to prevent line spikes from entering the
equipment.
Varistor
31)
These device keep the current through them fixed
when the voltage changes.
Current-Regulator Diodes
32)
A diode conducts reverse current for a while and
then suddenly snaps open.
Snap Diode
33)
Multiple input frequency.
Harmonics
BOOK REVIEW IN ELECTRONICS Electronics Principle By Malvino
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34)
A diode that conducts better in the reverse than in
the forward directions.
Back Diode
35)
This type of diode exhibits a phenomenon known as
negative resistance.
Tunnel Diode
36)
This means that an increase in forward voltage
produces a decrease in forward current.
Negative Resistance
37)
The negative resistance of a tunnel diode is useful in
high-frequency circuits called.
Oscillators