ELEXBO Electrotechnics/Electronics

ELEXBO A-Car-Engineering

Electrotechnics/Electronics

Repetition

1

Task: -Construct successively all schematic diagrams and describe your findings. -Describe also the differences between the previous electrical diagram.

Construct this electrical circuit and describe the physical process, when the lamp lights up. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Now, interrupt the cable ahead of the switch: What's happening now and what's the reason? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Now, interrupt the cable ahead of the lamp: What's happening now and what's the reason? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

2

Now, remove the cables from the switch and hold once the metallic contacts together and once the plastic insulation: Justify: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Now install the 10 Ω resistor into the circuit. Describe and justify! ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Now install the 47 Ω resistor into the circuit. Describe and justify!. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

3

Connect the ammeter as drawn in the electrical diagram and measure the current: Your result:………. Now, calculate the resistance of the lamp at a voltage of 4.5 volt. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What would be the value of the current if a 47 Ω resistor is installed? Justify: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Calculate the current! Now, measure the current and compare the result with the calculation: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

4

What voltage value will indicate the voltmeter? Your estimation: ……… Now, measure the voltage across the lamp. Procedure: 1. Select the correct range = V

( maybe 20V) 2. Swich on the multimeter 3. Connect the cables, close the

switch and read the value. Justify: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What voltage value will now indicate the voltmeter? Your estimation: …….. Now, measure the voltage across the lamp. ……… Justify: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

5

What voltage value will indicate the voltmeter by means of the above findings? Your estimation:……….. Now measure the voltage across the 10 Ω resistor. Result: ……… Justify: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What voltage value will indicate the voltmeter by means of the above findings? Your estimation: ……… Calculate, the value that the voltmeter will indicate Now, measure the voltage across the 47 Ω resistor. Result:…………. Justify: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

6

-Describe the general procedure to measure resistances

What voltage value will indicate the voltmeter by means of the above findings? Your estimation:……… Calculate the value that the voltmeter will indicate Now, measure the voltage across the lamp. Result:…………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1……………………………………………………………………………………. 2……………………………………………………………………………………. 3…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… The Ohm value should ……………… ………………………………………….. 4…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Measure the resistor: Result:………………….



Repetition

7

Now, measure the 100 Ω resistor. What should be considered: ………………………………………………………………………… Result:………………

How many ohms does the resistor marked with 10kΩ really have? Solution: ……………….. What should be considered when you measure such a large resistor of 10 kΩ? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Result:……………..



Repetition

8

How are the two resistors connected? ……………………………….. Calculate the resistance value that the ohmmeter should indicate. Calculation: Now, measure the resistance Result:……………. Is it correct?....................................

How are the two resistors connected? ……………………………………. Calculate the resistance value that the ohmmeter should indicate. Calculation: Now, measure the resistance Result:…………….. Is it correct?...........................................



Repetition

9

Look at the circuit and consider how big the current will be by means of the above circuit. Estimation:………………………. Calculate the current flow using the previous values: Measure and compare the result: Measurement result:…………………………

Look at the circuit and consider how big the current will be across the 10Ω resistor, by means of the above circuit. Estimation: …………………………….. Calculate the current flow by means of the previous values: Measure and compare the result: Is it correct: …………………………….



Repetition

10

-We simplify the picture of the multimeter by using the symbol

Calculate the current flow by means of the previous values: Measure and compare the result: …………………………

Calculate the current flow by means of the previous values:

Measure and compare the result: …………………..

Calculate the current flow by means of the previous values: Measure and compare the result: …………………………



Repetition

11

Calculations and measurements of resistances

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:…………. Now, measure and compare: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:…………………….. Now, measure and compare: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:………………….. Now, measure and compare: ……………………………………………………………..

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:………………….. Now, measure and compare: ………………………………………………………



Repetition

12

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:…………………… Now, measure and compare: …………………………………………….

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Now, measure and compare: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Berechnen Sie den Widerstand, den das Ohmmeter anzeigen wird: Messen Sie nun und vergleichen: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate Result:………………. Now, measure and compare: ………………………………………..



Repetition

13

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:……………… Now, measure and compare: …………………………………………………

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:……………… Now, measure and compare: ……………………………………………………..

Calculate the resistance that the ohmmeter will indicate: Result:……………… Now, measure and compare: ……………………………………………………..



Repetition

14

Now, turn the potentiometer and describe the findings. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Give a meaningful name to the component:……………………………….. Where could we use this circuit? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Change the temperature at the resistor and measure the voltage across the LED lamp. What is the function of this resistor? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. What is the technical name for this resistor? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Now, turn the potentiometer and describe the findings. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is the advantage of the larger value of the potentiometer? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

15

What is the difference between the previous and the actual symbol? ……………………………………………. Now, what happens when you heat the resistor? ………………………………………… What is the name of this resistor? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Construct this circuit and observe the brightness of the LED. Now, darken (cover) the LDR with your hand and observe the LED. What is happening? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Where could we use this circuit? …………………………………………..

Construct this circuit and measure the resistance of the LDR. Now, darken the LDR with your hand and measure the ohm value. What is happening? ………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

16

What is the name of the component with the marking 47μF? ……………………………………. Construct this circuit. Press the left push button switch What is happening? ………………………………………. Now, press the left push button switch a second time and observe the LED: What is happening now? …………………………………………….. Now, press the above push button switch and then the left push button switch again. What is happening now? Describe what is happening into the circuit, when the left push button switch is closed and draw the current flow in the diagram on the left. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is happening, when you press the above push button switch? Draw the current flow in the diagram on the left. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

17

Describe with your own words the structure and the function of a capacitor. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Which two values are important for a capacitor? ………………………………….. ……………………………………………………….

Describe what is happening in this circuit. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Construct this circuit and check your description. Was your estimation correct? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

What will happen in this circuit? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………… Construct this circuit and check your description. Your estimation …………………………………………………………………………………………………..



Repetition

18

What is the name of this component in the above circuit? ………………………. Describe the function ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What voltage remains across the lamp? Value:…………….. What is the voltage consumption of this component?................ What do we call this voltage loss? ……………………………………………

What is happening in this circuit? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Where is this component often used (2) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Connect the battery terminals alternately Explain your findings ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is the name of this testing device? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..............



Repetition

19

The Zener diode

What is the distinctive feature of the diode symbol? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Describe the function ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… How does the circuit function? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

20

Now, measure the base current:……………… Now, measure the collector current:………………………….. Calculate the amplification factor and write down a description B= The amplification factor indicates……………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... What is the benefit of a transistor as an electronic switch? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Now, measure the voltage across the base and the ground and draw the voltmeter in the electrical diagram:………………………………. What is the needed voltage to the transistor to become fully conductive?......................... Now measure the voltage loss across the collector and the emitter. UCE =………………… What is the power dissipation when a current of 71 mA flows through the lamp? Calculation: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The transistor is an electronic ………………………………… Construct the circuit and operate the switch. By operating the switch …………… the lamp Label the three terminals of the transistor. Draw the load circuit through the lamp in red and the control circuit in green.



Repetition

21

Now, calculate the power dissipation P = …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Which applications could be made with it? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

The transistor as an amplifier Turn the potentiometer and observe the brightness of the lamp. For what purpose the transistor could also be used? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Set the potentiometer at half brightness, now, measure the collector current Ic ………………… and the voltage drop UCE ………….

Describe the function of this circuit …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

22

Light barrier with two-stage amplifier

Write the title to this circuit. Give a description of the function …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Construct the circuit. With the potentiometer the sensitivity can be adjusted. Check your description

What has changed in this circuit compared to the above circuit? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

23

Simple light barrier with LDR (dark switching)

Light barrier with two-stage amplifier (bright switching)

Describe the function of this circuit ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Describe: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

24

Variable delay switch circuit

Variable delay switch-off circuit

Construct the circuit and describe the function …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is happening in the capacitors? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What happens when you connect only one capacitor? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Construct this circuit and describe the function! ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. What is happening in the capacitors? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. What happens when you connect only one capacitor? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

25

What can we achieve with this circuit? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Darlington-Circuit as light barrier

What do you notice about this circuit? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Take the cable of the base in one hand and touch the positive terminal of the battery with the other hand. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… This circuit is called ……………………..

Describe the differences to the above circuit ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

26

Simple flasher circuit

Flasher with variable time (astable multivibrator)

Activate the circuit and describe the function ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… This circuit is called ……………………………………..

Replace the 10kΩ resistors as described in the electric diagram and observe the circuit by turning the potentiometers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

27

Timer flasher circuit with light and LDR

Soundgenerator (control buzzer)

Bistable multivibrator (flip-flop basic circuit)

Describe: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

An astable multivibrator vibrates at a high frequency and can make the diaphragm of the loudspeaker vibrate. ……………………………………………………………



Repetition

28

Bistable multivibrator (basic circuit Flip-Flop)

Bistable multivibrator (basic circuit with one entry, Flip-Flop)

Describe: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What is the basic function of this circuit? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Describe: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Now, with a push button switch (order) we can switch on or off the LED. This is the basic unit of a computer 1Bit = Information Dark = 0 Bright = 1



Repetition

29

Monostable multivibrator (Timer)

Threshold circuit (Schmitt-trigger and digitizing with it)

Connect a voltmeter across the output of the potentiometer and the ground. Turn the potentiometer Describe: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Where can we use this circuit? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Describe: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..



Repetition

30

Timer

Temperature threshold circuit (Temperature dependent Schmitt-trigger)

Each pulse of the push will be converted into an equally long duty cycle of the lamp. Therefore, any input signal can be converted into any defined temporal output signal. This component is also called Puls shaper

Above a certain temperature, the lamp turns on an off clearly, without showing a dimmer area. At a certain temperature, the cooling fan turns on. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

31

Temperature control circuit with NTC

Simple relay circuit

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Describe: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Which electronic component is replaced by the relay? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

32

Pulse control circuit (on – off function with self locking)

Relay with switch off delay

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Which electronic circuit replaces this relay circuit? ………………………………..

Press the push button switch at different potentiometer positions and observe the reaction time of the relay. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

33

Circuit with switch on delay

-Feedback principle oscillator

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………



Repetition

34

-Metronome (clock generator)

Time circuit with Timer IC 555

The circuit produces a short, rapid sound pulse …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

In an IC, there are a lot of transistors and resistors installed in order that a function can be realised by a simple external circuit. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….



Repetition

35

Voltage regulator (alternator-regulator)

Turn the 220 Ω Potentiometer and observe the voltmeter. With increasing voltage the lamp should go out at about 3V. So, this is a voltage regulator which limits the voltage to 3V.

The thyristor What are the names of the three terminals? A = ……………………… K = …………………….. G = …………………….. Label the connections Describe the function The thyristor is a special transistor which remains in a conducting state when it is controlled by the gate. It can only be switched off again, by interrupting the load current circuit.

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ELEXBO Electrotechnics/Electronics