12th International Conference on Selishan Languages

August 18-20 1977, Colville, Washington, USA

A Haisla Phonology

Hein Vink

Univorsity of Leiden, thE! t~atharland9

111

Tho followin9 paper contains 0 brief outline of the Haisla soundsystem

together with ~orpho~hon~losical notes (oxclusive of reduplications).

Accordin. to some old lales (seOI Gordon Robinson, Tales of Kitamaat. ed.

\orth·~rn Sentinel Pro,s, Kitimat B.C.) tho Haisla population originates

frem Rivp.rs Inlet in the south and moved up north to the area of Kitlope

and Kenano at tho Gnrdncr Chnnnol and to their present settlement at the

Dougla. Channel ne~r Kitimat. Contact with people from the area of Lekelse

Lake and the Skeen;) Valby in the north - so with Tsimshian culture - led

to the fo1' .. ;,;ion of what was called lllter on the Kitamaat people (Ta. "peoplo

of the falling snow").

rlo·~aclays tt-e "reas ax-ound Kitlopa end Kemano ere ab6ndoned by tha native

population. The only pIece ",here Haisle is still spokon is near the Douglas

Chanr.al in Kit"",aet Village, about 8 miles from the town of Kitfmat. Together

~ith M9iltsuk (Epo~en in Bella Balla and Klomtul, Oowekyala (Rivers Inlet)

and K~a~~ala (Ale~t Bay, fort Rup~rt and Port Hardy) it forms the North­

!ilakasr,an sub-family of languages.

In U:is place grat"ful mention should be m.ado of the Netherlends Organization

for the I.d\ioncen:ent of Pure Rasearch for its financial aupport to the study

of ~ais19, as well as to my main consultants mr. Jeffrey lageek, mrs. Louisa

8arbetti, mrs. ~elisso Woods end mrs. Amelia Grant for their invaluable aid

atld their friendly cooperaUon. ,

1

112 Chart of Haisln rhonBres

OBSTRUENTS RESCW,NTS i,:J~C .. 5

PLOSIVES rRICATIVES NASALS & LIQUIDS GLIDES

plain asp. glatt. cons. glott. cons. glott. high r..ec. , ,

labial b p p III III III .. U C

• • dental d t t n n , alveolar z c c a

• i lateral A >. ~ ,

1 1 , palata-velar 9 k k x Y y i e

velar 0 kO kO 0 rounded 9 x • uvular ~ q q X

rounded uvuler gO qO '0 .. 0 q x

laryngeal ? h

I'I stress 1.1, /1/ phonomically markad morpheme-boundary end redu~licaticn si~n ra6p. In phonotic notation I 'aspiration, ~ boginning or end of a w~rd

0.0 The Habla aound-system comprises "7 phonot:lcs: 42 conSQr.ants (C) ar.d 5 11::'::'8:" (V).

The consonants Bre subdivided into 32 obstruilnts (K) and lG res~na"tB (R). In tra

category of obstrucnts plosives (T) and fricativAs (S) "'·Jst he clistir.;o.:is;.ed, !,., tr.~

category of rosononte nasals/liquids (r;) and glices {V}. Plcsives o;~~se as~i=a~Ed

mombsl's (t) to plain (d) and glottalizBd (t) ones. Velar a~d uvula. serieS coth MH'

their labialized counterparts.

0.1 Plain plosivcs are unaspirated lenes. Generally plain plo~iv~s are vviC6:~SS, out

often voicing is heard in the s;>Bech of differ-ant consultar.ts. In my ::~cr.etic: 1'0."­lions plain obstruents will be rendered Lb, d, etc._7. ;'spiraticn of ;->:OSiVe3 is

rather heavy. Aspirated plosives are easier to disting~ish frc~ no~-ar~irz~ed c,e~

than plain plosives are from their rather weakly glottalizec counter::€rt~. Aspira~e= • J _, , 0

plosives are deespirated in u.ord-finel pesi tion cf. Q '",ext L QI\':::c~);t _7 "l<.:y", ; sst

["gOost_7 "tears", ~ap Lr.>wap_7 "w~t.er"l gU'kOlut {"gYu'ko'elut_7 "011 t:-.e ::leiC::er_ cf

II vlllage",

Clottalic plo!lives 9ive the impression of being a comoination of plain ;l:osive ..

glottal stoP. They are opposed to their plein counterpartsl d'~kca L-da,~~0'a_7 "to , 0 r' 0

kick s.b. u lIs. t'mk at... tatmk '8_7 "to shrink", zi'koa L-zi 1 Ko'a_i "eng,':':lsu \IS.

f

~Iko. /-~i'ko'a 7 "clams", gla'la L9E!la lla_7 "to wait for s.th. or s.b." vs. ~13'1a ,- -{'qI!J.a'le_7 "far",

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0.12

113 ·2-

~ith tOg .xception of labials and dentals there 15 e fricative counterpart at every

plac. of articulation in the category of obstruents. rricatives are voicelass, only

Ihi sho~s a slight voicing as e.g. in G.rman.

As the palato-velar sounds ara always pronounced with palatalization rgY, kY', , . kY, xY.7 the distinction betueen palata-velar snd uvular sounds 1s clear. (specially

with the aspirated palate-velar and uvular sounds and their rounded counterpart.

CkY', q', kO', qO:7 tha aspiration caus.s a considerllble fricUon, mra so than

in the other sarias.

Rounded velars are pronounced further back than palate-velars, which makes thelll

harder to distinguish fro. their uvular counterparts. The two are in opposition to '0 r' 7 each other cr. k i'ta kOi't's "to scatter, to separate fighting people" vs.

'0 C'o" 1· • '0 ·'0 '0'0 . q i'ta q 1 t a_ "to hug, to embrace". k as t. k as.7 "MUocles" va. q a'aa Cq Il'sa ...

-to cry, to tleep", xO'ltla Cxou'lt'ale.7 "fira" Vlh t'l Ct'ul.l "animal ret".

Sefore lui beth unroundad and rounded velars end uvulars occur. Unrounded velars

are palataliz.d Vhen praceding lui cf. gUXO rgYwxo 7 "hous.". gagume's CgYagy~ma's ; .. - .. -"oight-o~l", kV'dm ~kYw'dem-1 "quill". xu'sa CxYw'sa_7 "lungs", Unroundad uvulars

reM3ir. unrQunced before Iv/ and the soundvalue of lu/ is invariably ;-ou. aU 7 cf. , . . ,- -qu'ta Cc.:Ju 't'a_7 "to eat b&rrias with a IIpoon". quta' Cq'oVta '-1"fvll. satisfiad",

~u'ta ~xaV't·._7 "to ladla rood from one container into .n other", ~u'da CgoU'da_7

"that thore (vis.)".

Rounded volars and uvulars before Ivl ara vary rare cf. pu'x°ud Cp·u'xoud.7

"to 99t r1d of s.th. In your .outh". xa'xOuyayu ;-ia't'uyayu 7 "boning knife", '0 ' -'0' 1 .-q uta'! I q vtl! "blanket". - - . , Unrounc!ed vt'lars and uvulars after lui era r.re. Exampl.s' ki'ks"uglla

CkYi'kY~S"oUgYila_7 "to sing e funeral song". ~iku'kn C~lkY'u'kY'~_7 - •• b. who

borrows eveTYthing".

Lebializatton 1. of tan ooltted in cases 1n which ICKol represants CCaKo, CUKo_7 cf.

dko.da· C ~ksda' _i "to JtlrIIp into the watar". wherass the V in the II1Orp/1ame 'lev'" I chan!,:as SOIl'.eU".s into schara cf. ddqo sdu' C d.daqadu' _7 "plain big .y .... (duQo.

, ° ° "to aaa"), ns"nk • Cna'?neka.7 "each one" (nox • "the number one")

elha vo .. als /il and lui have a .. ide range 0' variaUon.

a) li,ul have tha soundvl/lue I8f , oU} after uvular, h, I", V", I". i ,- , -

11/ sounds Ca .7. atter p,t= t lui sounds rov, aV 7 after t, t

Exempl.51 9i'P!-{gei'p:i-1 "fr~Ck1aS", qina'x Cq'ai na'x-1"Shoe, boot", ~us C'qaUa_

"laka", lIu~ ClIaV~] "sl.dgahemmer", Xi'ko.Cx:1:"'ko'!7 "t.o tllk.". rn-' ChoU.'-1

"to ssk • qu.ation", 91x ~.lxy_7 "geod", 'v'mas ~"ou"ma • .7 "big". 9iga9ile's

~.igYa?i1.'.-1 "sterarooa, cellar". "1'kuy."ina'''v C"ai 'kY'wya?8i na'''ou.l "to

~.t used to s.th.", gu'''ugOugOl CgY.'''oVgOugOI.7 "leg.", .x?l'd Cmax"a1 'd_7"to 0.. I· 0 u J ' 0 C' 1 ° 7 throw •• th • ... y., 9 .'x~ , , .'x'>o d "to .1ow •• th. down", pl'x. pa'x a_

3

114 :; -"to fnol with your hands", ~i'xOa r~eilxoa 7 ttblnck bear". tU'XOSdU i-~cU.;,!l!..t::...._~

t i ' - -"narrow", U'qgat rt'a 'qH/al. 7 "to el<plodo", tu'so rt'oU'r;a 7 "to cut s.th. o~f". tile' rt'ailt:' 7 :bsit" ~i~Xs~flI r~Oi~oxgo'm 7 "bluC~erry'" -_ _ t _ _

b) wordfinally Cai, Ou or aU_7 aU heard artor ?,otherwise o~e hears Cii~, u/~] cf. hide'?i rhaida'?ei 1 "ha/sha over thare (kno .. n to us)", SliIa'4a;..;;u>:0?1

CgYu?wa'~·';;'·nu:O?ei]-: .. e will halp him/them (known to U3)", p'nc.d Cp'&'nc'sz~_7. "belly-button", ~a'U r;'a't'e 7 "any.;<ind of oil. eulnchon greasa", zCI'r;cu rz,"~co

-black eya", gu'gOi C;Yw'g°J.:'7 "leg", 9i'9mi CgYi'gr<Di] "mask", yiku' C;1kY'U':;: "halibut hook", pi'sa1atu C p'i 'saIat"!!7 "to have 8 ringing in your ear"

Note. Wordfinal li/ and lui represent tha soundvalues C-:'_7 and C-~/_7 1n a nu~er

of ca~eswithout any apparont rulel

1) both C-i/, -a/7 end ;--u/, -of 7 can ba pronouncod cr. ?ogOi' r?An;oi'.?~n~eul; , . - - . - , - .-"who", 98'li'l-sa'?l!, sa'?le 7 "ringfingpr", watni r,,·a'?ni. t:a'''ne 7 tI:--e.:t'i.!.r:;" ,

- .-,. r ·-'0 ys'nu "Y.'nu, ya'no 1 "club", na'qbu rna'qobu, na'qa~o 7 "thirsty", '>ula'~ bu t. , • _, _ ._

C"oula 'q°ebu, ?oula 'qOsb~_7 "full of doubt".

2} from a morphophonamicpoint of vio~ one and the sarna suff~x is di(f~rcntly Dro­

nounced in di (feront Ulords cf" !011, !.uli "root, plant": we ·)(.~oli r ~;~ 'xY \:,01= 7 "wild turnip or carrot with a poisonous root", ?o,x:tlsuli L?':)'XOSU1;_i 1Cpc!::o~-roct ... ,. tu'i(°siwauCt'ou'l'(°&1wale 7 "indian rhubarb", oSrl1 "nar.-.e of (parts or) 2:-:i",a:":

.- f ., .,..' i' l' _ - • . hada'n! Chada'ni_7 "black cod", Utieu:a'niL ta ta clOla',,:-, "testicles", -2i \!li

.fter nasal or affricate) "in tU10 halves'" q 'nzi C q '" 'nz.i _7 "string en a bo::-,

p'nc.zi ;-p's'nc'aze 7 "belly-buttor,", !sdu"pertaini.,g to sigt1t": ZZv5C:J' L-;'Jl"~:;;<

"",ith Ja~anesa ayes:: ddqOsdu' CdBdaqsdu'_7 "plain big e)'e~", za'sdo./ I-za's:::) 7 "black eye", =xu "on a flat surface": h'r:1zZU rh~';:-;zazu 7 "table U , kO·;ZU /-1<6:~'1;;:':> /

- T -.-"mattress", gizwa-·zu rgYizVls'zo 7 "calendar:', :ayu. -yu after Vena f, u.inst:~r.sntn: , , - .- , kada'yu CkYada'Yu] "pencil". !I'lyu ~g"'l'>y~_7"rack for dryins salr;:;n".

3) Tha soundvalua of wardfinal li/ and /ul as C-~/-1 resp. ~-~'_7 is d::in!tslf due to suffixes that sound tho .oma in every instance of ",ordfinal occur.~n:e ef. ttl • • ,. ...

.aci "object, thing": ps'?oi rpo'?ace 7 "toolbox", IMa'ci ;-", .. ns'ce / ""::U"''', -.- . -, .- '0 y ":

~"ini "part of f!sh": bl'x?ini rbt'xY?ine 7 "scale or fish", kOa'x?ir:i t·", ;;'" "1r.;, i , -.- -.-".lime on a fish". :'sanu. sanu "receptacle, stick", h'mcanu rh,,'c;:c'ano i -11:1,/ utEi'si:

" - t .-for 8ating, fork" .1tu 'psanu Ciou 'psano 7 "barbecue-stick". ~i 'xsanu L-;'" i 'X5<. ?~.-:,_i

• .- t •

·ona drumstick", mksa'nu Cmekss''''no 7 .. drumstic;c ... .:.(a)mu "tangled into s.th.": , .- ,~ , , . ., du'sdsalllu ;-dtt'sdess"mo 7 "numb (a leg)", ci'sdsamu rci'sdesa?/:,o I "to ",ave '/""::

-.- t -, .• -

feat tangled up in a rope", :'xawi "neck'" ?a'tlawi L'Ia 'taxau;e_7 tllr.t..:scles i:l tt:e r • .sck" , ,- .,. "" p1'c~aUfi Cp'1'ceX8U1G_7 "adam's apple", ~qai:ii "neck": gtlct)~a::~i!~i CS"'lG"8yvCQ~G;.o:_1

"collar-b0M.", "~a"i'(meaning uncertain)s'90'nc.~awi C~ou'nc'a9a .... } Phorse cla:;:s", I.qy -h.ad", ~a'z.aqYl r~a'zUc!aq'8ya 7 "crollin of the head; to do ;.th. correctly", - , .; ~XAi"pertaining to •• th. extralll8"' ",a'laXA! C?Vla·UxA.~_7 "last", ?'m::;,,,),,i

C"4'mblx~e 1 "to be fir.t", ~1ti "at sa8. on watar": 10'ya;"1 ~lo'ya~'~_7 "to se c~t .- ,. by boat", :'.yu "neck, chin": "aqxu'cyuraqexoUrc'Iy~J"to widen the neckpart o~ G

0.3

0.4

0.5

·4·

115 , , shirt boing too nnrrolll" , !.(=,:)1 "nominal suffix"l Aa'ti["l,a't':_7 "eny kind of

oil, eulachon grease". ?wa'sgni /·?awa'sgYlno 7 "back of the head, neck", ?'n~?"qOl . - . .-,

r?,.'n'Y.? ..... qo·o 7 "fog on ocoan", lta'?api rxa'?apa 7 "cradle", bkoi' Cbako's'7 (.. .-, , T -r f.f , .­

-body, persona", !.(s)kani "hand"1 hi'ikutkani rha 'ikYutkYane 7 "right hand", I , " -.-

"o'Zk",tkani r"o'zekYutkYane 7"lert hand". . .-It should ba noted that sub 1) the examples and sub 2) and 3) the inatances of suf-

fixes are exhaustiva for the present lexicon.

The vowel lei has the pronunciation ra, li 7, the letter in wordmediel position only, i ·'0 ,- '0'

cf. 8a'~?id ["sa',,?e d.7 "to shove", q ute't ["q uta't.7 "blanket", bblgatbo.'t

["b9bslgYiitbo't_7 "continuous nose-bleeding",

A vetisl /aa/ • I-a' 7 - found only stressed, occurs in the middle ofa word and word-,,. - t, > ,

finally cf. I<lpklt::as's ["kYIlpkYUbs·'s.7 "doorknob". nae ["?na'-.7 "to pick berris.s".

The sec;uenca /?aa-/ occurs as [" i?e' _7 inroot-E'xpansive alternation with [" #?1\.7 cf,

?aa'n~oala ["?a"nr/ala .. ? "fog on land" and "'nqOle[""",nqo's18_7 "shade, foggy day". i i

Tha vo~cl /e/ - ;-t 7 - always occurs as a half-long vowel in stressad position, The

lexicon provid€'s-OJ'\~y two cases with li"&- 7v:Lz. ?e'ga 1?r.'gYa 7 "to save a per-, -f t . -. - - , - -

son"end "e'ka r'1r;'kYs'l "to treet a person gently, to dos.th. slowly". As /e/. - - i ;-r. 7 - is opposed to /e/ - ;-a 7 - on the one hand and to /i/ -;-e 7 - on the

- _ - "_ _ . - - • _ t --other, it must be considered a separate phoneme cf, Aka' LAskY'a!7 "new moon" and

Ake' ["A9kY'£ :7 "island". ?e 'gB t:?£ 'r/ a.7 "to save a person" and '71 'ge ["?ai 'gYa_7

"to store s.th. away~

The sa~e as is said about lei holds for /0/ . ;-0 7 -, a halflong vowel that is

el",ays stressed. It is opposed to jul· ruo OU 7-- cf. noxo rnoxO] "the number one" - - - - , VB. the suffix _nuxo C-nwxo_7 "we (exclusive)", ?op [""op_7 "fathex:" VS. ?u'piga r u'iy -{. '10 'pe 9 a_I "shin".

There are some instances of a vowel /00/ - ["0'.7, in very slow speech ["0'10_7-cf. kOo'ota rko'o"t'a, kO'o'?iSt's 7 "to play an instrument", kOolodn rko'o"den,

- ,- • i . , 1 kO'o'?~dan 7"instrument", kOikoo'otinixo /-ko'iko'o"te nIxo, kO'iko'o'?iSte nlxo 7 - - --ban", brchestratt •

Stress. Haisla words show a clearly distinguishable strass as the predominant prosodic

feature. Though there are many wo.rds that have their first syllabla stressed, it can

by no ~eans be given es a general rule, as a considerable amount of the items in the . '0 i '0 leXicon has middle or final stress~cf. bk ga' Lbi.'Jk egYa't 7 "to atart talking",

, '0 'I "'y - •• vs. bu'qOgat rbu'q eg at7 "to fart". ka'ya ["k a'''yaJ "to disappear" va, kya'

C' Y . J -. . r u u 7 '0 r'o 7 k I?ya' "operation", qulu'n '- q'o 10 '0_" "beaver" vs. q u'lun !. q u'lLin.

analDe ot, a plant .ith heavily scented yellolll bloseoms".

5

116 - 5 -0.51 The following pairs show that strass is phonemiC in Haisla:

kLl'tle ["kY'wt'sla] "to get tho right answer to a problem"

kutla' {'kYwt.'r>la'] "to suspect S.b.'1

'0 -'a 7 q a'qla [q a'q'ala_ "to call for help, to scream" '0 ["'0. 7 de$1ro_ s. th. 1$ q eqla' q aq sla '. "~o

ma'tla Cma'tla] "to swim (said of parsons)"

lIIaila' ["maila'] "to work together on onl' Job"

lIIu'xola ["~w'xo&le.7 "hump-backed person" muxola' ["mwxoala'.7 "to admire"

mLl'xo?id Cmw'Xo?id] "to tie a knot, to bend o.ver" muxo?i'd ["mwXo?i'd.7 "to throw a rock"

mi'l.a ["mi'),'s) "to miss s shot"

,m1l.a' ["miA'e') "to go .. rang, to make a ~istaka"

?ida'?u C"aida '?oU 7 "niCkname for mother (by youn~g onos)" i . -, (given by har grandparents)" ?ide?u' ["?a da?ou'_7 "nicknama for e gIrl

?i'x~ika C?ei 'xY·?e1kY·a] "to swing 8 hammer·'

?ix?il(s' C" ei xY'7ll i kY' e'.7 "to aat a well-balanced diat" , , C'1ms''1mai a.7 ma'mata "to pity" . , ["'?ma?ma'ia.7 present" mama'ia "to give s,th. es a

~oa'las t:~oa'las] "lizard"

g°ola's {"gOale's] "quitting~ time"

0.52 Longer words may have two stresses of. ?ma' zgo dala' C?atr.a' zog°i.'Jr:.alt ~ _7 "bs!;",

xOa,~OnugOdme' ["xoa'xOunUgOudemc' 7 "doll", The stress of a single .. oro r.:ay change -" f .,

through the influence of clitics or because of suffixationcf. ~8'lo ;-~a'l~= 7 , I . ..-

"cotton, wool" va, pal'mgiwa LPele'mgYiwa_7 "ribbon. hairbandaround tha t:air".

0.53 There are a few instances in which pitch. eeside the stress, plays a role. In c~e

peculiar case pitch eppaers to be phonemic' "'lxasu is the i!-8"', sourcing eit:-'er , C?Io.'lxflsu.7 "he has been beaten up, but is not yet dead" or L?;"lxasu] ~s.b.

committed a murder on him, he 1s killed". Tha fact that part of the populaticn cf

Kitemaat Village originates from the regions or Kitlope and Kemano (i.e. close .0 tha area whera Heiltsuk is spoken) and IIIOved rathar racently up north tc Kitamaat

Villaga may ba an explanation for these occurrences of pitch.

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117

Consonant-groups e~e broken up by schwa's which are almost wholly predictable. To

give the rules for their occurrence • tho symbols for classos o~ consonants will bo

used as oxposed ~n 0.0. A word-initial sequence Icc elways contains 0 schwal {"/eee-_7.

Otherwise schllle remains absant in the following sequences only,

-tK- -SK- -HK-

-NR-

It 1.s present thorofore 1n the remaining cases I

-tll-

, -tK. , -tR·

-YK.

-SR- -YR-

ba';ples (l). ° y 0, y •• '

·tK- gu'k lutgnc r9 u'k olutg ~nc 7 "my village". qe'qtkani rq'£'qtkYane 7 -, i - , ,- , .-

"fingerring". hi 'jkutsize ,-he 'jkY .. tsiza.7 "right leg" •. qU' tqodij r ,t u ' .. , ,_ t • _, • _ qo 'to"d~t 7 "all the poles of the housa togethcr", qpqbi s / qAPql,lJi '5 7

. Tt _ 't " -" -"sand", '>o'z;'u~kani / ,>.,'zakY .. tkYane 7 "left. hand", qaqapstu'd rqaqapst.· .. ·d 7,

··r - - , "to set a ",steh at the right time". ya'qigitc ["'>ya'qigYiic.l "that's why ••• ",:

hapsni' {"hapsani'_l "pubic hair". I t ,

-5K- pi '51'11 ["p'i'sp'&1.7 "thin (pl., said of 0 layer)", knxdbe' {"kYln'Xdabc'_l : '0 '0 r· o '0 7 I -clams in your nose", k i'xk 1qa k i'xk iq'a "continuous winking", '

• 0'0 -' U 0'0 - - , • qu'" q as l qa 'x Q as.7 "little puddles of rain", xa'/cud {"xa'tcud_7 "t.o

plug in", xa'sxass ["xa's,*-asa_l "glass crushed into millions of pieces".

7 ", , '0 0 '0 0 -NK- SinS ["~e:tls_ "~outh", "r:1Q C·;amq_7 "yellltree", Q n9 aa's ["q ung aO's_7

-throat", gOlsqa'xda {"90ulsr:,c'xde.7 "landotter"

·:;R- '>aa 'olala {"'>a· 'm181a 7 "dance performed Ilt the beach at the errival of other - , people for a potlatch". d,'nyas rda'n?yas 7 "still grollling red cedar out of - , . whose bark clothes ere made", g'lwa {'gYI'l'>wa_7 "cenoe".

Examples (2). " ,

-dK- cbdi' ["Cebadi'_7 "hummingbird", gOo'/go/a /-gOa'/gO% 7 "to order s.th. by

cail", w'ozqla.{'wu'ozaq'ala_7 "to gst disc~uraged"· •

-dR. hi' Idgnala ["hei , /car/ anala _7 "handsome guy". ke 'kadna ["kY' a 'kY' adana.7 "to

kill s.b. by accident",' dda'ikn rdada'jkY'9n7 "e.b. exhaust.ed of laughing", I, --

-tR-

qa'sgmega ["qa's9AmtgYa_7 "midnight"

·qa·pla ~q'alp'&1!7 "smoke, cigarette", ?a'tla {"?a·t·ela.7 "to shout. to

talk loud", kkola' {"kY'tiko'ala'.7 Munderweer"

1

1.3

118 - 7 -

, -tR-

-SR·

-YK-

Uto fart", t.~Ofa't "na~e of a young toy" ..

0' 0' <,, '0 na')( pnisdls rna'x panisdals 7 "ooe t.rip around the h:Juse". t.tmk la' t"o - -. - i" 7' Lt.&t.emk 91a'_7 "permanent wave". hi'tcwa L he ·tcjj~,a_ "to fit (clothas)".

ha 'sle ["ha 'sala.7 "to smell". ba'xola eba 'x091a_7 "to overload one,'s mout.h

dadmksma' {' daden:ksema '.7 "to kiok the ball with your feat., so;:Cer". , " ..

{'c'ayuqOa'_7 "to beg", ca'yi< ["ca''>ylx]

["wi'VJaq'enu_7 "to lack the usa of a 1.imb

"string made out of fire,"s,

io some respect" , .

-YR_ wlwlqa'qla ('wUllllulq&'q'ela_7 "to drag s.th .... ty'nca ["t'Iya·nc's.7 "to ;oust

s. th. down in the wator", wavy 'xo t: t:.iaylyu *x.0 _7 .tany deep-sea fi-sh '& eg;5·· ..

Due to the presence of a morpheme-boundary t~o kinds of irregularities me) cccur.

a) consonant.-groups which regularly arc brokan up by a schwa (cl'. 1.2) behavs u"b~,

b) consonant-groups which regularly ere unbroken (cf. l.l) are broken u::, by a seh.;'

80th exceptions frequent.ly occur in casa of reduplication (I) and suffixati~n (II)

These d"rivations from tha general pattorn are indicated by /;1 - rcd""licotion. '"

/./ - suffixation.

aI) Utx:wa'?is /-wlxYwa'?eis 7 "rivers", wi'sswisa rwi'Et;'isai "urm,nrriad y·oung 1"\<30" ., r -.." "'" I 7 - t..,.o ~".o • r? :""o? ",v!) : 7 ... 1 ..... _ . " tuS :ws 1m '- "wus?~uso m "beard", yx !yx 8 . yux yux a ~ ~& COtllng up:

all) g~a'Axo.nuxOL-9YU?W:'AUxonuxo.7 "IIIB are h:lped", ~enu'd:xile;) {"?",,,,,u'dxYUil.;:>

"to mDke up for a change"

bI) qp:qpa's /-q'apq'"p'a's 7 "garbag6-dut:lp", - -. " .g06S in and out, pockot-knife", mu':mq°l(t , 0 r 7 n8 f 2nk s _ na f?noks _ "each ons"

bill mx.i<du'd ;-maxYaxdu'd 7 "to hit s.b. on the lip", ca'xo.xs ["c'e'x~axs_i - J' ,

"dripping with oil". tl.ma' {'telama'_7 "to jump (fbh)", ?i'.lik,g::",il

{"?ei'i1kY',agawa.7 "the best ones (said of things. snd of people in a goss.ipi~ way)",

There are some instances of accentuatad schwa at the morphe~a-boundary. Renca~i~g

of the accent in thesa cases makes writing of schwa or boundary-signal su?erfluQus • , 7 # ..,Y, r"''''' -cf. ),t's ;-),'"to's "to bump with one's buttocks on the ground", 99 s _ g--;~ 5_/

.- , - , '0 "eye" mq's rmaq4's 7 "to fa1l down IIIhile walking". nkO't rnak a'f. 7 "sallel;,e=ry , - - , - -bko,s {"bakoiJ·s.7 "lIIild man. monkey", b~ol~ ,-bagOu'r:7 "full of slee,,", >.x'xs

rA&XYa'Xs 7 "crosspiece in a canoe", duqO'ync rduqO'i'y~no 7 "my Vision, m)'opin:. - - --No forms wit.h shifted stresa ware recorded.

Some roots ahow initial clusters

~qOa' rrqO'a' 7 "to make love", (contrary to 1) always in a lateral surr~~ndi~g cf. )'xona' ["~'xoana'_7 "to pet an animal", ~~'lxta~ ,t - t -

t:~~'lxYtem.7 "absent-minded". In t.ha case of a lateral foll"wed by In/ or /1/ at r

beginning of e word the initial consonant-group is not broken up by sch~a cf. 11 8

1.7

. - ii··· 119

[tl] "dead", "'ngO"5 [i.' 'n90"5_7 "nostrils", t'n,inbis I-t'n .bis] "sinking 'lroutld'

The only initial consonant-group without schwa in a non-letert surrounding is in

the word smi'1i(c) I-smi'li(c) 7, 3d p. perfect-eli tic in lnt, rogative sentences . -. - -e.g. sm'lic la'wya1 L-smi'lic la'''wya1_7 "Has he gone ecross' (said of a neutrel

aubJect thet we hardly know). Here ISN- must originally have .en Is eN- a8 the 1st

and 2nd p. or the pe~fect-c1itic hi' r l' 1 7 • sow, resp. sm n _ sem n.. _ "Have 1 ••• 1" Bnd

sms C s ... ~ ••• ? _7 ItHave you ••• 7"

eetween·/nl and following Ix/ a svarabhakti-vowel was occasionally noticed at the

morrhe",,,-boundary cr. gig '~l!awi rgeig II'''n( a )xaWB 7 "collarbone", "1 'knxla 1 'V T , t·-[''Ie 'k 00(8)><<>la_7 "handsome", ya'knxla ['>ye'kYan(e)xala] "ugly", mnl<du'd

C •• n(0)xdu'd_7 "to hit s.b. on the bottom".

fhB Umbre of schwa is datermined by the surrounding consonants. In the following

list the dirferent soundvaluas or schwa are tQbulated.

followingl lab./dent. alv./lateral CO w pal.-velar I

uv./laryngeal: y

preceding: I leb./dent. el/\ ell slv./latual e e

Co, ..

a/u u/~ aiu ufo .

ell

a/I

~/1 a/i

aii/e/u

e/" I ell

o/u a/~/u u a/o/u . . pal.-velar, y a/I eli Ii Ii ell

e/Ilt/'& a/"/8 a/8 ola A/I

~/3 I' i a/I

~/a a/ .. /l !

. . uv./leryngeal . ~hen ~e nu~ar the sounds In the diagram in an horizontal way from 1 to 35 - so I (1) 15 lab./dent. - short V - lab./dent., (23) is pal.-velar - short V - alv. lateral,

I etc. - t~e follodng examples are 9i ven of the different possibilities I

( r ' . " 1) ppa'?la p "P a'?"la 7 "sc.allow", tpa ' rtnp'a' 7 "to fiSh" tps'm rt'"psa'IR_7 .. '- -- , - , -, ' -" , "to bUr5t", d''''pa I ca'mpa 7 "salty taste", t'msi rtll'ms! 7 "wart", ttmk01a' ,t, - - --tet&l':1koela t _7 hperrr.anent wave", p'ne.zi ;P-"i1 lnc"'aze 7 "belly-button" t'ncla . ,,-.- , rtA'nc""ala 7 "cold", mna'ci /-mf\inafce 7 "drumU

(2) - 0 r' -0 7' - 't ,'-/-' 7 • ps~ _ p ask _ "t1ny dolphin", p do d _ patdo'd_ "to wash clothes", tsa'

[t~s,,' _7 "to th;oW at s.b."/ b '1xol" {'ba '1xo ala _7 "person from Bella-Coola", ! t.'lQ°l<dit fi'a'lq°:jxdit 7 "cushion in a chair" I

(3) bgOa'nm (~agOa'n;;'] "~erson'" dxo?i'd ('daxo?i'd_7 "to jump", tqo:' [t'fi)qo'a~7; "dir;y", tkOa' [takO'a'_7 "to scratch your skin till it bleeds", bkOga't

[bukoa,:/a't_7 "to start talking", mgOa'yu [megOa'yu_7 "hammer"

(4) dlll'nt rduwu'nt 7 "nam'" I r'v v _ _ a ,Pwabwa _ PUUl8buwa'7 "s.th. floating under surface", . ,-P\l8 f S cP'u?wt"s 7 U c2ep lt, p'ws /p"u·?wes 7 "hungry" t1anwe' ['?anowt:' 7 "cloud" , , - - - , ,. -,

(5) tx'ls rtexYX'ls 7 "road, trail", pxUa' rp'axYUe' 7 "heat", tg'ns [tegYI'ns i -,,. - - -·clayK. tx'l'n [tIxY?e'n_7 "ladder" .

9

120

(6) miini'myus / mim: "b_iJC'~Je_'ry u;.., t.hr ,":G',Jota:ns u , ~Oli;;;tlS10tY~c L-~OOli9YI'~salat'iyenC ('my .car (gen. 5tat,,;rent)", mye' ['meya', miya' 7

• , J _, I' - .., .-

"fish", qapy'm I qapeya1m I "the corpenter 1s level u t ,.-. - , ,

(7) tgiga' L-tN5e l gYa'_7 "human b;:)ck", PQ8' [paq'a'_7 "to taste", bxa' {'baxa'_7

"to make laces out of skin", m~?i'd /-rnaX'?eitd 7 "to throw s.th. away" ,. . ,-, -(8) cbdi' rcabedi' 7 "humming-bird", spa' rsapa' 7 "echo", )"pla' ['),,'ep'ala' i

- - -,T" -

(9)

(IO)

(11)

(13)

(14 )

(15)

(16)

(17)

"to fly", Iple't /-lep'alc't 7 "minister", c'mqod! rca'oqodi 7 ·se1t;::at.:r H , ,- - --),,'mQoli ['>"a l mQoli_7 "bunchborry". ima'xsi [tamB':;'si_7 Mdoor-cuttai ...... c'r,;

/-c'a'n?j""o 7 "a.th. fried, chips", snd'n I-sande'n 7 "flea, nit" -, -. .. ,,-, zziQla' L-zoziq.ua'_7 "to calm down a child". ;'sna' [;'''!$s?na'_7 ":tnot or Dr;

of B trpe", zle'x [zala'xY _7 "old salmon'-, c'lxa {c'a'lxii'_7 .. hail .... s'lra

rso'lxos 7 "Oregon thrush" To" 0 '0'0 ;'k la' r"ak • ala' 7 "beachu:oed", tk a 'ni rtak a 'ni 7 "older

, 0 - - • 0 -' 0- - , 0 !C9X 8 1_7 Ute spear, to stab ft , ex I. cux _7 "short"., ex "It'd

Ushortor"

• 0 tlOrr.an·, ex a I

• 0 ['cex. ?i'O]

" _, ,t, 0 cw'nx L cu?wu'nx 7 " .. inter", ewi's rcv?",i '$ 7 "steep (mountain)", nug ::o<a'" - - - , rnUgO mlxYa'sulKus 7 "10m the one that you hit", :\' .. 1 r>'u''> .. sl 7 "neph",,", ,. - - -ys'xdHu:a7 /-"ya 'xY dilow3? 7 "Has he (vis., over there) been sick'" , ,- • - , J

ckla' [cakY' 11a' _7 "policemen". sko 'xO [sakYo'xo _7 "fivs", Axls 'yu

'-"bYela'yu 7 "stearing-lUheel" ,. .. - , cye'lo reays'l .. 7 "to bring water from the 1/1811 to the house", ave' [si'>y';a' -. " .. "hoir on head", ;'ya' t..->.i'>ya'_7 "to buy'" ks.i.'yayu /-kY'Isa,,'p'yayu 7 "1it~: - ,.-piece of wood to scrape all the grease to one end of " box", ya 'xdU.ya'l

( ?ya'XYdileyn1 7 "Has he (not pres., known to us) been sick?" ,. - " , A-g'nca r'\C\9EPnc'S 7 Uto soak", Axa'gxO r·\exa'g.t..x.° 7 "spear", exa t ,-cexa t :

- it -, - - --

"tough", yu'cidaZ /-yu'clida1 7 ~Oo you want s.th. to drink?" '0 ' 0 - , 0 -' 0 i q diet [q ~d?tf.t_7 "scar u , Q plat!... q ~il'~la~ t1a.th. in ;cu:ce:f.:.:n, c~s':"J

"rna'zgodale' /-?amil'zugOudalc f 7 Ubat H .. xO'r:<qa /-xOul::'lq'a 7 "tc s:"'ell, :'0 ~~.:. - - I , - -

XO 'rnsa /-~ou 'msa 7 lito have VO", kO tnzi rkoiJ tnzi 7 "ir-,sica gills" ~ x°r,;., I £

rxouni~s 7 Ucol~ spring of water t., QOna~ rqo'=>n;· 7 U~o-cru~h s.tn." T '0 - .,.0 - .... 0 -. • ..... - 'c . .- '0 -kOs rk us 7 "light (weight)", " ia'p / x o,Ie'p / "ur,cle", nk ';' I na:' .. 'I j - - - . - ,.,-"sallalberrytl, gO'lgOlt /-gOu'lgOLilt 7 "b:.ack c~p ce·"ry", qOlb f (\ iGtJo!tlt.''''t '-- .. - -. -"urorm", gOgOla 'skani I gOurf;;la '5~Y ane 7 Ugolcon fir.~€rrin9"

o ° • r 0"", 0 - 'y 7·- - Ci 0 t' ['ko .. ;rko'il~. 9 9 111' skani _ 9 ug ola' sk an~ _ "go lder, fingerring", k k i Gala ~ -

"to insult, tt tease s.b","

10

(21)

(22)

(23)

(25)

(26)

(27)

{2e}

{29}

(30)

(3l)

(32)

(33)

(35)

- 10 -

"to I!l<tke s.b. UI)" 121 '0 '0 ·'0 ",'0.. 7 . bu' '0"" r '0.... 1 q i::q qa' L q :)(q :q a'_ "big kind of woodpecker", q x),a !. bU'q :xAa_

"s.b. CN:l is continuously tarUng". ca·)(o.xs rc'IJ'",oaxs 7 "dripping with oil" - - . g::, ... I9Y"tlE'''' 7 "button", kta' rk~·e/lt'.· 7 "t.o shoot .. ith a gun", kbo'yiJ ,-.- -, -, rkYa/lba'yU 7 "piercer, paperclip", kma'nirkYanaa'ni 7 "needloUsh", x'mUe - - - - - to, {"xYI'mt'U!7 "strong 1:11nd", k'nklll["kY'1'nkY'IIII_7 "tni!lrten", kna' ['kYe/lna'_7 "to pull hair out of e.th.". xi'xnaxsiza·rxYi·xYanaxsize·.7 "the ten toes· , -. .-xsa' r,le/Isa' 7 "to Itbappear".kl'U·ta rkYlj,U'l'a 7 "to Sllleep", gla' - - - ., -, ,-["gYUe'_7 "crall/Ung of 8 baby", klao'lIIp8 ["kYUe"rtlPs_7 "aour .... IC~lpa

["xYI'lP'a_7 "t"'isted~ ggOiga' C',l;'gOigYa'] "lean-to ropf-bulldingbEihll'\d 8 house", kle°le'

rkY'iOl<°'"la' 7 "und.erlllear" -, -!)",a''l.a {"gy;. .... a·'I.·:_7 "tohelf' ku'.isa? ["kY'tI'w1sa?_7 "00 )'ou want a.th. warm

11'1 your stol!\ach7",k .. nss'lig {"kY~~nsa'xg~7 "J refuse.·s.th. to B .• b.", ywa'la

ry;'~a'la 7 "to blo," ( .. lnd)" J'. -" t ., , kka'''lnyu ["kY8/IkYa'''alayu_7 "sleeping pill", kga'ci ["kY8/1gYa'c:_7 "frams

'for drying skins" ~;a' r~Y!?ya' 7 "operation", na'xo.gyU rna'xOugYIyu 7 "eleven" , - J - ,--

kQaa'n /-kYeq'a·'n 7 "boaver's den". yxsu' ;-?ylxsU' 7 "you" - - '" '-1 - ,

lit' .. r"i>t'A'm 7 ".,ild carrot", qpi's rqlope 's 7 "enthusiastic person", qti'd y - , - - ",t

rq'eti'(j 7 "to fold", qa'qm.1a '-q'a'q'9III'>la 7 "to hunt desr". q'mclit /-qA'meeXti - - - - -.-·"l:ZY", h'mse ["h4/a'msa_7 "to eat·. q'nzi ~q'a'nz~_7 "string on a bow", qna'

{" qA/ana' _i "to stitch, to sew". xna' {"XAne' _7 "a little .... hna' {"hMa' _7 "to

sfng" • _, , If Q

ge'", / gaca'. 7 "butcher's knife", ~sa' {"g~~sat 7 "to coil 8 rope", q,!,o'x , -," , ,. - , ro.~/'i.).,~·xo 7 "siX", g'lpid r 9A'lpid 7 "to pull the trigger of a gun", qla'l. -. - --rqf\ls'la 7 "far", h'!X"iniXo ;-ha'lx"e!nlxo 7 "killer whale, blaekfish" -, -, - -xko;m {"Xi>koij· .. .,7 "bark of a tree", qxOa' {" q"6xo.a' _7 "to .have, sexual intercourse

ku'p~cn ["kY'W'p3x~w9n_7 "I break my neck". ysa's .maya'saxwa7 ["VIsa's mayaJsa­

-Xr.~a? 7 "00 you hit. that cat there (vis.)?", "wa'giwa. ["'>awa'g)'iwa 7 "bow of

ca~e": ":.·~ya ;-'>a'>wa'''mya 7 "both cheeks" ?~a'sgni ;-?a~w.·sgyine 7 "back - . - ' - .-or the h"ad, neck", "'waxd! [""ou'''Ulaxdi 7 "feelings" , . -qgna' [" q .. ,l ana' -' "halibut .. hook (steel)", gxgk'ls ,-gAl(YgAkY'1'la_7 "unmarried

young wonan", qlC {"q'IxY_7 "this one. right hers"

ki'xo.qya ;-kY'i'xOuq'eya 7 "grey hair", s!h hida''>ya7 ;-Sih hei da'1eya? 7

":IIill it b; hill! (I1Ot p;es:. but known to us)7" "';uP r;ei,?yup 7 "f;the;s". 'i • !.-'>'yulll! [""e '''yulam_7 "toys". "ya'sa ["?a'>ya'sa_7 "to urinate (fomale)". 'l~uzwa'

'~'la'lyuzUwa' 7 "tidal wave" - ., , . lSg"s ["g,.glt.',s] "eye",QQa'nas ["qllqs'nas 7 "chiton", qqapll18's , -. ["q'tIq'ap'811le'a 7 ·smoko~ouse", ca'?x ;-ca'?Jx 7 ".tring often made out of . - --fireweed". yl''lxsu ~?Yl''lIxsu_7 "yOU folks· (pl.)"

11

I.e

2

-.u-1:22

Special mention should be mada of a fe .. instances in wllich tha roncerlng of a ,"OIt

conflicts with tho transcriptional devisas. £xamples: xa'ysla ~xa'isalZ7 -nane

or the language and culture of the Kit~~aat people", woulti read according to the

rules governing consonant-groups - see land 1.7 - ["ia'yIsel!7. whereas the

morphological structure of the word is' xas "outsideR + cis "on ti.ach" ~ ~la

"continuative" meaning "the people who live outside on the be8ch", develo~ing via • xayla-Ia to its present form xa'ys1a. Id. ti'xdXays ["t'ei 'xdal<ai!7 "green seaweed

wayy'xo [Wayiyu'x:7 "any deep-sea fish's eggs" probably developed from was "old

coho-salmon" + "Is ·on beach" + "xo "passiv8". " ..0 Curious in this respect Is the expression mayi'nlx as7 "Of tlhat tribe are you?" , . ,

whare IVyin/ stands tor '-V'>i~. Its phonetic realisation originates from mas

"what" + :!nixo "(lIIember or)group 01' triba" + .. a interrogative suffix + -8 2nd • , 0 ' p. sg •• lind developed to mayi'nlx es? Here a phonological transcription *ma"i'nix'

is clearly impossible (see 0.2)

Morpho-rhonemics

In Haisla a number Of monosyllabic morphemes occur as free forms. They mey have an·, , , consonent oxc;ept a glide at ",ordend cf. xax "bono", tmc "wild lily of the valley",

• • ·0 'lop "father", 'l.as "animal tat U , ceq "lIlOuntain goat", q an "carrots". ThEl majority

of Haisla root-morphemes do not occur as free forms but only in combination with

Ontl or more suffIxes.

Different suffixes require different rinal consonants in a praceding mor~he~e in

the overwhelming majority of cases (only e fcw morphemes altJays have the same final

consonant, regardless of what suffix follows them). On the basis of the type of cc'

sonant required at the and of e preceding morpheme. tha suffixes fall into three

categories (indicated ~, ~, :). In general the alternation in the preceding element

is as fo11owSl

~ • 1 espirated plosive plain plosive glottalized plos1ve

fricative plain resonant glcttalized resonant .-resonant plain resonant glo.ttalized resonant

Exceptions are the dental and uvular fricatives, the former .ometicss, the latter

always having non-resonantal alternants. The separate possibilities can be read

from tha following chart. where c;8pitals are used as cover-symbols for the alter-, n.ting sounlts, e.g. P is p, b or p. dapending on the sUffix.

suffixes I

mor;>heme-final

sounds I

P

T

C

III

N

l

11/

Y

Rp~nrk9

:.

P

t

e

~

k

kO

q 0 q

8

I. x xOrxo

J

• n

1 ., Y

•

b

d

z A

9 gO

!l f

z/y

1

n

II

X

III

n

1

II

Y

:

, p , t

, ~ , k

~o , q '0 q

, , ely , 1 , n , w l(?

, 1

y

- 12 -

123

1) No cases were found of a glottalized a1tornent to It/ which is due to the presence

~f roots with terminal ~s, that may take the glottelizing elternant /~I when followed

by a !-suftix (also sea 2.12). , There are very few instances of Iy/ as a glottalized alternant to /V/, in most cases

I it alternates .,ith lsi. The sly - alternation occurs especielly in names of traes,

sly always in passive formations ~ith the suffix :xo.

2) In general have the resonants /m/, ./n/. /.,/ no glottalized alternants. Roots en­

ding in a resonant ere,relatively rare.

[xamplesr 1) , 1) plosive alternant: kuP- "to breek" + 1bul ku'pbu "to break a rib", kuP- + =UyUI

ku'buyu "to brsak your spine", kuP- + :'xin: ku'pxin "to breek your shoulder"; {p- "to

l}ror the meening of the suffixes used in the text. see last pages

13

124 " , fish" + :ix: tpi'l( "fishing-line used fcr salmon or trout fishing", tP- + aoIm:

t, t, tbo'lm "fish-hook", tP- + !al tpa' "to fish",

• '1aT_ "to stretch muscles, vocal Chords" + !X~lUi, )Cawe: ?a'tlla",i "",uscles in the re;

?aT- + .. ~akola: '1a'd~akola "to bawl louder and louder", '1a'l'_ + !ola: "'a'tla "to sho:"

to talk loud", kOooT- "_to play an instrument"'--+ -!lnixo. kOikoo'otini,tJ (only recu­

plicated) I "band, orchestra", kOooT~ + "n';' kOo 'odn "instrument", kOooT- + !a:

kOo 'ota "to play an instrument".

It°aA- "to carve, to butcher" + !inixo: l(°a,rini)E° "carver of totalllpoles", t'al\.­+ axe. l(°a'>'xo "t'otempole". l(°aA- + !a. l(°a'Aa "to carva poles, to butcher fish"l

'XI\- "to stand out" + :xoUli, )eaure' xrxawo 1 "necktie", :'1\- ... -ayu: xAa tyu "wood­

chisel", ';.1\- + !uya + :'18 + !a: xAuya'lsa "to stick s.th. out",

?iK- "good" (cf. free morpheme ?ix) + !bit: '1i'~b1t "the very best one", "'1K- ... • '11'gi6 "generous", '1iK- + :'uya: '1i'kuya "to beat s.b.

• in a contest", )'aK- "bad" , . . , ,

froa morpheme vax) + !aqlal ya'ksqla "sad". yaK- .. =1sl ya 'g1S "stingy, ;r""C; , + !(a)~awnl ya'kagawa "the worst",

"human baing" + !gat: bkOga't "to start talking", bKo_ + "anm: bgOa'nm ·per~(Jl bKo_ + :'i 1 bko i' "human body, persona"; ~KQ- "short" (ct. free morpheme ~xo) ... !:Xt

~908'ni Ushort parson", ~KO_ + !i + !.mut: ~kO'xt "short parson".

~koi'mut "stump of a tree",

• a cK - .. =ani:

, naQ- "to drink alcohol" + :bul na'qbu "thirsty", naQ- .. =11asl nsgila's "bi?erpa::lc: , pub", naQ- .. !al ns 'qa "to drink alcohol"; '1aO- "open" + !XUI '1a 'qxu ""eckport of "

shirt being too wid,,". '1aO- .. =U'l 'Ie '~it .... ide (room, !'. tl1. in th" house)". '1aO-

+ :'udl ?e'Qud "to bring, to invent".

~aQo_ "light" + :a: ~B'~e~oa (only redupllcated)'''dal!ln'', ~aOo_ + "as: ~a90e's "",!on'

dow". ~oQo_ .. !10: ~a'qOla "daylight, world"; 100• "fire" + :$ + !a: l~osa' "to

build a fire outside the housa", lQo_ .. "il. + !ar l~o.'t.B "to build 8 fire 1n the

house", 10°_ .. !a; lqOa' "firewood" , , II) fricative alternants hmS- "to eat" .. !lmas: h'lOcimas "food", h .. S- + :aci: , , ~

hmza'ci "platan • hmS-, + !oa: h'msa "to eat"; katawiS- "to make a pictl:re" + !inix :

k8 ttawi~inixo "prof. photographer", katawiS- + ::a.~i:' katalUiza '~1 Pear-.era". , 0' 0 ' , ketawiS- + =X I ka'tawyx "photo, picture", katawiS- .. !a: k,,'tal:lisa "to "Eke a

picture"1 j1!°aS_ "to scrapa s.th: out of a tree" + :a51 )£°e';as "cotton,,-:)od", xO a5_

+ =O,UI )'(°ayo' ",sap of cottonUiood". l(°aS_ + :'a: xOe'sa -to scrape the sap out c.f d I ,

tree". Note: the aly - alternati~n occurs mainly in names or trees cf. QiS- "cur-, , . rant" + !asl q'yas "current bush", puS- "rotten" + :as: puya's "in~ian tea", Thc

8/Y alternation always occurs with the passive suffix c.xo cf. etas "old echo sa!.-,o-'r;

+ -is + ~xo. wayy'xO "any deepsea fiSh's eggs", ?lX- "to kill" + :. + =XOI ""l~?yx'

"a,b. who has been murdered". , hit- "right" + !xu + !dl hl'l.xud "to clear your throat", hit- ... =isa: h1'li~a

"soul", hiJ{- + ~w ... .tal hil,t~wa "to fU(clothes)"; '1rut- "to phy· ... 1s: ""nis "a.b. being into sports", ~mt- + =ilas: ~mlila's "spartshall". ?et- + £al ?'m,ta

14 - --..::

2.11

2.12

. - 14 -

"to play (alsol an instrument)". 125

mX- "to hit" + :inif2. ~1'ni~O "boxer", mX- + #a~i: mnat~i IIdrum", mX- + !.a~J • maxa'p "b~xing" (aith expansion of root-vowel), Note: thore are ,

of the x/n - alternation, far more of the x/n - alternation cf. . , •

very few examplos

ciX- ".etelr floming'! •

+ =ec1: cf'neci "gutter", ~- "female" + =ml gn ',. tt",oman", qiX- "many" + :m: qi'nm

"many, plenty",

PuX°- "to do .. ith mouth" + :Sl p'!s "hungry", puXo. + =ali(am) + !sdanal p .. a'lisdana

"to starve (of appetite)", puXo. + !a: pu'xoa "to blow a balloon so that it swells";

~aX¥Q- "t~ stand upright~ + !s: ~8':$ "human being standing up outside, tree", A8~­+ ali: Aa'wit "human being standing up inside", AaXO- + ~1s + !a. Aa,~olsa "to raise

a totempole". (xamples with only xo.xo/~ - or xo,xo/ .. - elternation: baXo- "to go

for food" + .it + !,,: ba'lllita "to make bread"j ci~o_ "crabapplo" + :a9: ci '~as "nativB craoarpletree"; ~Xo_ "to float" + =~akola: ~u'~akola "to floet on surfece".

hll- "to kill (?)" + !inixo: h'lx'>ini;:C° "killerwhale, blackt'ish", til. + =a~11 , tl'xacl "bladdAr".

• III) Resonant alternant: GlL- "to shino" + Za: GIla' "to shine 8 light, to fish pit-, , lamring", mL- + =~ci: ma'laci "electro light" (with expansion of root-vowpl). mL-

+ !i: nli' "lamp"; guL- "fish" + :85: gu'las »snlmonberry bush", guL- + =15 + ~di: gu'lisdi "trout", gul- + !oli, aliI ~ula'li "salmonbcrry". Only: or " suffixesl

mamY- "to fish" + :lni;:col ma'm;iniXS "fisherman", gin "louse" + =oyul ga'ginayu

-fine-toethed comb", kOl- ~to 110 down" + =11asl kOlila's "bedroom".

In only a fe~ cascs there is no consonent-alternation. The examples in our material

are tho following: , , .. , a) glottallzed plosive as .. .orpheme-final consonant I ;l.mq "yewtree" + :S91 ~i"'mqa9 " , , "yeutrees", )"ak- "to paddle~ + !ap + =aci: "alaks'paci (reduplicated) "raca-canoe"; . . . " iliac "009" + :3<\a + !ls: lUe",cx,\a'ls (reduplicated) "coyote".

b) plain plosive as ~rphema-rinal consonant: tl "daad" + !ud + :ini;:col tlu'dinixo . , "anaesthetist", lI- "to store away· + !ud • :aci: lxuda'ci "box, suitcase, purse".

Special type9 of consonant-alternation I

a) Roots enaing in X, XO change rootfinal consonant into k,ko before suffixes begin-. , ,

fling .. ith !s. (xamples: IIIX- "to l1it" + !sanul mksa'nu "drumstick", IIIX- "to hit" +

:"'(9)1:1 .. !i,e: mksme' "to beet on a cirum", mX. "to hit" .. !s(9)m + -igo + !ud:

aksmigo'd "to hit on tha b~ck", dXO- "to jump" + !sda;'dkosda' "to Jump into the

water". The passive suffix =xo alternates with =ko .• before !s "relative adjunct"

and before an inflectional suffix with initial vowel 01' nasal cf. puX°- "to blow" +

",xo .. !os: p· .. kos :w,'la~o "horn or a car", :.. "to pick berries" + -xo .. !s .. qi rala-, . 0

tive pronoun: na'k sqi 99nma'n "the berries that were pickad by the women". tot ° na "to pick berries" + aX .. -nc 1st. p. poSS.1 ns'k nc ts'nci~ga "the berries

that t picked yesterday·

15

- 15 • 126

b) Roots ending , in S alternate rootfinal consonant u:ith /c/ in a nUIr.;)er of ;::<:~'"'' co

mnS- "to try" + , , .,

!(x)?id: mns?i'd "to try, to attempt", + !(s)kana: m'nsk,,"a "t:l be . , time", + :i185; mnzila's "courtroom of the judge", + =m: ",'nzlII "the carpen:er's

level", + !al m'nca "to measure, to interrogate"; qnS- "to adze" + !bala: q'rsoala

"mattock", • !oa: q'nc8 "to adze", + !lat q'ncl& "adze"; tnS- "cold" + !sda: tfnsd2~ , 0' 0 f wap "cold water", + =X + !sdanal tny'x sdana "to get a cold", + !1a: t'ncla "cold'

Root-morphemes ending in a plosive which may occur as frea forma usually

plosive into homorganic fricative when they ara used without suffix cf. , wet "weak" + Umos: we '/olmas "weak person, the weakest of ttlo"

• ?ix "good" + :a1=: "i'kala "high, noble"

yax "bad" ~ =m: ya'gm "sick" '0 ' k nx "wet" + !'la: kO'nqla ndarnp" , . ~al( "stiff" + ~ncal ~1j'nca "to soak" , 0 , 0 cx "sho'rt" + !(a)~awal ck a 'gawa "shortest"

guxO "house" + !(g)i1a; gU'kOilo "to build a house"

toxO "strong" + :1n1: io'~Oini "power" , , /ouxo "ice" + !qy + !a: hu'qo.qya "bald-headod" (p'wkos) ~olaxo "horn of a car" +

change

That this is not

end gik "tooth".

!ala + snyu: ~o'la~OalayU "1d." • always the case is demonstrated by words like caq "mountain goat""

many! suffixes change root final plosivo into homorganic fricative cf.

~uQo- "whita" + Htt: ~u':~qOxt "white salmon"

+ .!.sdu: ~utxOsdu "whits"

bKO- "human being" .. :a1a: bkOa ' 1a "to say s.th."

+ !s(li>m + !a: b'xosma "characteristic way"

duQO- "to see" .. ,,1. .. -nc 1st. p. poss.: hide'?! du'gOiinc "he is the Dna that 1 s<'

+ !(x)"a.\la: du')i°?a.\le "to catch sight of s.th./s.b., t~ ":.tice" buQo. "dirty small" .. !gat: bu,~Ogat "to fart"

+ !di: bbu'xodi "white pitch insida of the 9rain" • , tK- "eubstance" + =nsS: tg'oa "cley" ,

+ :'lsl h'ls tfrO'ad, trail"

saQo- "grass- + pl. infix -ya + :n,an + !ot, utI sayagOano'i ·prairie (big long

side or terrece)"

+ !si1al saya 'xosi1a "to hay" , .. klK- "to tie" + :ak + ~ud: klkaku'd "to tie things together"

+ ~s(9)m .. !ds k'lxsmd "to tie s,th. up"

~uKo- "to bend, to roll" + =is + !a: ~u'90isa "springtide"

+ :'s(9)m + !d: ~u'xosmd "to bend ever s.th. or s.b."

The above-mentioned examples are not exhaustive. The change from rootf!nal ~losiv~

into homorganic fricative, though occurring very often, 1s not an absolute ru!e.

16

2.31

- 16 -,121

as is demonstrated by an item like ddqOsdU' "plain big eyes" beside mu'xosdu

"white". ~oreover, there frequently is free variation of rootfina1plosiv9 with

horoorgenic fricative cf. ;xsu' I;qsu' "you", ;xosdl)' l;qOsda' "tidepool", etc.

Several suffixes lose initial velar consonant when the finol consonant of the

preceding r~rpheme is an obstruent; initial consonant is maintained when the final I sound of the preceding morpheme is a vowel er nasal cf. I

!(x}?id "inchoative; also u5ed as campara va; x ti " d o?i'd "to Jump", zi 'xo?id "to ,I

start an engino", mx?i'd "to throlll s.th. away", da's?id "to dlve", ?i'x?id.

"better, the very best of s. th.". ;a 'x?id "worae. the worst of tUIO", I ~xoafx?id "nearer", ~afx?id ··to reach for 50th.", na'xO~nx"'id 110ne timen

!(x)?ahla "inchoative, rotion, action'" d'mxo?ahla "to fall over a log or rope,· to I stutter", ?'i?a)'la "to Join in (e.g. in organisation) for the first time", ~

~a'i<?al.la "to smash (car-accident)", ~alx?a)'lud "to slart doing s,th.",

!(x)sis

,

le'x",,),la Kto go in a certain direction, to lend on s.th." • 'Ii" • u'o '0.. • "breakthrough. change": ywa 'xsiwa "diaphragm, partJ.tion , q aq 1xsiwa

~to peop". dU'dxosl",li "inventer, soer", ?u'xosiwis "valley", syabi'cJ.wa

"breakthrough of sunshine", lIIa'i.dwa "mAybe". hi' iziwa "to flee",

~o'mksiwa "white man"

'ffoot, ankle"': kutpsis. lito break your legit, Ula'tzis "cramp in toe", , mli.]."c'Jl,,'xsis "to "pr"in an ankls"

t ,

!(x )t(e)m "negative quaU ty. creepy"; " ,

w·lxtm Itcowsrd", rna'xtm "bashful. ashamedu,

!(x)Uap

%.(g}ila

%.{s)isda

)')"lxtar.l "absent-minded"

"place used for e certain , I

a ' purPQ5s 1t , gu 1 x dma

:d '"dma "",,,shboard", qtdma' • "chairs", ?i'tdma

bed5". kO'lxd~n "b£ld"

"village, world, universa", , "oarlock", ii'xdma "lots of

"future asp~ct": 98 'jHlap "to become a raven". ~oa 'silap "to go sit down",

~oa'lalt1axilap "to go sit dOllln", m'ngisilap "to get stuck". Notel initial

-x is not elided when the preceding morpheme-final consonsnt is a plein , .. plosive cf. wanu'd.xilap "to make up for a change

"to make, to cause": t.i'iila "to make a bait for fish, animals",

~tdadila'sila "to go to the laundromat", )"awa'sila, ~a'qOlegila "to puri­

fy before hunting, fj"shing". lqOila' "to set fire, to light", ws'lrlla

~rape". dada'gila "to hold on, hang on", hi'izaqOl1a "to go to 8e1la­

Balla", nuy'mgila "to tell a story (in order to write it down)".

, "arcund" loses initial -5 after vowel or resonant cf. mu'xosisda ~e.th.

.' t , '0 fading ao;ay", ywi'sda "storm", hilwi'sdala, quq tzisdala .whirlpool",

0' qa'tzisdala "to turn sround s.th .... na'x pnisdle ·one trip around the

house", le'adale "Lo go around" « la + !isda + !la)

11

- 17 -

128

!(s )knna, "hand" ke'eps initial -s when the preceding morpheme-final sound is a , 0 0 f (

!.(s)kani vowel cr. g g ls'skani "golden fingerring" there are no e,,""';;105 in t"e

lexicon of preceding morpheme-final resonant). \;;ran th" prec<'c;'''11 O)crp'w

has an obst.ruent as final sound, initial -s is elided after -5, -t. -t: , ttl • •

ma'maikana "to wave hands", lIIa'ikana "cramp in hand", m'nskana "to bsat , . , , time, to make a sign", hi'tkutkeni "right hend", "o'zkutkani "left hood",

wheraas initial -$ is maintainod after other obstruents as mcrphcme-fin0 . , i' v k' • nth sound cf. ku ·pskana flto break your arrn u , x xnaX5 anl. e ten fir.;;ers" t

mu'xoskanaxo "to have your hand smashed by a stona".

Loss or initial -$ takes place with the suffixes !sda "in water" and !sdu "p~rt<>i­

ning to sight", only when the preceding morph ..... e-final sounCl is also -5 cf. tg' , ., t

"clay" + !sdu# tg 'nsdu "clay-colored, greyt', tnS- "cold" ... !.sda: t It'tsdas !,liSp "elY:;';':';:;'

water". for the norm:.l development of s + s see 2.5.

In case of VD"lsls on both sides of the morphema-bounoary :; possibilities occur:

1) : and u suffixes beginning with vowel ara generally separated by I?I from t~a

preceding (root)morphpma cf. . , pa- "to work" + Jini, 10('11 pa?ine l , . , , pa- lr1d." + =acil pa'?aci "toolboxtl , ,

-work"

"ix "good" ... !.pa + !imas: , ?ixpa?iroa's "candies" , 18";" Uto go" + :8xc1: laf?a~ci "to go away"

10- "id." + =it. et: la?e't "to "nter a house"

mana- "both" + =it. etl mane?e'i ["mana?r.'t_7"to come in at the same tioo"

2) ! suffixes beginning with vowel or nasal oausa elision of prEcsding ",~l·pheme­

finel vowel cf.

10- Uto go" .. !.aqa: latqa lito pass by"

piS- "vibration" + !{a)la + !atu: pi 1salatu "to have 8 ringing in your earn • 0' naXo- "ons" + :'pn .. !(s)isda + !lss na1x pnisdls "one trip around the house"

tS- "to push" + !(slisda + =15 + :'01 tCi'sdisa "to push s.th,/s.b. over"

Note, there are some cases in which also = suffixes may causa elisic~ of mcr~h~~e­

final vowel as is shown by tha last £xample. Both variants occur in ~i's~is ~cv2r-, r

hanging cliff" ("is "skin, surf;lca form" + :'(s)da + =i5) and ltisda'?is "steep 5;;0"

3) vowels on both sides of the morpheme-boundary may contract (mostlY!. suffixes).

So are the vowels lei and 101 of tan the result of vowel-contraction: e < a + i.

0< a + u. Examples: mxa' "to hit" + -i 3d. p. ending: mxe' "he (not present. but

known to us) hits", dda?lo' "to make s.b. laugh" + -i: ddaqle' "he r.la~a s.~. lau~r'

hide' "ha/they (known te us, demonstrative)" beside hida'?i Hid. (stri::tly ;>era.:>,." , . , ( lk . '-, pronoun)", ma "what, s.th." + -i: me7 "what was it that 1 heard you ta eco~cl'

la- "to go" + !(s)isda + !.la' le'sdala "to go around", xsila' "to build a canos"_,

HniXO I l!slle 'nHD "eanoe-bulld9l'''

18

2 .. 41

- 18 -129

~.a' "to hit" .. -u 3d. P. cnding: mxo' Mho (over there visible) hite", la- ~to go" + , , .!uva: 10'y8 "to be releasedN , 1e- "to go" + !ut + !.ta .. !.1a: lo'/tala "to be going

out", nX- "to hun ... !s{1i>m .. =1ge + !udt mksmigo'd "to hit s.b. on the beck". I a} In the seQuence /V?it/ the phoneme /i/ is often pronounced Cc.] instead of Cai] -,

cf. 0.2 - li~e in la"'e't "to enter a hou~e", mana?a't "to come in at the same time".

b} Llkcslse is tt.e nominalizar (!, :. =) i often pronounced Cc 7 aspecially when . , -accentu<:lted cf. ,"slIIS .. e' "beard", tile' "beit", IIlksme' "to beat on a drUnt~. Also other

5ufrbes sho .. this -i/-e v::lriation cf. ?aQ~e' "big sea" (!M "on lIater, at sea") as , cell 85 -u/-o varietion cf. ti'bzo "sQueeza-grid (for the preparation of eulachon-

.9reas~)"i gi411.'ZO "calendar" (!zu "on a flat surface"), hamaZB'xso/hamaza'xsu "to

eat b~rries directly from the shrub, like a bear".

e) rree variation of lei and /1/ resp. /0/ end /u/ was noted in the same wordmedial

position in different words cf. ha'/to "beautiful" / hi'tdgnala "handsome guy",

~a's~~ega "~idn!;htH / ~Oa'sgmiga "to ride on horseback", ~a'si?o~ "he hits you" / dU'Qolu~ "he sees you".

s + s ~ c: h,,5- "to etlt" + !50nu: h'mc::lnu "(ark", tS- "to push" .. !(s)isdal tci'sda

"to pu~h s.th. around", dmks "salt" + !s: dmxc :3P "salt woter", 9i9i'9s "eyes" .. !S1

gi;i'~c 91 ?al>u'konc "the oyes of tr1'f mother", ?u'zlIIes "top" + !BI "u'zwec ~a'q018 "sky (top of light)"

d + s ,. Ct cod "to givo" + -9 imp"rative + -n), 1st. p. obJ ... -c gen. diract obj.1

(!e'cn~c: "Give it to 1lo8:., ~oL_ "to $alls" .. !ud .. -s imp ... -n),anuxo 1st. p. pl. obJ.1

~oi·~olucn~anuxo: "Save us:" , , 0 t " 0 '0

t + s> c: kaT- "to ",rite" + !(s)kana + !1nix I ka'kackane'nix "artist", q iT- "to

hug" + !(s)isdal ~ol·~ocisda "to hug around tho IIhole body".

A;ter a lateral s Changes into z, so >. +s> AZ, ), .. s:> A:, t .. S,. tl.. (xamples:

~ "if" + !A "but" + -su 2nd. p. sg.:?X°>..zu "but if you ••• ", msdqs' "to let s.th.

go"+ !), "future" + -SUI msdQe'~zu "you wl11 let (it) go", g~a'Aa "to help" + !.~ .. -su

+ -Ma 1st. p. 8g. Obj.:~a'),a~zw'n~a "you 111111 help me", qat-"to walk" + :'{s)isde

+ !lal qa'/zlsdala "to turn aroun~ s.th.", II/at- "insane, slck" .. !(x)sisl wa'tzia , '..0

"cremp in toe", ?iK- .. :bii + -SUI "i'kbitzus me'myinix "you hardworking fishermen",

ma(?})!'- "t .. o" • !sU metzi' "to divide equally·, "A - "to break" • !ei. "j.zi' "to

break (rope)".

19

- ,l.i1 -

130 5I1ffix-11,;t

The suffixos used in the text ara listed for each different type ( :..:. ) in a revc=~' It"'. ,.,

way in the fol10lllin9 a1r~'l>etic order: b ppm m II 11/ d t t n n z c c s A A A tIl 9 k k

X Y ; gO kO kO XO ?i q ~ it ~ qO ~o t' ? h u a i e a.

! suffixes

!(x)ilap futuro aspect , !ap each other

!s(g)m round surface, thing

:'(x)t(a)m negative quality, creepy , !c~- insido s.th.

!d lnchostive

!ud inchoative

!(x)?id inchotltive; comparative

!rout useless , !pn Dna time

:'kn

!itin ".1$

!ls

!(x)sis :.>.

4-

:'ut, at ~y­

!(e)!u

!sdu

!.stu , !sanu, senu

:'syu

personal suffix

am, shoulder

relative edJunct

outside

foot

but

future tanse

nominal

he::ld

tangled into s.th.

pertaining to sight

eer

receptacle, stick

neck, chin

!{:, .)1, e nominal

!.~e.i (meening uncertein)

~awi neck

!.di cartein fiah, plants,

birds or part of it

!?inl part of fiah

':,(. )kanl hand

(sa8 !(a)kane)

1n two halves

perte.lning to a.th. extreme

20

!a f

!pa • !(x)dma

!{k)siUla

!(a)~all/a

,

en _ter. en sea

root, plant

common formative suffix

taste

place used for a certain pu~~,

breakthrough. Change

relative position of two,

superlative

in ,"ate!'

around

!ta on s.b. 's part

!sdana to die of • !(s)kana hand ,

(see !(s)kani)

!(x)?a~la inchoatiue, ~Dti~n. action

!sil& to ~o.k. parrorn action

!(g)ila

!(a)la

~bale

!uya

~aqa

.. suffixes

-. .. ns

(s.e "nea)

.. is

-.s ·t

to ~ake. to cause

continuative

s.th./s.b. going along

coming out

to pass on8

nominal formative surfix

nominal

noainal

nominal

down into the water

on beach, on bottom of water,

on bottom inside

place or.s.th. place Inside chers s.th. happel'"

nolliinal

:0O, U

=uyu • .. ayu, yu

1n tho house

passive

terminal suffix for nouns

on a flat surface

spina

instrument

" {:, ~}l.e nominal

=eni personal suffix (slang)

=ani nama of animal • =axci away

;a~! thing, object

=&.0.1 to dia of :nce down into the water

(see =ns) =~akola gradual motion

=iga strength, power

: suffixes

:xt :5

suffix referring to living being

on ground outside

:5 las

sen$ual quality of body or mind

tree

Hmas

!bit

!gai

specific condition of things

parsonal suffix

!i~

!tnit'

to start making noise

disposition

line, r;tring

(member of) group or tribe

!bu chest

neck

: {d. ~)i.e nominal

]xawi, xa~e neck

:1ni, ine way of :a to try to get. to become

:eqla

!ala

hind end. aflerwards

certain mood

continuative

21

.- 20 -

131

132

Aspect~ of Clallam Phonology and their Implications fOT Reconstruction

Mark S. Fleisher Washington State University

Introduction

This paperl focuses on the internal reconstruction of

Proto-Clallam (henceforth PC) phonology. I will argue that

the PC phonemic inventory is considerably reduced from the

synchronic surface phonemic system.

Integral for the reconstruction of the PC phonemic inven­

tory is the behavior of proto-glides*/?, h, w, ~. y. rl. The

hypothesis is that phonological alternations involving the glide

segments were morphologized which lead to the restructuring of

allophonic segments. Consequently. the number of surface se~ments

identified by the language learner as distinct Cpr-onemic) increased

as compared with the underlying phonology which can be reconstructed

when specific morphophonemic processes are considered.

)7/. Ihl

The glottal glide is defined as [- continuant], [+ lowl.

[- tense}: Ihl is a [+ continuant). f+ low], [+ tense] segment

(see TABLE I). 1'1 and Ihl are closely related structurally;

both are (- anterior]. [+ low] segments distinguished by the

[tense]. Ihl is positively marked for tenseness and :'1 is

negatively marked for tenseness. Tenseness may be viewed in an

alpha relationship with the feature [continuant] making it a

redundant feature. Within the system. however, all [+ tense}

segments are redundantly [- continuant1: the problem of feature

ordering within the matrix becomes apparent vis-a-vis the

1