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Elizabethan Poetry and Prose, from An Outline of English Literature, chapter 3
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ELIZABETHAN POETRY AND PROSE
Chapter III
Tiyas Aryani (F1022141005)Wilda Trianti (F1022141014)
Galang Patria Bangsa (F1022141016)
Elizabethan Age
Queen Elizabeth ruled from 1558 to 1603 , yet The Great Elizabethan literary age began in 1579.
During this time the writing of poetry was the part of education.
Before Elizabethan
Before 1579, Sir Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey already wrote sonnets which they learned from Italians.
Sir Thomas Wyatt was the first man who brought the sonnet to England. He followed the tradition of the Petrarchan sonnet with octave and sestet.
The Earl of Surrey was the first man who made blank verse in English.
Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was also a great poet of this age.
He wrote around 154 sonnets and they are very famous in English literature.
He developed a new form of sonnet called the English sonnet or the Shakespearean sonnet. The rhyme scheme was abab cdcd efef gg.
Edmund Spencer
Edmund Spencer introduced the Elizabethan age properly.
In 1579, he wrote “The Shepherd’s Calendar”, a poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.
His greatest work was “The Faerie Queene”. It is written in Spenserian stanza of nine lines, with the rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc.
Lyrics of the Elizabethan Age
The Elizabethan age produced many beautiful lyrics.
One of the finest lyricists was Sir Philip Sidney. His books of sonnets “Astrophel and Stella” was printed in 1591. Another great poet was Sir Walter Raleigh.
Some examples of best Elizabethan lyrics can also be found in the plays of Shakespeare, like “Venus and Adonis” and “Lucrece”.
Elizabethan Prose
Many writers of the Elizabethan age translated various books into English. Sir Thomas North translated “Plutarch’ Lives of the Noble
Grecians and Romans”(1579) had a wide influence on Elizabethan prose.
Richard Hakluyt collected and published “The Principal Navigations Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation”(1598)(about Cabots, Hawkins, etc.).
Samuel Purchas published “Purchas his Pilgrims”(1625), “Purchas his Pilgrimage, or Relations of the World and the Religions Observed in All Ages”(1613), and “Purchas his Pilgrim, or the History of Man”(1619)
Euphuism
John Lily wrote a kind of novel named “Euphues”(1578 and 1580). He started a fashion, which spread in books and conversation called Euphuism.
The term ‘euphemism’ is used to refer to using a comparatively milder or less harsh form of a negative description in a writing or a conversation.
Francis Bacon
Bacon is one of the most famous prose writers of the time who is also known as the father of the English prose. He wrote books both in English and Latin.
His famous books are “The Essays”, “The Advancement of Learning”, “The History of Henry VII” and “The New Atlantis”.
The Metaphysical Poets
A group of poets, known as the Metaphysical poets (Jacobean Age), began to write poems which were less beautiful and less musical, but full of intellectual images.
They searched all fields of knowledge, science, as well as, nature, for comparisons and tried to say in a style never used before. This made their poetry difficult to understand.
John Donne
John Donne began writing metaphysical poets early in the 17th Century. Donne also wrote religious poetry.
His songs and sonnets are his finest works. He had made good use of direct speech to give a colloquial touch to his poems.
Translation of The Bible
William Tyndale was a successful translator who translated the New Testament from the Greek and the Old Testament from the Hebrew. He was later burnt to death for his beliefs.
The Authorized Version (A.V) of the Bible appeared in 1611. The language is beautiful, strong and pure.
Benjamin Jonson
Ben Jonson (father of literary criticism) wrote a book titled “Timber, or Discoveries” (1640). This is a collection of notes and ideas on various subjects.
Jonson was an English playwright, poet, actor, and literary critic. He is generally regarded as the second most important English dramatist, after William Shakespeare.
Reference
Thornley, G.C., and Gwyneth Roberts. An Outline of English Literature. 2nd ed. Harlow: Longman, 1984.