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ELT VOICES – INDIA

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR TEACHERS OF ENGLISH

APRIL 2014 | VOLUME 4, ISSUE 2 | ISSN 2230-9136 (PRINT) 2321-7170 (ONLINE)

The Verb Phrase in Marathi LEENA JADHAV1

ABSTRACT

The verb is called ‘kriyapad’ in Marathi, which means an action word. It is as important in Marathi

sentence structure as in English. Marathi verbs inflect for person, number and gender of the subject and

the direct object in the sentence. Like English, Marathi, too, has inflectional and derivational verb

morphology. Verbs in Marathi can be classified into various types depending on different criteria. This

paper studies the verb phrase in Marathi from a linguistic point of view. The verb phrase in Marathi

consists of minimum one verb and maximum three verbs. It shows contrasts of tense, aspect, mood and

voice. After discussing the various types of verbs in detail, the paper explores the different concepts

related to the verb phase, namely, finite vs. non-finite verb phrase, tense, aspect, mood and voice. It is

very interesting note that Marathi verb phrase also shows morphological contrasts of tense, aspect,

mood and voice as that of many other languages in the world. It is very important to understand the

difference between tense and aspect as these grammatical categories are often conflated in many Indo-

European languages.

1. Department of English, Indira College of Engineering and Management, India.

ELT VOICES – INDIA April 2014 | Volume 4, Issue 2

108|ELT Voices – India International Journal|ISSN 2230-9136 (Print) 2321-7170 (Online)

The verb is called ‘kriyapad’ in Marathi, which means an action word. It is as important in

Marathi sentence structure as in English. Every sentence in Marathi must have a verb. A verb

is a word that completes the meaning of a sentence. Marathi verbs inflect for person, number

and gender of the subject and the direct object in the sentence. They show grammatical

contrasts such as tense, aspect, mood and voice. Like English, Marathi, too, has inflectional

and derivational verb morphology.

Verbs in Marathi can be classified into various types depending on different criteria. Navalkar

(1925) classifies Marathi verbs according to their signification, derivation and conjugation.

According to him, the Marathi verbs are divided into transitive verbs (sakarmak) and

intransitive (akarmak) verbs according to their signification. He classifies Marathi verbs into

causal (prayojya), potential (shakya) and compound verbs (samyukta) according to derivation.

The Marathi verbs are classified according to their conjugation into auxiliary verbs (sahaya),

defective verbs (gauna), regular verbs (niyamit), irregular verbs (aniyamit), anomalous verbs

(vidhibhanjak), impersonal verbs (bhavakartruk) and passive verbs (karmani). Walimbe (2004)

also gives various classifications of verbs as akarmak-sakarmak, samyukta-sahaya, siddha-

sadhit and niyamit-aniyamit. He also discusses dhatusadhit and bhavkartruk verbs.

If a sentence has two verbs, the first verb is the main verb and the second verb is the helping

verb. The helping verb reflects tense. For example,

(1) /mohən devəlat dʒat hota /

(Meaning: Mohan was going to the temple.)

The above sentence is in past continuous. The verb phrase consists of two verbs, viz., /dʒat/

and /hota/. Here, ‘/jat/’ is the main verb and ‘/hota/’ is the helping verb (sahayak kriyapad). In

Marathi grammar, such verb phrase consisting of a main verb and a helping verb (sahayak

kriyapad) is known as a compound verb (samyukta kriyapad). The helping verb (sahayak)

helps the main verb to complete the meaning of the sentence. For example, /əs/, /nəs/, /ho/,

/ye/, /ja/, /de/, /lag/, /tak/, /sək/, /pahije/ and /nəko/. The helping verbs ‘əs’, ‘ho’ and ‘nas’

express tense whereas the helping verbs ‘pahije’, ‘nəko’ and ‘nəye’ express mood. A sahayak

kriyapad in Marathi is also known as a gaun kriyapad.



Verbs in Marathi are divided into two types depending on whether they take their past tense /

perfect endings after their root-forms or after the base-forms of their roots.

The verbs which add their past tense / perfect endings immediately after the root-form are

called regular verbs. For example, the verb ‘/bəs-/’ forms its past tense / perfect form by adding

the past tense / perfect suffix after its stem/root form i.e. ‘/ bəs /+ suffix.’

On the contrary, some verbs form their past tense/ perfect forms by adding the respective

suffixes not to their root forms but to their allomorphic base form. Such verbs are called

irregular verbs. For example, the verb ‘/ja-/’ forms its past tense / perfect form by adding the

respective suffix to its base form. The base form of the root verb ‘/ja-/’ is ‘/ge-/.’ Thus, its past

tense/ perfect form is ‘/ge-/ + suffix.’

Marathi verbs are classified into transitive and intransitive verbs on the basis of whether they

take the direct object or not. Transitive (sakarmak) verbs are the verbs which take a direct

object whereas intransitive (akarmak) verbs are the verbs which do not take a direct object.

According to Navalkar (1925), ‘When an action denoted by the verb passes on to the object, it

is transitive (sakarmak), and when the action terminates in the subject, it is intransitive

(akarmak)’ (p.93). Some transitive verbs can take two objects. They are called ditransitive

(dwikarmak) verbs. Some verbs can be used as both transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.

They are called ubhayavidh verbs in Marathi. Transitive verbs are further divided according to

the agreement rules they follow for the formation of the perfect construction. There is special

class of transitive verbs which form their perfect constructions as that of intransitive verbs.

These verbs are called special transitive verbs (e.g. ‘/bol-/’, ‘/khel-/’, ‘/pi:-/’ and ‘/bhet-/’).

Apte (1962) asserts, ‘There are a number of verbs in Marathi which can be transformed from

one category to another by internal change’ (p.137). He proves that this transformation is a one

way transformation, i.e. from intransitive verbs to transitive verbs or from transitive verbs to

intransitive verbs and from there to causative verbs. He uses the transformational generative

approach in his analysis. For example, the intransitive verb /sut/ undergoes transitive

transformation and the transitive verb /sod/ is formed. This verb further undergoes causative

transformation and the causative verb /sodəw/ is formed. This transformation can be shown as

follows.



/sut/ ^ Tr /sod/

(to release) (to release)

/sod/ ^ Ca /sodəw/

(to release) (to cause to release)

As observed in English, all verbs in Marathi do not show action. There are some verbs which

show the state and not the action of the subject. On this basis, verbs are divided into dynamic

and stative verbs. The examples of dynamic verbs are mar-, kər- etc. whereas the examples of

the stative verbs in Marathi are /əs/, /hot/ etc.

Verbs are also classified according to whether they have a personal noun as the subject or not.

The verbs which have a personal noun as the subject are called personal verbs. For example

/awədəne/ (like) as in

(2) /məla aiskri:m awədəte/

(Meaning: I like ice-cream.)

The verbs which do not have a personal noun as the subject are called impersonal verbs. For

example, / tap /as in

(3) /pani tapət ahe/

(Meaning: Water is getting boiled.)

Most of the impersonal verbs are intransitive verbs as well.

The verbs that break the agreement rules are called anomalous (vidhibhanjak) verbs. For

instance, in the past tense or the perfect aspect an intransitive verb agrees with the subject and

a transitive verb agrees with the object. But, some verbs violate this rule. For example,

(4) (a) / to ganə gajəla /

(Meaning: He sang a song.)

(b) / ti: ganə gajəli: /



(Meaning: She sang a song.)

The verbs that are derived from other nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs are called sadhit

verbs in Marathi. For example,

(5) /mi: nehəmi kəmpju:tər hataləte /

(Meaning: I always use a computer.)

In the above example, the verb ‘/hatal/’ is derived from the noun ‘/hat/’ and hence is a sadhit

verb.

One of the manifestations of the sadhit verb is prayojak (causal) verb. When the action shown

by the verb is not done by the subject but someone makes the subject do that action, then such

a verb is called a ‘prayojak verb.’ For example,

(6) (a) / mule həsəli:/

(Meaning: Children laughed.)

(b) / jokərne mulana həsəwəle /

(Meaning: Joker made the children laugh.)

In the first sentence, the action of laughing is done by children whereas in the second sentence,

the joker is making the children laugh.

Sadhit verbs can also be realized in terms of shakya (potential) verbs. Here, the meaning is

such that the subject is capable of doing the action shown by the verb. For example,

(7) /məla patʃ kilomitər tʃaləwəte /

(Meaning: I can walk for five kilometers.)

Concepts Related to the Verb Phrase in Marathi

The verb phrase in Marathi consists of minimum one verb and maximum three verbs. It shows

contrasts of tense, aspect, mood and voice. Out of these, tense, aspect and mood are often

studied under the heading of ‘Aakhyaata theory’ in Marathi grammar. Aakhyaata is realized



through aakhyaata pratyaya (suffixes). The verb phrase in Marathi also agrees with the person,

gender and number of some of its arguments (subject and object.). The concord suffixes are

added after the aakhyaata suffixes. It can be shown as ‘verb + aakhyaata suffix + concord

suffix.’

According to Pandharipande (1997), the tense, aspect and mood system of Marathi is very

complex because of the following reasons.

1. Tense and aspect markers are often conflated.

2. Many explicator verbs carry the function of tense/aspect markers.

3. Time reference is always not indicated by the tense suffixes on the verb in the same

clause.

Finite Verb Phrase vs Non-finite Verb Phrase

The distinction of finite and non-finite verbs also exists in Marathi. A finite verb is a verb that

carries tense, i.e. it is used as the verb element in the sentence structure. It is inflected in terms

of person, number, mood and voice. A Finite verb phrase consists of one or more verbs. If the

finite verb phrase consists of only one verb, it is a finite verb. For example,

(8) /mohən devəlat gela /

(Meaning: Mohan went to the temple.)

Here, the sentence consists of only verb ‘/gela/.’ It is the finite verb phrase indicating the past

tense.

A non-finite verb phrase may function as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. It does not indicate

tense. The non-finite verbs are called dhatusadhite or krudante in Marathi. The non-finite

verbs in Marathi are made by adding suffixes like ‘–ne’, ‘-t’, ‘-ta’, ‘-tana’, ‘-u’, ‘-un’ and ‘–we’

to the base form of the verb. The non-finite verb phrase can consist of one or more verbs. For

example,

(9) /tjatʃe bolne məla khu:p avədəle/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_person

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_gender

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(grammar)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(grammar)



(Meaning: I liked the way he talked.)

In the above example,’/bolne/’ is a non-finite verb phrase which functions as a noun. On the

contrary, the verb phrase ‘/avədəle/’ is a finite verb phrase indicating the past tense.

To understand the system of the verb phrase, it is necessary to grasp the difference between the

two key concepts – tense and aspect. This difference is somewhat difficult to grasp for the

speakers of most of the Indo-European languages, because they have a tendency to conflate the

concept of aspect with the concept of tense. Although the tense and aspect categories are

separated formally, the separation of tense and aspect is not maintained rigidly in most of the

languages. Many traditional and pedagogical grammars achieve a terminological shorthand by

treating combination of tense and aspect as tense e.g. present perfect tense, present continuous

tense.

Grammatical tense and aspect represent a formal distinction encoded in the grammar of a

language. Both are morphological categories. Both deal with time but with a difference. Tense

is used to locate a situation grammatically in time and aspect is used to show the internal

temporal constituency of a situation. Tense is deictic whereas aspect is not deictic. Aspect

refers to the way a situation is viewed, i.e. whether the situation is in progress or completed.

Tense relates the reference time of a situation to the time of utterance whereas aspect relates

the time of reference to the event time. That is the reason Comrie (1976) refers to tense as

‘situation external time’ and to aspect as ‘situation internal time’. Aspect is both a semantic

and grammatical notion. Semantically, it refers to the internal temporal structure of the action

referred to by the verb, i.e. whether the action or state referred by the verb is ongoing or

completed. Morphologically, aspect refers to the way this semantic meaning is reflected in a

language using verbal inflections.

Tense System in Marathi

In Marathi, tense is morphologically marked by a suffix (pratyaya) which immediately follows

the verb stem / base and precedes all other suffixes. The agreement markers for person, number

and gender are different in different tenses.



Pandharipande (1997 ) asserts that ‘there is not always a correlation between the morphological

tense forms and the time reference indicated by them’ (p.407). For instance, the present and the

past tense markers may be used to indicate past time. For example,

(10) / devika mhənali: ki: ti: rodʒ kɒledʒla dʒate /

(Meaning: Devika said that she goes to school every day.)

In the above sentence, both the main and the subordinate clauses refer to past time although

morphologically the subordinate clause is in the present tense.

Marathi language formally distinguishes three tenses, viz., present, past and future. The

suffixes for the three tenses are given below. Usually, the tense suffix is attached to the root

form or stem form of the verb. Then it is followed by the concord suffix. For example, /bəs/ +

present tense suffix + concord suffix (first person singular masculine) is /bəsto/. But there is a

difference at the time of the construction of the past tense or the perfect aspect. If the verb is

regular, it immediately attaches the past tense suffix after the verb stem whereas if the verb is

irregular it changes the verb stem into its base form before attaching the past tense suffix.

For example,

Regular verb ‘/ bəs /’

Structure Verb stem + past tense suffix + concord suffix

/bəs-/ + -l + -a (third person singular masculine) /bəsla/ (basalaa)

Irregular verb ‘/ ja /’

Structure Verb base + past tense suffix + concord suffix

/ge-/ + -l + -a (third person singular masculine) /gela/ (gaolaa)



The structure of verbs in all the three tenses can be shown as follows.

Tense

Tense

Sufffix

Structure

Example

(Regular

verbs)

Example

(Irregular

verbs)

Present

Past

Future

-t

-l

Vowel + l/n

Vstem + t + concord suffix

Vstem / base + l + concord suffix

Vstem + l/n+ concord suffix

bəsto

bəsla

bəsel / bəsen

jato

gela

dʒail /

dʒain

Aspect System in Marathi

As already discussed earlier, tense and aspect are two different grammatical categories related

to the verb phrase. Tense refers to the time of the action, whereas aspect refers to the way we

view the action. Bernsten and Nimbkar (1975) compare aspect to the cameraman’s technique

in a movie to show an action. They take an example of a horse jumping over a fence. One way

is to show the action as a complete unit. Another way is to show the action in progress. And the

third way is to show the same action many times to suggest repetition. They comment that ‘in

aspect we have the verbal equivalent of the cameraman’s technique. A verbal construction

combining information about both aspect and tense enables the speaker to convey the exact

nuances he wants to emphasize in regard to a particular action’ (p.55).

The major aspectual contrasts shown in Marathi language are Perfect (purna), Progressive

(chalu) and Habitual (riti). The tense and aspect categories in Marathi are combined in various



ways. Marathi language allows the following combinations – present perfect, present

progressive, present habitual, past perfect, past progressive, past habitual, future perfect, future

progressive and future habitual.

The perfect aspect is marked by ‘verb + -l suffix’ followed by the appropriate form of the

auxiliary ‘/ əs /.’ It represents a completed activity. For example,

(11) (a) /mi: kam kelə /kelelə ahe / (present perfect)

(Meaning: I have done the work.)

(b) / mi: kam kelə / kelelə hotə / (past perfect)

(Meaning: I had done the work.)

(c) / mi: kam kelə / kelelə əsel/n / (Future perfect)

(Meaning: I will have done the work)

The progressive aspect is marked by ‘verb + -t suffix’ followed by an appropriate form of the

auxiliary ‘as.’ It represents an ongoing activity. For example,

(12) (a) / mi: kam kərət ahe / (Present Progressive)

(Meaning: I am doing the work.)

(b) / mi: kam kərət hote /. (Past Progressive)

(Meaning: I was doing the work.)

(c) / mi: kam kərət əsel/n/ (Future Progressive)

(Meaning: I will be doing the work.)

The Habitual aspect is marked by ‘verb + -t suffix’ followed by the appropriate form of the

auxiliary ‘as.’ It represents a habitual activity. Some other forms are also used to express

habituality in Marathi. For example,



(13) (a) / mi: rodʒ kam kərət əsəte / [Alternative form: / mi: roj kam kərəte/ ]

(Present Habitual)

(Meaning: I am used to work every day / I work every day.)

(b) / mi: rodʒ kam kərət əse / kəratʃe / kəri: / (Past Habitual)

(Meaning: I used to work every day.)

(c) / mi: rodʒ kam kərət əsel /n / (Future Habitual)

(Meaning: * I will be working every day.)

To express that an action started at a prior point of time and continues up to the later point of

time, Marathi speakers usually use progressive aspect. For example,

(14) (a) /ti: don wadʒəljapasu:n tjatʃi: vat pəhat ahe /

(Meaning: She has been wating for him since two o’clock.)

(b) /ti: tʃar wərʃanpasu:n ʃikvət ahe/

(Meaning: I have been teaching for four years.)

Sometimes the perfect and the progressive aspects are combined in order to emphasize

continuity. For example,

(15) (a) /ti: don wərʃanpasu:n tjatʃi: vat pəhat bəsəli: ahe /

(Meaning: She has been waiting for him since two o’clock.)

(b) /ti: tʃar wərʃanpasu:n ʃikvət aleli: ahe/

(Meaning: I have been teaching for four years.)

In all the above aspects, the whole verb phrase i.e. the non-finite verb followed by an auxiliary

shows aspect whereas the tense is marked on the auxiliary verb. Marathi also shows other



aspectual contrasts such as prospective, ingressive, terminative, iterative, semelfactive,

punctual, durative and simultaneous aspects.

Mood in Marathi

Sometimes the form of the verb expresses the attitude of the speaker such as request, order,

advice, wish and intention. When such meanings are reflected through the forms of verbs, it is

known as ‘mood’(artha) in grammar. There are four basic moods in Marathi, viz., Swartha

(indicative), Adnyartha ( Imperative), Vidhyartha ( Subjunctive) and Sanketartha

(Conditional).

The indicative mood (swartha) is used in Marathi in sentences which are statements of facts. It

is an unmarked mood. It expresses basic meaning of the verb. It does not indicate any

additional meaning. The verb forms in all tenses are in the indicative mood. For example,

(16) /ti: ghəri: geli: /

(Meaning: She went home.)

The imperative mood (Adnyartha) is used in Marathi to express order, request, blessing and

advice. When the form of the verb expresses one of these meanings, it is said to be in

imperative mood. For example,

(17) (a) /ʃsant bəs /

(Meaning: Keep quiet.)

(b) /pli:z dar bəndə kər /

(Meaning: Please close the door.)

(c) /dev tʊla sʊkhi: thevo /

(Meaning: May God keep you happy.)

(d) /dərərodʒ əbhjas kər /

(Meaning: Study everyday.)



Usually the imperative is used with the second person only but the traditional grammarians

have accommodated requests for permission using first person in this category. Such sentences

are usually interrogative sentences. They are formed by ‘verb root + u + ka’. For example,

(18) /mi: at jeu ka? /

(Meaning: May I come in?)

The subjunctive mood (vidyartha) is used to express suggestion, wish and obligation. It is also

known as optative or hortative mood. It is formed by adding the suffix ‘-wa’ (and its variants)

to the verb stem. For example,

(19) (a) /ləhananni: mothjantʃe eikave/

(Meaning: Younger ones should listen to their elders.)

(b) /mi: hi: pəri:kʃa pas vhavi: /

(Meaning: I should pass this examination.)

The conditional mood (sanketartha) expresses a condition. When one situation depends on

another situation, it expresses the conditional mood. Such sentences are often joined by the

conjunctions‘jar..tar’ ( Marathi equivalent for ‘if’). For example,

(20) /dʒər məla ma:hit əsəte tər mi: ale əsəte /

(Meaning: If I had known, I would have come.)

Voice in Marathi

Voice is called ‘prayoga’ in Marathi. According to Walimbe (2004), the interrelationship

between the subject, the object and the verb in a sentence is called prayoga (voice). The verb in

a Marathi sentence sometimes agrees with the subject, sometimes with the object and

sometimes it does not agree with either the subject or the object. On the basis of the verb

agreement, Marathi has three types of voice, viz. kartari prayoga , karmani prayoga and bhave

prayoga.



When the verb in a Marathi sentence agrees with the subject, it is said to be in kartari proyoga.

This means that the verb in such sentences changes its form with the gender, number and

person of the subject. For example,

(21) (a) /ti: taimteibl bənəvte /

(Meaning: She prepares the timetable.)

(b) /to taimteibl bənəvto /

(Meaning: He prepares the timetable.)

(c) /tu taimteibl bənəvtos /

(Meaning: You prepare the timetable.)

(d)/te taimteibl bənəvtat /

(Meaning: They prepare timetable.)

The subject in kartari prayoga is always in prathama vibhakti whereas the object is in the

nominative or accusative case. There are two types of kartari prayoga in Marathi, viz.

sakarmak and akarmak. When a kartari prayoga sentence has an object in it, it is called

sakarmak kartari prayoga. For example,

(22) /ti: peru: khate /

(Meaning: She eats a guava.)

Akarmak kartari prayoga, as the name suggests, is the kartari prayoga when there is no object

in the sentence. For example,

(23) /mi: kɒledʒla dʒato /

(Meaning: I go to college.)

When the verb in a Marathi sentence agrees with the object, it is said to be in Karmani prayoga

(passive voice). The verb in such a sentence changes its form with the gender, number and

person of the object. For example,



(24) (a)/tjane amba khalla /

(Meaning: He ate a mango.)

(b) /tjane ambe khalle /

(Meaning: He ate mangoes.)

The object in the karmani prayoga is always in nominative case. On the other hand, the subject

is in instrumental or in dative case.

(25) (a) /mule zu:rəl marətat /

(Meaning: Children kill cockroach)

(b) /mulankədu:n zu:rəl marəle dʒate /

(Meaning: Cockroach is killed by the children.)

In the above sentences, the meanings are similar but there is a difference in emphasis. In

sentence (a), the emphasis in on the subject i.e. /mule/. The verb ‘maratat’ agrees with the

subject. This sentence is in kartari prayog. On the other hand, in sentence (b), the emphasis is

on the object of the previous sentence, i.e. zural. The verb ‘marale jate’ agrees with ‘zural’ and

not ‘mulankadun.’ Here ‘zural’ is the subject. This is called karmakartari prayog. It is

equivalent to the passive voice in English.

When the verb in a Marathi sentence agrees neither with the subject nor the object, it is said to

be in bhave prayoga. That is, the verb in such a sentence does not agree with the gender,

number and person of the subject or the object. In such sentences, the verb form is third person

singular neuter gender. For example,

(26) (a) /əmolne vidjarthjala marəle /

(Meaning: Amol beat a student.)

(b) / əmolne vidjarthjanla marəle /

(Meaning: Amol beat some students.)



(c) /mi: vidjarthjala marəle /

(Meaning: I beat a student)

(d) / amhi vidjarthjala marəle /

(Meaning: We beat some students.)

The subject in the bhave prayoga is in trutiya or in chaturthi vibhakti. If there is an object in the

sentence, it is in dwitiya vibhakti. Bhave prayog is of two types, viz., sakarmak and akarmak.

Sakarmak, as the name suggests, is the bhave prayog where there is an object in the sentence.

For example,

(27) / ti:ne tjala marəle /

(Meaning: I beat him.)

In the akarmak bhave prayoga, on the contrary, there is no object. For example,

(28) / məla khərəctlə / le/

(Meaning: I have got a scratch.)

Thus, the verb element plays a vital role in the Marathi sentence construction. It is interesting

note that Marathi verb phrase also shows morphological contrasts of tense, aspect, mood and

voice as that of many other languages in the world. It is very important to understand the

difference between tense and aspect as these grammatical categories are often conflated.



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Pune.

Documents

ELT VOICES INDIAeltvoices.in/Volume4/Issue_2/EVI_42_9.pdf · sentence structure as in English. Marathi verbs ... ELT Voices – India ... The verb phrase in Marathi consists of minimum