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A STUDY ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF E-COMMERCE AND M-COMMERCE
AT SKYWARE SOLUTIONS (P) LTD, CHENNAI
CHAPTER I
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
M-Commerce is the term for making business transactions using mobile devices. There
are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services nowadays that have been
very helpful to us. Some are mobile banking, location maps, and variety of news, mobile
shopping, ticketing and mobile file sharing.
Mobiles are being used more and more on daily basis and its more then just making and
receiving a call. Mobile companies are coming up with new features for their smart phones,
which offers consumers ease, flexibility and security at the same time. Myself I have a
Blackberry and an iphone which I use both to run my online business, from sending and
receiving emails, online accounts, socialise on Facebook and Twitter and also paying for my
shopping so I just need to collect it. I believe if I was to loose my phone, I would be lost, as I
would have no communication, besides my wife calling me, I wouldn’t be able to operate my
day to day business. Having these features on my phone, saves me hours in a day, as I don’t go
home to a full inbox of emails, I don’t need to wait in queues to collect my shopping, as I have
already paid for it.
Doing M-Commerce transactions do not require the user to plug anything like personal
computer or wait for the laptop to load. Just hit the on button of your mobile device and your
ready to go. Despite the small screen, having something in your pocket that can do so much via
M-Commerce is really an amazing technology and a great help. E-Commerce business are also
making applications for mobile phones which allows users to browse their online products and
make payments with couple of buttons. With the growth of smartphones, tablets and mobile
devices, mobile commerce or mcommerce has started to gain prominence amongst the digital
marketplace.
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According to an eBay study, Mobile Assisted Commerce (MAC) is set to come to the
mainstream in India in 2012. With reductions in smartphone prices and increased 3G penetration,
m-commerce is set to increase. The recent Airtel advertisement showing a girl buying bags after
her mother sends money 'through mobile' or the one showing a friend helping another with Rs 65
through his mobile (for a drink of course!) are just the examples of companies trying to tap the
m-commerce market in the country.
Mobile Commerce
Mobile Commerce refers to wireless electronic commerce used for conducting commerce
or business through a handy device like cellular phone or Personal Digital Assistant (PDAs). It is
also said that it is the next generation wireless e-commerce that needs no wire and plug-in
devices. Mobile commerce is usually called as 'm-Commerce' in which user can do any sort of
transaction including buying and selling of the goods, asking any services, transferring the
ownership or rights, transacting and transferring the money by accessing wireless internet service
on the mobile handset itself.
The next generation of commerce would most probably be mobile commerce or m-
commerce. Presuming its wide potential reach all major mobile handset manufacturing
companies are making WAP enabled smart phones and providing the maximum wireless internet
and web facilities covering personal, official and commerce requirement to pave the way of m-
commerce that would later be very fruitful for them.
Worldwide, nearly 1 in 3 phones sold in 2011 was a smartphone. Couple this with the
wide uptake of tablets and other portable devices; it’s obvious to see that consumers have
incredibly advanced technology available for their mobile lifestyle. Increasingly, what used to be
strictly e-commerce is now becoming m-commerce, or a combination of both. We concluded that
regardless of the transaction, we would need a wallet that could be accessed from many devices.
I should be able to transfer money to friends and family, pay for physical and virtual goods and
services and pay in shops in any way I want. Similar to how m-commerce has created
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opportunities, the next generation of digital wallets will enable the lifestyle we want and need.
Who will provide us with the wallet then? Well, that is the important question.
Operators have the opportunity to leverage their subscriber base but if they are too slow
to adopt, someone else will close the window of opportunity. Now is the time to act. The
presence of etailers with mobile sites is growing; but just like Internet adoption in the mid-‘90s,
e-retailers today are taking baby steps toward initiating a mobile presence. At the moment the
majority of m-commerce transactions are limited to mobile device add-ons like ringtones, games,
wallpapers and screensavers.” Recent studies conducted earlier this year prove that mcommerce
is still fairly small today- with approximately 3.4% – 3.9% of American mobile users utilizing
mcommerce.
What is interesting, however, is what these consumers are buying. While the number or
consumers utilizing m-commerce platforms has not changed too drastically, the purchases have.
Of those that have made purchases via their mobile phones 58% purchased digital content for
their phones, 51% purchased consumer electronics, 37% purchased computers/laptops/related
equipment, 36% purchased books, 31% purchased apparel and 20% purchased jewelry. This
illustrates that consumers who use their mobile phones to make purchases are now purchasing as
if they were in a retail store. This is a dramatic difference in purchasing patterns is likely a result
of increased consumer confidence in the security of m-commerce. A recent poll found that
approximately 71% of consumers believe it is “very safe” or “fairly safe” to make a purchase via
mobile phone.
Moving forward ecommerce companies should do two things: get educated about m-
commerce and leave room for m-commerce in their marketing plans. First of all, find out as
much as you can about mcommerce now and stay briefed on the latest news as advancements are
made so that when mcommerce starts to become vital to your business you are ready with
strategy and insight. Secondly, begin developing a marketing strategy that will leverage your m-
commerce website when it is time to invest in it.
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Mobile commerce (aka “mcommerce”) refers to consumers shopping via wireless
handheld accessories such as cell phones and PDAs. An mcommerce site is a version of a
company’s webpage that is designed to fit within the constraints of a cell phone or PDA. (For
more information on what makes a site m-commerce friendly please see “Make Your Site iPhone
Friendly.”) While some mcommerce sites are set up to drive sales, the majority of retailers utilize
mcommerce primarily as an additional branding channel.
E-Commerce is short for electronic commerce and refers to the field of marketing,
buying, selling, distributing and servicing different products and/or services over the internet. It
aims at using electronic business applications for the purpose of commercial transactions. E-
Commerce is believed to have started off in 1994 when the first ever banner appeared on the
internet but electric commerce not using the internet must have originated as far back as the
1970s when technologies such as Electronic Funds Transfer and Electric Data Interchange were
being used. M-Commerce on the other hand stands for Mobile Commerce and refers to
commercial transactions being conducted over cellular and mobile devices. M-Commerce
originated sometime during the 1990s. The methods of payment used are normally calling
numbers with premium rates, reduction of the caller's credit and charging the user's bill.
NULMAN: Mobile, while potent, is not for everybody. You want to add mobile to your
mix if there is a reason to communicate with your customers on an immediate basis. If you're the
type of merchant who can offer fast-changing deals, and can make it very beneficial for your
customers to hear from you instantly, mobile's for you. It is very important to remember mobile
is not another channel to funnel e-mail blasts.
PARRY: For a merchant, is it just as easy as adding a .mobi? Or are we talking an entire
new platform? In layman's terms, what will a new platform involve?
NULMAN: Adding a .mobi is a tactic, not a panacea. A mobile site can still be accessed
without that suffix. More importantly, if you choose to go the mobile Web site route, it is
important to minimize the content and focus on the basics. Make sure the content fits not only on
the screen of a mobile device, but also caters to the reduced attention span of a mobile customer.
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The platform is similar to the web, but in order to promote rapid purchases you need to
remember to concentrate on the essentials.
PARRY: So are we talking about retailers getting entire catalog lines inside someone's
mobile device? Or will it be more similar to e-mail marketing, where a few products will be
teased?
NULMAN: Less indeed is more. In Japan, you have full-catalog, full-blown mobile
commerce sites, and they work well. But this is not Japan. You must start slowly and first prove
your concept and make customers comfortable shopping (and not even necessarily buying) on
mobile. With this careful approach, your sales should increase alongside their comfort level.
PARRY: How similar? For merchants, is the advent of mobile to the early days of
e-commerce, and what mistakes can be learned from the past and carried into this new channel?
NULMAN: Very similar. Check the minutes of your meetings where you pulled out your
hair, and remember that not even Amazon.com was built in a day. What you're trying to do here
is make customers commit while outside a traditional retail environment. What works in store
and now online will most likely not work on mobile. Take a walk outside and see how
consumers interact with their mobile devices, and tailor your offers to this behavior. Limit the
information and increase the reasons why they should act immediately.
PARRY: Consumers are trusting when it comes to making secure purchases on the Web.
But are credit card transactions as safe when they are going through a mobile platform?
NULMAN: They will be, but we will face the same type of consumer distrust reticence
we saw in the early days of the web. Second step will see us store our card numbers in our device
for one-click transactions, and eventually, most purchases will go right onto your carrier bill, as
they do in Japan. This could be the next big commerce battleground…between the banks, the
credit card companies and the carriers.
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PARRY: How long do you think it will take for merchants to implement mobile, and will
it be an all-at-once or gradual adoption rate?
NULMAN: If they're smart, it will be gradual. Take your time; we lived this long without
it, so let's find the right way to live with it. If it's all-at-once, it will soon be not-at-all.
Advantage of M-Commerce
M-commerce has several major advantages over its fixed counterparts because of its
specific inbuilt characteristics such as ubiquity, personalization, flexibility, and distribution,
mobile commerce promises exceptional business market potential, greater efficiency and higher
fruitfulness.
Thus it is not surprising that mobile commerce is emerging much faster than its fixed
counterpart. M-commerce is more personalized than e-commerce and thus needs a gentle
approach to appraise m-commerce applications.
Areas / Uses of M-Commerce
In the current commerce industry, mobile commerce or M-Commerce has been entered in
finance, services, retails, tele-communication and information technology services. In these
sectors, M-Commerce is not only being widely accepted but also it is being more used as a
popular way of business/ commerce.
Finance Sectors
Mobile Commerce works vastly in finance sector including all big and major financial
institutes, banks, stock market and share brokers. Whenever any user needs money or wants any
sort of banking and finance related services, he/she can access the services or register services
via voice calling or via Short Message Services (SMS) services. WAP based mobile handsets
allow the user to access the official website of the institute.
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User can transact money or transfer money, or pay the bill from its bank account using
mobile commerce facilities. Banks also provide round the clock customer care services, which
can be used any time through voice calling. Some customer care services are also provides non-
voice services on mobile that is known as insta-alert facility. While in the stock market, the user
can access the stock market quotes and get in live touch with current trading status on its mobile
in two forms either voice (customer assistance) or non-voice (sms alerts) or both.
The share broker sends market trends and tips of trading on their clients' mobile. Also
broker can suggest the appropriate stock for intra-day trading to their users.
Telecommunication Sectors
Mobile has played a giant role in communication technology through its versatility and
superiority. The ubiquity and easy usage has further made it extremely popular across the globe.
It has already surpassed the fixed phone in the world. Software platform is essential for operating
any mobile and this tool has revolutionized the communication world because of its functioning
as a small computer.
The booming popularity has forced the corporate world to develop a new commerce
platform that can reach to masses. Mobile commerce has attracted massive traffic because of its
unique characteristics. The user can change the service of any financial institute or banks if gets
better product and service or user is unsatisfied with the service of the subscribing company.
Besides this several bills can be paid using mobile and user can also check the available balance,
the status of cheques, the status of requested processing and customer care support.
Several dealings can be handled through mobile phones.
Service / Retail sectors
Service and Retail sectors are also among the leading sectors, which have nurtured most
from mobile commerce. M-Commerce has proved a major boon for these sectors. Several
business dealings no matter how big or small are being finalized on the mobile phone. Customer
Page 7
would be able to book the order, can hire carrier/courier services and above all could also pay the
dues related to it through mobile.
Information Sector
After the bursting of dotcom bubble, e-commerce has gone downwards to hell. But the
evolution of mobile commerce has again worked as ambrosia for them. A separate sector has
been evolved to exercise on this field for the IT experts. The webmasters have skilfully exploited
this new area of IT-enabled commerce.
In the IT field, mobile commerce has been used massively to deliver financial news,
stock updates, sports figures and traffic updates and many more onto a single handheld device
'mobile'
.
History of M-Commerce
Despite of huge popularity of mobile commerce, it is yet in the initial stage and can be
further expand in to all the fields, which affect the human life. The assumption of mobile
commerce is not so young as it mushroomed so early from adopting this technology. It initially
begins with the use of wireless POS (Point Of Sale) swipe terminals and has since then made its
way into cellular phones and PDA's (Personal Digital Assistants). The first enabling m-
commerce technologies were presented through Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) and i-
mode mobile Internet service. WAP builds on digital phone technology and first emerged on 2.5
G phone technology that allowed users to browse the Internet. This technology cemented the
way of m-commerce, which has strongly developed on 3G-phone technology. Nokia has first
introduced m-commerce application software Nokia toolkit version 4.0.
The future of m-Commerce seems extremely bright because several experiments are
going on to introduce the upgraded version of mobile likely to emerged with the evolution of 4G
mobile technology.
Page 8
Unless you have been living under a rock for the last few years, you have probably heard
about e-commerce. And you have heard about it from several different angles. You may have:
heard about all of the companies that offer e-commerce because you have been
bombarded by their TV and radio ads.
read all of the news stories about the shift to e-commerce and the hype that has developed
around e-commerce companies.
seen the huge valuations that Web companies get in the stock market, even when they
don't make a profit.
purchased something on the Web, so you have direct personal experience with e-
commerce
Still, you may feel like you don't understand e-commerce at all. What is all the hype
about? Why the huge valuations? And most importantly, is there a way for you to participate? If
you have an e-commerce idea, how might you get started implementing it? If you have had
questions like these, then this article will help out by exposing you to the entire e-commerce
space.
Ecommerce definition and types of ecommerce
Ecommerce (e-commerce) or electronic commerce, a subset of ebusiness, is the
purchasing, selling, and exchanging of goods and services over computer networks (such as the
Internet) through which transactions or terms of sale are performed electronically. Contrary to
popular belief, ecommerce is not just on the Web. In fact, ecommerce was alive and well in
business to business transactions before the Web back in the 70s via EDI (Electronic Data
Interchange) through VANs (Value-Added Networks). Ecommerce can be broken into four main
categories: B2B, B2C, C2B, and C2C.
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B2B(Business-to-Business)
Companies doing business with each other such as manufacturers selling to distributors
and wholesalers selling to retailers. Pricing is based on quantity of order and is often
negotiable.
B2C(Business-to-Consumer)
Businesses selling to the general public typically through catalogs utilizing shopping cart
software. By dollar volume, B2B takes the prize, however B2C is really what the average
Joe has in mind with regards to ecommerce as a whole.
Having a hard time finding a book? Need to purchase a custom, high-end computer
system? How about a first class, all-inclusive trip to a tropical island? With the advent
ecommerce, all three things can be purchased literally in minutes without human
interaction. Oh how far we've come!
C2B(Consumer-to-Business)
A consumer posts his project with a set budget online and within hours companies review
the consumer's requirements and bid on the project. The consumer reviews the bids and
selects the company that will complete the project. Elance empowers consumers around
the world by providing the meeting ground and platform for such transactions.
C2C(Consumer-to-Consumer)
There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where individuals can
buy and sell thanks to online payment systems like PayPal where people can send and
receive money online with ease. eBay's auction service is a great example of where
person-to-person transactions take place everyday since 1995.
Companies using internal networks to offer their employees products and services
online--not necessarily online on the Web--are engaging in B2E (Business-to-Employee)
ecommerce.
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G2G (Government-to-Government), G2E (Government-to-Employee), G2B
(Government-to-Business), B2G (Business-to-Government), G2C (Government-to-Citizen), C2G
(Citizen-to-Government) are other forms of ecommerce that involve transactions with the
government--from procurement to filing taxes to business registrations to renewing licenses.
There are other categories of ecommerce out there, but they tend to be superfluous.
A type of business model, or segment of a larger business model, that enables a firm or
individual to conduct business over an electronic network, typically the internet. Electronic
commerce operates in all four of the major market segments: business to business, business to
consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business.
Ecommerce has allowed firms to establish a market presence, or to enhance an already
larger market position, by allowing for a cheaper and more efficient distribution chain for their
products or services. One example of a firm having successfully used ecommerce is Borders.
This book store not only has physical stores, but also has an online store where the customer can
buy books, CDs and DVDs.
You are just at the right place to know all about e-commerce. E-commerce or electronic
commerce, comprises of the buying and selling of products, services or information over
electronic methods such as the Internet. But actually it is much more than just buying and selling
products online. Read on to get a true e-commerce definition.
E-commerce solutions include the complete process of developing, marketing, selling,
delivering, servicing and paying for products and services online. With widespread usage of
internet, the amount of electronic trade has grown extraordinarily. Modern e-commerce
stimulates and draws on advances and improvements in electronic funds transfer, supply chain
management, internet marketing, online transaction processing, inventory management systems,
and automated data collection systems. Other wider range of technologies like e-mail, mobile
devices and telephones are encompassed as well.
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Conducting business online. Selling goods, in the traditional sense, is possible to do
electronically because of certain software programs that run the main functions of an e-
commerce Web site, including product display, online ordering, and inventory management. The
software resides on a commerce server and works in conjunction with online payment systems to
process payments. Since these servers and data lines make up the backbone of the Internet, in a
broad sense, e-commerce means doing business over interconnected networks.
The definition of e-commerce includes business activities that are business-to-business
(B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), extended enterprise computing (also known as "newly
emerging value chains"), d-commerce, and m-commerce. E-commerce is a major factor in the
U.S. economy because it assists companies with many levels of current business transactions, as
well as creating new online business opportunities that are global in nature.
Here are a few examples of e-commerce:
accepting credit cards for commercial online sales
generating online advertising revenue
trading stock in an online brokerage account
driving information through a company via its intranet
driving manufacturing and distribution through a value chain with partners on an extranet
selling to consumers on a pay-per-download basis, through a Web site
Different types of e-commerce models exist among various groups. As e-commerce
means trading over the internet, one cannot confine the work of commerce electronically
only to certain groups. Several types of e-commerce concentrate on business substitutes
involving goods and services between various corporations. Opposing to well accepted
belief, e-commerce is not just on the Web.
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The three types of e-commerce such as business-to-business, business-to-consumer and
business-to-employee represent a range of different schemas of transactions which are
notable according to their participants.
You are at the right place to understand the concepts and different types of e-commerce
models.
E-commerce is one of the most significant aspects of the Internet today. Having emerged
recently and growing at a steady speed, it becomes essential to look at the advantages and
disadvantages of e-commerce. Selling and buying products and services online over
electronic systems with the assistance of computers needs to be looked at from all
perspectives. Like any other conventional business, electronic commerce is also
characterized by some inbuilt benefits and drawbacks. Let's have a look at some of these
important advantages and disadvantages of electronic commerce.
E-commerce is definitely the new commerce arena, with the advent of faster internet
connectivity and powerful online tools. Carrying out business at a lightening speed is
bound to have its own pluses and minuses. Learning the advantages and disadvantages of
e-commerce will help one gain complete knowledge about this medium of business.
You are just at the right destination to learn about advantages and disadvantages of e-
commerce.
Business-to-Business or B2B consists of leading form of E-commerce. This type of e-
commerce defines the buyer and seller to be two different entities. It is chiefly the selling
between companies, which are wholesale rather than retail, but in actual practice is much
more than that. Read on to know more about Business-to-Business model.
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Business-to-Business type of e-commerce involves efficient use of capital demands small
inventories. It is important to maintain detailed information flows between all parties
involved in today's manufacturing processes which can be complex. Expanding the circle
of suppliers and centralizing control as well are important part in these types of e-
commerce.
Business-to-Business models in e-commerce are an important part of any business online.
Putting aside the simple transfer of funds, it needs to cover more. Creditworthiness
assessment and guaranteeing the quality and delivery of goods, while safeguarding
against fraud are important.Detailed reporting including approval of sale, invoicing,
delivery, payment is essential. There are proper procedures to handle disputes.
Business-to-Business model has reportedly done better than other type of ecommerce.
Encouraging higher profits with steadier growth, higher profits, there are even marked
differences between types of software and their successes within this model. Extensive
company reorganization and retraining are essential to improve management.
Benefits of Business-to-Business models comprise of promoting ones businesses online.
There is easy import and export of products. It is simpler to determine buyers and
suppliers and position trade guides.
The future prospects for Business-to-Business are bright. With trillions of dollars of
worth goods bought and sold online and predicted in the coming years, demand is
growing for B2B products. European firms expect Business-to-Business investment to
generate a 5% productivity growth.
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1.2 INDUSTRY PROFILE
The Global Mobile Commerce Forum, which came to include over 100 organisations,
had its fully minuted launch in London on 10 November 1997. Kevin Duffey was elected as the
Executive Chairman at the first meeting in November 1997. The meeting was opened by Dr
Mike Short, former chairman of the GSM Association, with the very first forecasts for mobile
commerce from Kevin Duffey (Group Telecoms Director of Logica) and Tom Alexander (later
CEO of Virgin Mobile and then of Orange). Over 100 companies joined the Forum within a year,
many forming mobile commerce teams of their own, e.g. Mastercard and Motorola. Of these
hundred companies, the first two were Logica and Cellnet (which later became O2). Member
organisations such as Nokia, Apple, Alcatel, and Vodafone began a series of trials and
collaborations, many of which are summarised here.
Mobile commerce services were first delivered in 1997, when the first two mobile-phone
enabled Coca Cola vending machines were installed in the Helsinki area in Finland. The
machines accepted payment via SMS text messages. The first mobile phone-based banking
service was launched in 1997 by Merita Bank of Finland, also using SMS. The m-Commerce(tm)
server developed in late 1997 by Kevin Duffey at Logica won the 1998 Financial Times award
for "most innovative mobile product," in a solution implemented with De La Rue, Motorola and
Logica. The Financial Times commended the solution for "turning mobile commerce into a
reality."
In 1998, the first sales of digital content as downloads to mobile phones were made
possible when the first commercial downloadable ringtones were launched in Finland by
Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj). Two major national commercial platforms for mobile
commerce were launched in 1999: Smart Money (http://smart.com.ph/money/) in the
Philippines, and NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode Internet service in Japan. i-Mode offered a
revolutionary revenue-sharing plan where NTT DoCoMo kept 9 percent of the fee users paid for
content, and returned 91 percent to the content owner. Mobile-commerce-related services spread
rapidly in early 2000. Norway launched mobile parking payments. Austria offered train ticketing
via mobile device. Japan offered mobile purchases of airline tickets.
Page 15
In April 2002, building on the work of the Global Mobile Commerce Forum (GMCF), the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) appointed Joachim Hoffmann of
Motorola to develop official standards for mobile commerce. In appointing Mr Hoffman, ETSI
quoted industry analysts as predicting "that m-commerce is poised for such an exponential
growth over the next few years that could reach US$200 billion by 2004".
The first book to cover mobile commerce was Tomi Ahonen's M-profits in 2002.
The first university short course to discuss mobile commerce was held at the University
of Oxford in 2003, with Tomi Ahonen and Steve Jones lecturing. As of 2008, UCL Computer
Science and Peter J. Bentley demonstrated the potential for medical applications on mobile
devices. PDAs and cellular phones have become so popular that many businesses are beginning
to use mobile commerce as a more efficient way to communicate with their customers.
In order to exploit the potential mobile commerce market, mobile phone manufacturers
such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with carriers such as AT&T
Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smartphones. Smartphones offer fax, e-mail, and
phone capabilities. Evaluate site design and functionality and document enhancement
recommendations from business stakeholders and product managers.
Maintain up-to-date knowledge of current user experience/website industry standards and
best practices. Monitor and analyze products and services, market trends, and customer
requirements. Assist in performing usability testing of proposed designs. Conduct competitive
audits and other research. Analyze related web metrics once implementation is complete (traffic,
visibility, outreach, effectiveness) and coordinate updates with the various members of the key
business units to ensure ongoing maintenance. Define business and functional requirements on
behalf of the business to provide to systems analysts for implementation.Work closely with
business users to understand their business needs and opportunities for the use of technology to
improve their processes, and help them meet their business objectives. Understand the
applications supporting the users, their capabilities and limitations. Assist the business users in
developing business cases, including costs, benefits, and risks analysis.
Page 16
Develop an excellent working relationship with business users and IT, providing very
customer focused and responsive support to their business needs. Acts as liaison between
systems software development staff, management, and system end-users to determine
requirements. Translate business requirements into functional specifications for necessary
systems modifications to satisfy business needs. Work with IT to determine best technical
solution to achieve objectives.
Work with QA and IT to develop test scripts based on functional specifications and
participate in testing of systems enhancements and modifications. Serves as subject matter expert
with content, processes, and procedures associated with the design of efficient, cost effective
solutions.Perform quality reviews of data results throughout the project lifecycle.
Coordinate implementation of the system software, including conversion of data to the
new system, and work with application support personnel to resolve system problems. Work
proactively with end users to identify technical solutions to business problems or inefficiencies.
Work with the teams to ensure training materials and curriculums are developed to support
systems enhancements and modifications. Document system specifications, note and
communicate any changes in procedure.
"Profitability for device vendors and carriers hinges on high-end mobile devices and the
accompanying killer applications," said Burchett.[who?] Perennial early adopters, such as the youth
market, which are the least price sensitive, as well as more open to premium mobile content and
applications, must also be a key target for device vendors. Since the launch of the iPhone, mobile
commerce has moved away from SMS systems and into actual applications. SMS has significant
security vulnerabilities and congestion problems, even though it is widely available and
accessible. In addition, improvements in the capabilities of modern mobile devices make it
prudent to place more of the resource burden on the mobile device.
More recently, brick and mortar business owners, and big-box retailers in particular, have
made an effort to take advantage of mobile commerce by utilizing a number of mobile
capabilities such as location based services, barcode scanning, and push notifications to improve
Page 17
the customer experience of shopping in physical stores. By creating what is referred to as a
'bricks & clicks' environment, physical retailers can allow customers to access the common
benefits of shopping online (such as product reviews, information, and coupons) while still
shopping in the physical store. This is seen as a bridge between the gap created by e-commerce
and in-store shopping, and is being utilized by physical retailers as a way to compete with the
lower prices typically seen through online retailers.
M-Commerce is the term for making business transactions using mobile devices. There
are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services nowadays that have been
very helpful to us. Some are mobile banking, location maps, and variety of news, mobile
shopping, ticketing and mobile file sharing. Shoppers are already a part of frenzied life, trying to
fit in all the other chores in their life in limited time. And online shopping remains a challenge
for most of them. Making the shopping cart process easier and simpler can simplify things a lot
and improve e-commerce. Buying last minute gifts or wanting a niche product still remains a
challenge on internet, especially with a complicated shopping cart process.
Web retailers actually want to offer a great shopping experience for their consumers. But
what most of them don’t realize is that most shoppers get discouraged if they find the shopping
cart process not easy to follow. So as the first step to improve e-commerce, make the shopping
process easy and intuitive. Making the shopping cart process overly long is a sure shot way to
lose your potential customer. Remove any un-necessary fields for unimportant information.
Condense your checkout process to a max of 2 pages at most and with very few fields to fill in.
Review the check out pages and fields and look out for ay scope of improvement. For instance,
do you really need their third name or ask for their work phone? Avoid asking your consumers to
confirm their email address twice to ease out the shopping cart process flow.
It is always better to offer the user the option of buying without having to register first.
The user should be given this option to setup after they have completed out the details for the
sale. Get rid of these website frictions which irk the buyer and leave the website in
disappointment.
Page 18
To find out the general perception of the employees on training and development.
Overcome Geographical Limitations
If you have a physical store, you are limited by the geographical area that you can service. With
an ecommerce website, the whole world is your playground. Additionally, the advent of m-
commerce, i.e., ecommerce on mobile devices, has dissolved every remaining limitation of
geography.
Gain New Customers With Search Engine Visibility
Physical retail is driven by branding and relationships. In addition to these two drivers, online
retail is also driven by traffic from search engines. It is not unusual for customers to follow a link
in search engine results, and land up on an ecommerce website that they have never heard of.
This additional source of traffic can be the tipping point for some ecommerce businesses.
Lower Costs
One of the most tangible positives of ecommerce is the lowered cost. A part of these lowered
costs could be passed on to customers in the form of discounted prices.
Locate the Product Quicker
It is no longer about pushing a shopping cart to the correct aisle, or scouting for the
desired product. On an ecommerce website, customers can click through intuitive
navigation or use a search box to immediately narrow down their product search. Some
websites remember customer preferences and shopping lists to facilitate repeat purchase.
Eliminate Travel Time and Cost
It is not unusual for customers to travel long distances to reach their preferred physical
store. Ecommerce allows them to visit the same store virtually, with a few mouse clicks.
Provide Comparison Shopping
Ecommerce facilitates comparison shopping. There are several online services that allow
customers to browse multiple ecommerce merchants and find the best prices.
Page 19
Enable Deals, Bargains, Coupons, and Group Buying
Though there are physical equivalents to deals, bargains, coupons, and group buying,
online shopping makes it much more convenient. For instance if a customer has a deep
discount coupon for turkey at one physical store and toilet paper at another, she may find
it infeasible to avail of both discounts. But the customer could do that online with a few
mouse-clicks.
Provide Abundant Information
There are limitations to the amount of information that can be displayed in a physical
store. It is difficult to equip employees to respond to customers who require information
across product lines. Ecommerce websites can make additional information easily
available to customers. Most of this information is provided by vendors, and does not
cost anything to create or maintain.
M-Commerce is the term for making business transactions using mobile devices. There
are already several existing M-Commerce applications and services nowadays that have been
very helpful to us. Some are mobile banking, location maps, and variety of news, mobile
shopping, ticketing and mobile file sharing.
Mobiles are being used more and more on daily basis and its more then just making and
receiving a call. Mobile companies are coming up with new features for their smart phones,
which offers consumers ease, flexibility and security at the same time. My self I have a
Blackberry and an iphone which I use both to run my online business, from sending and
receiving emails, online accounts, socialise on Facebook and Twitter and also paying for my
shopping so I just need to collect it. I believe if I was to loose my phone, I would be lost, as I
would have no communication, besides my wife calling me, I wouldn’t be able to operate my
day to day business. Having these features on my phone, saves me hours in a day, as I don’t go
home to a full inbox of emails, I don’t need to wait in queues to collect my shopping, as I have
already paid for it.
Page 20
This power to regulate navigation confers upon the United States a dominant servitude,
FPC v. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp., 347 U.S. 239, 249 (1954), which extends to the entire
stream and the stream bed below ordinary high-water mark. The proper exercise of this power is
not an invasion of any private property rights in the stream or the lands underlying it, for the
damage sustained does not result from taking property from riparian owners within the meaning
of the Fifth Amendment but from the lawful exercise of a power to which the interests of riparian
owners have always been subject. United States v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. R. Co., 312 U.S. 592,
596–597 (1941); Gibson v. United States, 166 U.S. 269, 275–276 (1897). Thus, without being
constitutionally obligated to pay compensation, the United States may change the course of a
navigable stream, South Carolina v. Georgia, 93 U.S. 4 (1876), or otherwise impair or destroy a
riparian owner's access to navigable waters, Gibson v. United States, 166 U.S. 269 (1897);
Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U.S. 141 (1900); United States v. Commodore Park, Inc., 324 U.S. 386
(1945), even though the market value of the riparian owner's land is substantially diminished.
Other scholars, such as Robert H. Bork and Daniel E. Troy, argue that prior to 1887, the
Commerce Clause was rarely invoked by Congress, and thus a broad interpretation of the word
"commerce" was clearly never intended by the Founders. In support of this claim, they argue that
the word "commerce", as used in the Constitutional Convention and the Federalist Papers, can be
substituted with either "trade" or "exchange" interchangeably while preserving the meaning of
the statements. They also point to Madison's statement in an 1828 letter that the "Constitution
vests in Congress expressly...'the power to regulate trade'."[6][7]
Examining contemporaneous dictionaries does not neatly resolve the matter. For instance,
the 1792 edition of Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language defines the noun
"commerce" narrowly as "[e]xchange of one thing for another; interchange of any thing; trade;
traffick", but it defines the corresponding verb "to commerce" more broadly as "[t]o hold
intercourse."[8] The word "intercourse" also had a different and wider meaning back in 1792 than
it does now. Thus, Ogden contended, Congress could not invalidate his monopoly as long as he
only transported passengers within New York. The Supreme Court, however, found that
Congress could invalidate his monopoly since it was operational on an interstate channel of
navigation.
Page 21
In its decision, the Court assumed interstate commerce required movement of the subject
of regulation across state borders. The decision contains the following principles, some of which
have since been altered by subsequent decisions: 1. Commerce is "intercourse, all its branches,
and is regulated by prescribing rules for carrying on that intercourse." 2. Commerce among the
states cannot stop at the external boundary-line of each state, but may be introduced into the
interior... Comprehensive as the word "among" is, it may very properly be restricted to that
commerce which concerns more states than one." 3. The Commerce power is the power to
regulate, that is "to prescribe the rule by which commerce is to be governed" which "may be
exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the
Constitution."
Additionally, the Marshall Court limited the extent of federal maritime and admiralty
jurisdiction to tidewaters in The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson.[9]
In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831), the Supreme Court addressed whether the
Cherokee nation is a foreign state in the sense in which that term is used in the constitution. The
Court provided a definition of Indian tribe that clearly made the rights of tribes far inferior to
those of foreign states. In part the court said:
The new concept has already gained much popularity in the US, Europe, and Africa. In
India, though, basic banking transactions and mobile payments are available, but with the
increasing use of Smartphone, tablets, latest-applications enabled mobile devices and increasing
3G penetrations in Indian digital market, the mCommerce service is creating its space in the
market that can comply with country regulatory guidelines. However, there are future challenges
that the industry needs to face.
Following the path of major player Kenya’s M-PESA which has facilitated people mobile
banking using mobile devices, in India, RBI and TRAI, financial institutions, operators and
service providers have partnered with each other to take mCommerce to rural India. For
example, SBI and ICICI bank have partnered with a mobile banking technology partner “EKO”
for their mobile banking solutions. Likewise, other banks are also following them.
Page 22
According to a report by Boston Consulting Group, there is an ample scope for mCommerce in
India. At present, India has over 800 million mobile subscribers, including 240 million with bank
accounts, and 20 million with credit cards; there are 88,000 bank branches and 70,000 cash
points. The additional fact is that the half of Indian households is still unbanked, including 42%
holding at least one mobile phone. This opens a great opportunity for mobile phone industry and
financial institutions to galvanize mobile commerce services in India.
The latest BCG report has also projected that the fee-based revenue from mobile
commerce could be well over $4.5 billion by 2015 in India. Banks, mobile service providers and
device manufacturers all have considerable opportunity to generate this revenue.
Let us see some of the mCommerce & mPayments services available in India:
Bill Payments – With the mPayment services, paying all types of utility bills such as
water, electricity and gas bills has become much more convenient via mobile phone.
People can pay their bill from anywhere and anytime via their mobile phone, thereby they
do not need to stand in a queue therefore they can save their lots of time.
Recently, xpWallet announced its launch of mWallet Bill Pay offering, enabling users to receive
and view bills instantly through the Internet, USSD and SMS.
Money Transfer – Funds transfer is one of the unique features of mobile commerce
services. Previously, people would require going online on a computer to transfer the
funds between one to another bank account. Now, one can easily send money to anyone,
anywhere; or transfer money between bank accounts through mobile devices within a few
seconds.
Retail Transactions – With the rise in shopping malls and retail stores in India,
mCommerce & mPayments services are extremely valuable for customers for making
payments at the checkouts. Additionally, these services also make online shopping much
Page 23
easier and lucrative for both the customers and merchants through various discounts and
loyalty coupons.
Movie Ticketing – Mobile commerce services also enable users to book movie tickets via
a mobile phone. Now, people can enjoy watching movies by planning for that anytime in
an easier and hassle free manner.
Travel Ticketing – Now, scheduling any trip to anywhere and anytime has become
convenient with the mCommerce services available in India. People are now able to book
train or flight tickets via their mobile phone and have the pleasure of the journey.
It is evident that mCommerce and mPayments services have significantly been building
its market in India; and in the near future it will grow rapidly. There are some obstacles such as
security of financial transactions and speed of user interfaces. Another major obstacle to m-
commerce in India is meeting the Know Your Customers (KYC) norms. Though, following
Kenya’s National ID system which propelled its m-commerce to a huge success, if India gets its
Unique Identity Development Authority of India (UIDAI) or Aadhar project successfully
implemented, mobile commerce will rise in India to become the next generation mCommerce for
its mass adoption.
In conclusion, mobile commerce will certainly be successful in India, but telecom
companies and banks do need to spend more to provide safety and security from intrusions and
hacking. Further, they also need to build awareness among the consumers by embracing the
technology and promoting it ingenuously. xpWallet next generation mCommerce ecosystem
offers both core and enterprise mCommerce platforms to deliver services to the masses of India.
USSD mCommerce platform, for instance, acts as a comprehensive tutorial to teach the basic
mobile phone users how to access mCommerce services and allows them to do financial
activities even without Internet access.
Page 24
MORE ON M-COMMERCE
Customers can easily select products from different providers without moving around
physically.
Any one, good or bad, can easily start a business. And there are many bad sites which eat
up customers’ money.
There is no guarantee of product quality.
Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes.
As there is minimum chance of direct customer to company interactions, customer
loyalty is always on a check.
There are many hackers who look for opportunities, and thus an ecommerce site, service,
payment gateways, all are always prone to attack.
In 1998, the first sales of digital content as downloads to mobile phones were made
possible when the first commercial downloadable ringtones were launched in Finland by
Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj). Two major national commercial platforms for mobile
commerce were launched in 1999: Smart Money (http://smart.com.ph/money/) in the
Philippines, and NTT DoCoMo's i-Mode Internet service in Japan. i-Mode offered a
revolutionary revenue-sharing plan where NTT DoCoMo kept 9 percent of the fee users paid for
content, and returned 91 percent to the content owner.
Mobile-commerce-related services spread rapidly in early 2000. Norway launched mobile
parking payments. Austria offered train ticketing via mobile device. Japan offered mobile
purchases of airline tickets. In April 2002, building on the work of the Global Mobile Commerce
Forum (GMCF), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) appointed
Joachim Hoffmann of Motorola to develop official standards for mobile commerce. In
appointing Mr Hoffman, ETSI quoted industry analysts as predicting "that m-commerce is
poised for such an exponential growth over the next few years that could reach US$200 billion
by 2004. In order to exploit the potential mobile commerce market, mobile phone manufacturers
such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with carriers such as AT&T
Page 25
Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smartphones. Smartphones offer fax, e-mail, and
phone capabilities.
"Profitability for device vendors and carriers hinges on high-end mobile devices and the
accompanying killer applications," said Burchett.[who?] Perennial early adopters, such as the youth
market, which are the least price sensitive, as well as more open to premium mobile content and
applications, must also be a key target for device vendors. Since the launch of the iPhone, mobile
commerce has moved away from SMS systems and into actual applications. SMS has significant
security vulnerabilities and congestion problems, even though it is widely available and
accessible. In addition, improvements in the capabilities of modern mobile devices make it
prudent to place more of the resource burden on the mobile device.
More recently, brick and mortar business owners, and big-box retailers in particular, have
made an effort to take advantage of mobile commerce by utilizing a number of mobile
capabilities such as location based services, barcode scanning, and push notifications to improve
the customer experience of shopping in physical stores. By creating what is referred to as a
'bricks & clicks' environment, physical retailers can allow customers to access the common
benefits of shopping online (such as product reviews, information, and coupons) while still
shopping in the physical store. This is seen as a bridge between the gap created by e-commerce
and in-store shopping, and is being utilized by physical retailers as a way to compete with the
lower prices typically seen through online retailers.
The Google Wallet Mobile App launched in September 2011 and the m-Commerce joint
venture formed in June 2011 between Vodafone, O2, Orange and T-Mobile are recent
developments of note. Reflecting the importance of m-Commerce, in April 2012 the Competition
Commissioner of the European Commission ordered an in-depth investigation of the m-
Commerce joint venture between Vodafone, O2, Orange and T-Mobile.
The need for mobility is the primary driving force behind mobile commerce, or
mCommerce. With the rapid increase in smartphone penetration across the globe, mobile
Page 26
commerce has gained increasing acceptance amongst both users and retailers. Mobile services
are continuing to register impressive growth and mCommerce is also being embraced in sync.
Mobile commerce will increase at a rate of 65% annually to reach $24 billion in 2015.
(Coda Research)
mCommerce grew about 150% to 200% last year. (TBI Research)
Active mobile banking users in the US will grow from 10 million in 2009 to 53 million
by 2013 (TowerGroup)
mCommerce will be bigger that eCommerce within 5 years. (Huffington Post)
In 2015, $119 billion worth of goods and services will be purchased via a mobile phone.
(ABI Research)
The market for mobile payments is expected to quadruple by 2014, reaching $630 billion
in value. (Juniper Research)
20% of all consumers and 32% of 18-34 year olds are researching purchases via mobile
at least monthly. (ATG, Inc.).
E-commerce vs M-commerce
In today’s fast developing technological world, businesses are usually transacted online.
These online transactions are called m-commerce and e-commerce. E-commerce is a term
that has been around for a long time already. This term is about conducting business
online, and everybody knows about that. However, with the rise of m-commerce, certain
confusions also rose. Both of them are about transacting business online, but there is still
a significant difference between the two. To clear these confusions, it is best to define
and differentiate these terms.
Page 27
The meaning of commerce means, conducting a business transaction, whether it is
promotional or selling products, goods, and services. The ‘m’ in the term m-commerce
means mobile. M-commerce then, is a type of business transaction done on your mobile
phone; providing your mobile phone has Internet access. Lately, phones have Internet
access, like 4G, which makes these transactions more accessible. With the rise of phones
with Internet access, this kind of business transaction has become very popular. M-
commerce has become a booming business lately.
With the use of m-commerce, there are plenty of products and promotional items that can
finally be transacted. Movie tickets can be bought via your phone with Internet access.
Not only that, you can also avail coupons, loyalty cards, and discount cards through you
mobile phone with the help of m-commerce. M-commerce can also let you do mobile
banking, and let you use your money in different companies. Just like using a laptop or a
desktop, as long as your phone has Internet access, so too can you shop until you drop
using m-commerce.
E-commerce, on the other hand, is an abbreviation of electronic commerce. This means
that e-commerce is a way of doing business transactions through the Internet as well. If
you have a laptop or a desktop then you can easily shop online. It has become very
popular in these modern days. Not only can it help you do transactions online, it is also
very convenient with all the swipe machines where you can swipe your credit card for
payment. People can do a business-to-business transaction via e-commerce called B2B. It
can also do a company to consumer transaction called B2C. This is where your orders
will be received via shipments and deliveries. You can use credit cards when doing these
transactions. One of the best examples for this is when amazon.com do business with
their clients. Another popular online shopping site is eBay.
The basic qualification needed to opt for a career in mobile commerce is a pass in
standard 10+2. Those who would like to pursue a career in Mobile Commerce can find
employment with companies who encourage Mobile Commerce. A few examples are
Airtel, Reliance and the ICICI. These companies utilize this technology for their
Page 28
customers to make some restricted purchases through their mobile phones. In addition to
this, Mobile Commerce is also applied for paying phone bills, book travel tickets or
movie tickets with cell phones. Though popular, M-commerce is nevertheless in its
development stage in our country as the security of the transactions done is still
questioned. Aspirants can work as Content Developers or as Telcos. In addition to this,
Financial Institutions and the media companies also take in professionals of M-
Commerce.
Key differentiators between E-Commerce and M-Commerce
Both E-Commerce as M-Commerce has great importance in our society. While E-
Commerce is done with the aid of Computers, M-Commerce is done with the application
of mobile phones.
Electronic Commerce
There are many courses available in E-commerce in India. The main among them is the
correspondence course as well as the certificate of PG Diploma. The qualification required to
join this course is a pass in the higher secondary level. The eligibility criteria may some times
differ on the basis of the norms of the institutions. Candidates who have a basic knowledge in
computer will be preferred at the time of admission. After finishing this course, it is possible for
candidates to get employment in areas like advertising, sales, data mining and data management.
Other fields where employment for students of e-commerce is available are marketing and
customer support.
Mobile Commerce, or m-Commerce, is about the explosion of applications and services
that are becoming accessible from Internet-enabled mobile devices. It involves new technologies,
services and business models. It is quite different from traditional e-Commerce. Mobile phones
impose very different constraints than desktop computers. But they also open the door to a slew
of new applications and services. They follow you wherever you go, making it possible to look
for a nearby restaurant, stay in touch with colleagues, or pay for items at a store.
Page 29
As the Internet finds its way into our purses or shirt pockets, the devices we use to access
it are becoming more personal too. Already today, mobile phones know the phone numbers of
our friends and colleagues. They are starting to track our location. Tomorrow, they will replace
our wallets and credit cards. One day, they may very well turn into intelligent assistants capable
of anticipating many of our wishes and needs, such as automatically arranging for taxis to come
and pick us up after business meetings or providing us with summaries of relevant news and
messages left by colleagues. But, for all these changes to happen, key issues of interoperability,
usability, security, and privacy still need to be addressed.
In particular, our Laboratory is researching new technologies and applying user-centered
design principles in the development of solutions to reconcile context-awareness and privacy in
mobile and pervasive computing environments. The following is a list of recent or ongoing
projects: M-commerce (mobile commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services
through wireless handheld devices such as cellular telephone and personal digital assistants
(PDAs). Known as next-generation e-commerce, m-commerce enables users to access the
Internet without needing to find a place to plug in. The emerging technology behind m-
commerce, which is based on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), has made far greater
strides in Europe, where mobile devices equipped with Web-ready micro-browsers are much
more common than in the United States. In order to exploit the m-commerce market potential,
handset manufacturers such as Nokia, Ericsson, Motorola, and Qualcomm are working with
carriers such as AT&T Wireless and Sprint to develop WAP-enabled smart phones, the
industry's answer to the Swiss Army Knife, and ways to reach them. Using Bluetooth
technology, smart phones offer fax, e-mail, and phone capabilities all in one, paving the way for
m-commerce to be accepted by an increasingly mobile workforce.
As content delivery over wireless devices becomes faster, more secure, and scalable,
there is wide speculation that m-commerce will surpass wireline e-commerce as the method of
choice for digital commerce transactions. The industries affected by m-commerce include:
Financial services, which includes mobile banking (when customers use their handheld devices
to access their accounts and pay their bills) as well as brokerage services, in which stock quotes
can be displayed and trading conducted from the same handheld device
Page 30
Telecommunications, in which service changes, bill payment and account reviews can all
be conducted from the same handheld device
Service/retail, as consumers are given the ability to place and pay for orders on-the-fly
Information services, which include the delivery of financial news, sports figures and
traffic updates to a single mobile device IBM and other companies are experimenting
with speech recognition software as a way to ensure security for m-commerce
transactions.
Page 31
1.3 COMPANY PROFILE
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd, is a leading product development company at Chennai, the
company provides total software solutions to help organizations enhance business productivity
and knowledge sharing.
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd combines innovative technology and outstanding customer
service to provide the broadest range of solutions for document creation, capture, management
and distribution. A vast array of products from network side. Complementing its leading-edge
software solutions and a range of professional services. The Company involved in advanced
software solutions provide the means for seamless integration of documents in virtually any
format and from anywhere across the enterprise.
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd professional services deliver strategic value to customers,
through project management, consulting, systems design, applications development and
implementation, strategic outsourcing and process management. These services allow our
customers to be more competitive in their marketplace, as well as focus on their core
competencies
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd professional services deliver strategic value to customers,
through project management, consulting, systems design, application development and
implementation, strategic outsourcing and process management. These services allow our
customers to be more competitive in their marketplace, as well as focus on their core
competencies.
All over the India, organizations of all sizes from different industry sectors choose
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd document solutions to produce better documents and use information
more effectively via innovative applications that support the entire document architecture.
Page 32
Document Solutions for any Business
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd has an extensive range of document solutions to meet the
needs of any business. This covers everything from standalone and network office systems, color
solutions, production printing and publishing systems, to an extensive range of document-related
software, document management consulting and document outsourcing services.
Office Systems
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd leads the way in the digital office by providing the most
technologically advanced office systems and solutions. The key products are the Document
Centre family of digital multifunction devices, which combines printing, scanning, faxing and
copying functions in one system.
Channels Business
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd increases its brand presence in small, home and networked
offices by utilizing the fastest-growing channels to offer more products to ore customers. The
new concept has already gained much popularity in the US, Europe, and Africa. In India, though,
basic banking transactions and mobile payments are available, but with the increasing use of
Smartphone, tablets, latest-applications enabled mobile devices and increasing 3G penetrations
in Indian digital market, the mCommerce service is creating its space in the market that can
comply with country regulatory guidelines. However, there are future challenges that the
industry needs to face.
Following the path of major player Kenya’s M-PESA which has facilitated people mobile
banking using mobile devices, in India, RBI and TRAI, financial institutions, operators and
service providers have partnered with each other to take mCommerce to rural India. For
example, SBI and ICICI bank have partnered with a mobile banking technology partner “EKO”
for their mobile banking solutions. Likewise, other banks are also following them.
Page 33
According to a report by Boston Consulting Group, there is an ample scope for
mCommerce in India. At present, India has over 800 million mobile subscribers, including 240
million with bank accounts, and 20 million with credit cards; there are 88,000 bank branches and
70,000 cash points. The additional fact is that the half of Indian households is still unbanked,
including 42% holding at least one mobile phone. This opens a great opportunity for mobile
phone industry and financial institutions to galvanize mobile commerce services in India.
Software
A powerful suite of scalable software complements and desktop products and high-end
production systems. By providing the means for convergence of the paper and the Internet world,
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd software speeds up the accessibility, flow and dissemination of
critical information and facilitate knowledge sharing across the enterprise.
Skyware Solutions Pvt Ltd provides a combination of in-house developed solutions and
best of breed third party software, to meet the needs of our Global customers. We provide
Enterprise Document Management solutions consisting of imaging, workflow, output
management, formatting, archiving and Internet delivery. These solutions are backup up with the
services needed to customize, implement, develop and support any solution.
Among the many other ways to improve e-commerce, online security is a major concern
The business is only as safe as the security of the information you rely upon. Escalating trends in
online thefts are enough to deter even the die hard online shoppers. Whether it be electronic files,
backup, or long term document safe-keeping, online security systems are a necessity today,
especially to run an online store. One needs to protect their business as well as their customers.
Even though buying online today is considered safer than buying over the phone, there are still
many buyers who are scared of sharing their personal details and sensitive financial information
on web, giving it to some one the don’t know. Particularly with the recent incident of rise in
identity theft, online security services have all the more become vital to improve e-commerce. It
is always best to employ the best online security systems right at the very start. Place securty
seals like Verisign and hacker safe seals. This really helps in reducing anxiety issues a visitor
Page 34
may have about buying online from you. These security seals advertising best online security
services should be placed throughout the whole checkout process and not on just a few of the
sites main pages. Keep them where they are easily visible and particularly on the page where the
buyer enters the credit card details. Online security really does work in boosting sales. It will
make a world of difference to your business information security and winning the trust of your
buyers for ever.
Page 35
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
To findout the feasible solution using M-Commerce instead of E-Commerce. Also carry
out possible ways to reduce our time The future of m-Commerce seems extremely bright because
several experiments are going on to introduce the upgraded version of mobile likely to emerged
with the evolution of 4G mobile technology.
Page 36
1.5 NEED FOR THE STUDY
To need the services of electronic commerce (e-commerce) and mobile commerce
(m-commerce). It identifies the different types of e-commerce and describes several e-commerce
and m-commerce applications. This chapter also discusses some of the major issues that
represent significant threats to the continued growth of e-commerce and m-commerce. It outlines
the key components of a successful e-commerce strategy and describes the technology
infrastructure that must be in place for e-commerce and m-commerce applications to function
successfully.
The model is used to frame an analysis of differences in technological and business
model dimensions and then explore the core dynamic capabilities in both dimensions for E-
commerce innovation. The results indicate that the impact of the innovation from I- to M-
commerce is radical and from M- to U-commerce is disruptive. The innovation from I- to M- and
U-commerce should not be simplistically regarded as an extension of prior innovations because
the intensity and nature of the impacts of the innovations is different.
The Global Mobile Commerce Forum, which came to include over 100 organisations,
had its fully minuted launch in London on 10 November 1997. Kevin Duffey was elected as the
Executive Chairman at the first meeting in November 1997. The meeting was opened by Dr
Mike Short, former chairman of the GSM Association, with the very first forecasts for mobile
commerce from Kevin Duffey (Group Telecoms Director of Logica) and Tom Alexander (later
CEO of Virgin Mobile and then of Orange). Over 100 companies joined the Forum within a year,
many forming mobile commerce teams of their own, e.g. Mastercard and Motorola. Of these
hundred companies, the first two were Logica and Cellnet (which later became O2).
Mobile commerce services were first delivered in 1997, when the first two mobile-phone
enabled Coca Cola vending machines were installed in the Helsinki area in Finland. The
machines accepted payment via SMS text messages. The first mobile phone-based banking
service was launched in 1997 by Merita Bank of Finland, also using SMS. The m-Commerce(tm)
Page 37
server developed in late 1997 by Kevin Duffey at Logica won the 1998 Financial Times award
for "most innovative mobile product," in a solution implemented with De La Rue, Motorola and
Logica. The Financial Times commended the solution for "turning mobile commerce into a
reality."
Page 38
1.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE:
To find out the various possibilites of E-Commerce and M-Commerce and it can be used
in many innovative ways to improve the operations of an organization as well as providing new
ways of conducting business that present both opportunities for improvement and potential
problems.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVE:
Describe the current status of various forms of e-commerce, including B2B, B2C, and
C2C.
Outline a multistage purchasing model that describes how e-commerce works.
Define m-commerce and identify some of its unique challenges.
Identify several e-commerce and m-commerce applications.
Identify several advantages associated with the use of e-commerce and m-commerce.
Identify the major issues that represent significant threats to the continued growth of e-
commerce and m-commerce.
Identify the key components of technology infrastructure that must be in place for e-
commerce and m-commerce to work.
Discuss the key features of the electronic payment systems needed to support e-
commerce.
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Define e-commerce and describe how it differs from e-business.
Identify and describe the unique features of e-commerce technology and discuss their
business
significance.
Recognize and describe Web 2.0 applications.
Describe the major types of e-commerce.
Discuss the origins and growth of e-commerce.
Explain the evolution of e-commerce from its early years to today.
Identify the factors that will define the future of e-commerce.
Describe the major themes underlying the study of e-commerce.
Identify the major academic disciplines contributing to e-commerce.
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1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.
Buying/selling 24/7.
More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.
Low operational costs and better quality of services.
No need of physical company set-ups.
Easy to start and manage a business.
Use of mobile phone has increased so much that it is not just a device to make calls, but
an important medium to fulfill all the financial needs for friends and family. Now, mobile phone
technology has made another leapfrog to pave its way for a new trend called mobile commerce
where the financial transactions are made using mobile devices.
The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States
Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3). The clause states that the United States Congress
shall have power "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States,
and with the Indian Tribes." Courts and commentators have tended to discuss each of these three
areas of commerce as a separate power granted to Congress." [1] It is not uncommon to see the
individual components of the Commerce Clause referred to under specific terms: The Foreign
Commerce Clause, the Interstate Commerce Clause,[2] and the Indian Commerce Clause.
Dispute exists within the courts as to the range of powers granted to Congress by the
Commerce Clause. As noted below, the clause is often paired with the Necessary and Proper
Clause, the combination used to take a broad, expansive perspective of these powers. However,
the effect of the Commerce Clause has varied significantly depending on the Supreme Court's
interpretation. During the Marshall Court era, Commerce Clause interpretation empowered
Congress to gain jurisdiction over numerous aspects of intrastate and interstate commerce as well
as non-commerce.
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During the post-1937 era, the use of the Commerce Clause by Congress to authorize
federal control of economic matters became effectively unlimited. Since the latter half of the
Rehnquist Court era, Congressional use of the Commerce Clause has become slightly restricted
again, being limited only to matters of trade (whether interstate or not) and production (whether
commercial or not). The significance of the Commerce Clause is described in the Supreme
Court's opinion in Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005):[4][5]
The Commerce Clause emerged as the Framers' response to the central problem giving
rise to the Constitution itself: the absence of any federal commerce power under the Articles of
Confederation. For the first century of our history, the primary use of the Clause was to preclude
the kind of discriminatory state legislation that had once been permissible. Then, in response to
rapid industrial development and an increasingly interdependent national economy, Congress
“ushered in a new era of federal regulation under the commerce power,” beginning with the
enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 and the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890.
The Commerce Clause represents one of the most fundamental powers delegated to the
Congress by the founders. The outer limits of the Interstate Commerce Clause power has been
the subject of long, intense political controversy. Interpretation of the sixteen words of the
Commerce Clause has helped define the balance of power between the federal government and
the states and the balance of power between the two elected branches of the Federal government
and the Judiciary. As such, it has a direct impact on the lives of American citizens.
The commerce clause provides comprehensive powers to the United States over
navigable waters. These powers are critical to understanding the rights of landowners adjoining
or exercising what would otherwise be riparian rights under the common law. The Commerce
Clause confers a unique position upon the Government in connection with navigable waters.
"The power to regulate commerce comprehends the control for that purpose, and to the extent
necessary, of all the navigable waters of the United States.... For this purpose they are the public
property of the nation, and subject to all the requisite legislation by Congress." United States v.
Rands, 389 U.S. 121 (1967). The Rands decision continues:
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CHAPTER II
2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Title: E Commerce: a critical review
Citation: Jonathan Reynolds, (2000) "eCommerce: a critical review", International Journal of
Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 28 Iss: 10, pp.417 - 444
Abstract: Offers a preliminary assessment of electronic commerce. Rarely has the retail and
consumer services sector been faced with a strategic challenge of such significant
complexity and uncertainty that is growing so rapidly. Suggests that the academic
world is lagging behind the world of practice in terms of supplying rigorous analysis
of the topic. Deals with four discrete areas of the new economy as it affects retailers.
Explores the extent to which the emergence of new electronic channels to market has
led to distinctive means of business differentiation, with particular reference to
branding and pricing. Secondly, looks at how business-to-business companies can use
electronic channels to improve supply chain and productivity requirements. Thirdly,
assesses how far we understand some of the organisational change issues. Finally
considers the future of eCommerce.
Title: Evaluating internet usage and ecommerce growth in Greece
Citation: Dimitrios Xanthidis, David Nicholas, (2004) "Evaluating internet usage and
ecommerce growth in Greece", Aslib Proceedings, Vol. 56 Iss: 6, pp.356 - 366
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Abstract: According to studies and surveys conducted world-wide, government incentives and
current legal frameworks, private initiatives and investments, technology available at
a reasonable price, and public acceptance of the internet as an efficient medium for
buying goods and services are driving ecommerce growth. Academics, information
technology experts and even politicians in Greece are aware of these essential
requirements as well. However, although internet access has grown significantly and
the digital foundations are there, ecommerce is yet to reach measurable levels in
Greece. This paper attempts to explain the reasons why and suggests corrective
actions by all those actively involved with Greek ecommerce.
Title: What e-commerce may mean for design of corporate real estate
Citation: Francis Duffy, (2001) "What e-commerce may mean for design of corporate real
estate", Journal of Corporate Real Estate, Vol. 3 Iss: 1, pp.56 - 61
Abstract: Significant changes in business practice mean that the design of the physical working
environment is now being used to add value to business performance. Businesses,
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stimulated by the potential of information technology and goaded by international
competition, are seeing corporate real estate as more than a matter of simply
accommodating themselves in the most efficient way. They are using building
projects to add value to their core activities. They are using the design process to
accelerate programmes of technological and cultural change. Three case studies are
used to illustrate the new importance of design. The strategic implication of these
experiences are that users, at all levels in business life, having become accustomed to
radical changes in the design process, and increasingly used to the responsiveness of
ecommerce, are likely to become increasingly impatient with old economy versions
of office design, construction, and real estate practice.
Title: Integrating the IS with the enterprise: key EAI research challenges
Citation: Amir M. Sharif, Tony Elliman, Peter E.D. Love, Atta Badii, (2004) "Integrating the IS
with the enterprise: key EAI research challenges", Journal of Enterprise Information
Management, Vol. 17 Iss: 2, pp.164 - 170
Abstract: Enterprise application integration (EAI) technologies provide the means to integrate
strategic business solutions within and across the component parts of organisational
information system infrastructures. The continuing development of both digitally
integrated business models, through various eCommerce and eBusiness initiatives, has
meant that the importance of EAI within enterprise IS, has increased significantly.
Noting that EAI incurs not only technological but stakeholder-level commitments, this
paper outlines the product of a sustained investigation into key challenges within
enterprise IS and EAI, and provides a framework for future research and investigation
into this emerging and evolving area.
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Title: E-Commerce relationships: The impact of trust on relationship continuity
Citation: Dr Pauline Ratnasingam,, (2005) "E-Commerce relationships: The impact of trust on
relationship continuity", International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 15
Iss: 1, pp.1 – 16
Abstract: The real estate industry is an e-commerce anomaly. Although the overall growth of
ecommerce is driven by the business-to-business sector, the majority of real estate e-
commerce is derived from its retail-oriented residential sector. This study examines the
structure of residential and commercial real estate websites, with the goal of
determining whether some patterns of content might increase the quality and quantity
of information available to buyers and sellers thereby contributing to the disparity
between residential and commercial real estate e-commerce growth. The results of the
research show residential real estate websites offer richer informational content than
commercial real estate websites. No significant differences are found for the user
friendliness and functionality (ie ancillary services) provided by residential and
commercial real estate websites.
Title: An empirical analysis of the barriers to implementing e-commerce in small-
medium sized construction contractors in the state of Victoria, Australia
Citation: Peter E.D. Love, Zahir Irani, Heng Li, Eddie W.L. Cheng, Raymond Y.C. Tse, (2001)
"An empirical analysis of the barriers to implementing e-commerce in small-medium
sized construction contractors in the state of Victoria, Australia", Construction
Innovation: Information, Process, Management, Vol. 1 Iss: 1, pp.31 - 41
Abstract: To improve organizational performance and sustain a competitive advantage many
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Australian businesses have begun to embrace e-commerce. For example, businesses
from the automotive, banking, insurance and retail industries have been able to
leverage the benefits of information and communication technologies. Yet, those from
the construction industry have been slow, perhaps even reluctant, to implement
information and communication technologies to support ecommerce. Thus, this paper
aims to determine the barriers that small-medium sized contractors are experiencing
when confronted with the need to implement e-commerce to sustain their
competitiveness. Unstructured interviews were undertaken with managers from 20
small-medium sized contractors from the State of Victoria in Australia, which had
annual turnovers ranging from $1-50 million. The financial, organizational, technical
and human barriers that were identified from findings are presented and discussed. The
paper concludes by proposing strategies that small-medium sized contractors may
adopt if they to leverage the benefits of e-commerce.
Title: Designing websites with eXtensible web (xWeb) methodology
Citation: Rajugan Rajagopalapillai, William Gardner, Professor Elizabeth Chang, Professor
Tharam S. Dillon, (2005) "Designing websites with eXtensible web (xWeb)
methodology", International Journal of Web Information Systems, Vol. 1 Iss: 3,
pp.179 - 191
Abstract: Today, eXtensible Markup Language (XML) is fast emerging as the dominant
standard for storing, describing, representing and interchanging data among various
enterprises systems and databases in the context of complex web enterprises
information systems (EIS). Conversely, for web EIS (such as ecommerce and portals)
to be successful, it is important to apply a high level, model driven solutions and meta-
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data vocabularies to design and implementation techniques that are capable of
handling heterogonous schemas and documents. For this, we need a methodology that
provides a higher level of abstraction of the domain in question with rigorously
defined standards that are to be more widely understood by all stakeholders of the
system. To-date, UML has proven itself as the language of choice for modeling EIS
using OO techniques. With the introduction of XML Schema, which provides rich
facilities for constraining and defining enterprise XML content, the combination of
UML and XML technologies provide a good platform (and the flexibility) for
modeling, designing and representing complex enterprise contents for building
successful EIS. In this paper, we show how a layered view model coupled with a
proven user interface analysis framework (WUiAM) is utilized in providing
architectural construct and abstract website model (called eXtensible Web, xWeb), to
model, design and implement simple, usercentred, collaborative websites at varying
levels of abstraction. The uniqueness xWeb is that the model data (web user interface
definitions, website data descriptions and constraints) and the web content are captured
and represented at the conceptual level using views (one model) and can be deployed
(multiple platform specific models) using one or more implementation models.
Title: Lessons from Alibaba.com: government's role in electronic contracting
Citation: Qin Hu, Xun Wu, Clement K. Wang, (2004) "Lessons from Alibaba.com:
government's role in electronic contracting", info, Vol. 6 Iss: 5, pp.298 - 307
Abstract: Although electronic commerce (e-commerce) can be a source of competitive
advantage, will e-commerce businesses in countries like China flourish when
governments still take a “wait-and-see attitude” as to prompting, protecting, and
regulating e-commerce? The paper employs transaction cost economics in analyzing
the role of government in regulating electronic contracting. Due to the transaction
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costs arising from e-commerce, explicit contracts between parties are usually
incomplete. The paper argues that these contracts should always be backed by
implicit contracts, which are determined by default rules in various governments.
Therefore, it behoves governments urgently to fill gaps in incomplete contracts in e-
commerce in order to foster a predictable legal environment for e-businesses,
minimize legal risks and transaction costs, and maximize economic and social
benefits. The authors believe that governments must also act in concert with one
another at the international level to create a favorable and consistent commercial
environment.
Title:E-commerce adoption support and advice for UK SMEs
Citation:Mike Simpson, Anthony J. Docherty, (2004) "E-commerce adoption support and
advice for UK SMEs", Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 11
Iss: 3, pp.315 – 328
Abstract:The small business sector of the UK economy is extremely important and the
government expends considerable resources in providing support services for this
sector. This paper investigated the reasons why SMEs move from traditional
commerce to e-commerce, the efficacy of the support services and the barriers
encountered by SMEs adopting e-commerce. The research methodology involved
literature review and interviews with SMEs’ owner-managers and a UK Online
business adviser. It was found that at least two “e-commerce stars” used by the
government to promote its support services had in fact not used those services. The
historical relationship problems between Business Link and SMEs were still causing
problems. Cost was not seen as an inhibitor to adopting e-commerce. Some evidence
was emerging that e-commerce may be able to save failing or struggling businesses.
Other unexpected outcomes were that e-commerce had social benefits for SMEs’
owners in reducing working hours yet still increased sales.
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CHAPTER III
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research is simply the process of finding solutions to a problem after a thorough study and
analysis of the situational factors. As per the words of Uma Sekaran research can be defined as an
organized, systematic, data based, critical, objective, scientific inquiry or investigation into a specific
problem undertaken with the purpose of finding answers or solutions to it. Thus certain methods have to
be followed while conducting a research, which is termed as “Research Methodology”.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:
A STUDY ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF E-COMMERCE AND M-COMMERCE
SKYWARE SOLUTIONS (P) Ltd, CHENNAI
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN:
A research design is the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring the needed data to
solve the problem.
3.2 SOURCES OF DATA:
Sources of data include both secondary and primary data.
3.2.1 PRIMARY DATA:
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Primary data refer to information obtained first hand by the researcher on the variables of interest
for the specific purpose of the study. Primary data was collected by the method of survey by using
questionnaire.
3.2.2 SECONDARY DATA:
Secondary data are data that were collected for some other purpose and are in existence.
Secondary data pertaining to this study was obtained from companies’ record, websites and books.
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT:
A Structured Questionnaire have been framed which contains both open ended and close ended
question.
3.4 SAMPLING UNIT:
Sampling unit is that of “who is to be surveyed”. Here the survey is on employees of Seventh
Sense Inc, Chennai
3.5 SAMPLING SIZE:
Here the samples are used in the Skyware Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai.
3.6 SAMPLING PROCEDURE:
The sampling procedure that was adopted in the research was non-Probability sampling, in
specific “Quota Sampling” was chosen.
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3.7 SAMPLING AREA:
The Software used in the purpsoe of E-Commerce and M-Commerce applications at Skyware
Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai.
3.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.
Buying/selling 24/7.
More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.
Low operational costs and better quality of services.
No need of physical company set-ups.
Easy to start and manage a business.
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CHAPTER IV
4.0 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Electronic commerce (e-commerce) – i.e., conducting transactions of goods and services
by means of information and communication technologies(ICT), particularly the Internet – plays
an important role in the global economy. In the UK and the U.S. for example, the total e-
commerce sales have accounted for over 5% and 6% of GDP, respectively (Kraemer et al.,
2006). E-commerce generally requires a communication platformwhich consists of an electronic
network (the “pipe”) for transmitting physical data and terminal devices for users to send,
receive and process information (Verkasalo and Hämmäinen, 2007). The communication
platform plays an essential role for e-commerce to function because,before a transaction to take
place, vendors need to disseminate product information to consumers, and during transactions,
consumers need to communicate with vendors about orders, accounts, and post-sales fulfillment.
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The following Screen Shots are represent the E-Commerce and M-Commerce Problems
The product amount was High
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To purchase a group of items but we need single one
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Didn’t Provide the full Detail about the product
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No deliver in proper date
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The Product rete is High
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Purchase and Sales options in same web site sono warrenty to the Product
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Purchased By Mobile
Purchased By Mobile in Security
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CHAPTER V
5.0 FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 FINDINGS
The eCommerce Business Systems Analyst is responsible for supporting the
implementation of the Co..com website and other enhancements througk the Co.'s software
development lifecycle. Primary responsibilities include requirements elicitation, documentation
and analysis, solution design, testing definition and execution and business change management.
This position works with stakeholders, technical staff, and others to translate business needs into
systems solutions. Additional responsibilities include system modifications and enhancements,
product development, conversions, and provide on-going production support to the end users.
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5.2 SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The lots of Android applications are available so the E-Commerce are not real time
applicable to the world.So the M-Commerce product only available in anywhere and
everywhere. Really it is just WP-Ecommerce, and I had to modify the plugins checkout page
page to include a basic upload form.. As for the IOS workaround, You should not need to worry
about that for much longer because they are releasing an updated that will have the 'broken'
browse button functioning. So if they haven't already released it then I know they plan to this
fall. But the upload feature is pretty much your basic html upload form and then include it in the
email.
If you want to keep it really simple you can just do a redirect to yousendit after the
checkout has been completed, then redirect to your thank you page once yousendit has been
completed, even add it as an iframe within your site so you can still have your branding but this
will keep you from having to edit any of the plugin files and risk losing your work on future
updates. We currently own two shops and are planning to go online and sell our products. Our
products are value for money. So can any one give me a walk through on how to develop a e
commerce website or some suggestion's on which shopping cart to use and any other useful
information. We are planning to do this on a high scale we are currently in a phase to tie up with
fed ex or other courier services for shipping. And are ready to spend around 60,000$ for this
project Which include hosting, Developing a website and many other stuff needed for E
coomerce . If you are a developer and can handle such type of projects Please PM me with your
offers and available options
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5.3 CONCLUSION
Several important phenomenas are associated with e-commerce. It has created the most
significant revolution in the way business is conducted. New methodologies have evolved. The
role of geographic distances in forming business relationships are reduced. Barriers to the entry
into the retail businesses are lower, as it is relatively inexpensive to start a retail Website. Some
traditional business intermediaries are being replaced by their electronic equivalents or are being
made entirely dispensable. Prices of commodity products are generally lower in the Web, a
reflection not merely of the lower costs of doing electronic business but also of the ease of
comparison-shopping in cyberspace. What has flourished is a new form of corporate cooperation
known as a virtual company, that is actually a network of firms, each performing some of the
processes needed to manufacture a product or deliver a service (Britannica, 2000).
New E-commerce is still in its formative stage. The business-to-business and intra-organizational
segments currently dominate e-commerce. Many major digital retailers are as yet in the
investment and brand-building mode and show no profits; yet many established retailers realize
profits from the new selling channel. Buoyant growth is apparent throughout.
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Appendix
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8. Patrick McKeown and Richard Watson (1997) Metamorphosis : A guide to the world
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11. United Nations Development Programme1 (2000) : Electronic Commerce (e-commerce)
and its Implications for Development : This article is available online :
http://www.undp.org/info21/e-com/e1.html
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companies in developing countries http://www.undp.org/info21/e-com/e8.html [Last
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