THE ROLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS IN

ADVANCED AUTOMOBILE FOR

ASSISTANCE AND AUTOMATION

Akash, Kayannush J Paymaster, Mohit Jain,

Mohmed Salman Khan, Pavan A, Pavan Kumar N,

Pavan Kumar P N, Pramod Bhat M, Farhan N Vohra

128 February 2012

Introduction

• Started with first

Microprocessor for fuel

injection by Volkswagen

1600 in 1968

• Conversion from

mechanical electrical

driving system

• from analog digital

control systems

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Evolution

Earlier Systems

• Fuel injection, lighting control, speedometer

• Safety and assistance to driver by ABS, parking assistance, cruise control

Modern Systems

• Communication between different sensors controlled by a central processor, GPS, ACC

• Autonomous vehicles using AI & RTOS

• Challenge to make the vehicle safer, more energy efficient and networked

• Low cost 8-bit 32-bit CPU’s today

• Assembly Code High level language like C

• Just as replacement New applications and features

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Over the years

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Revenue

Semicast Report - $20 billion in 2010 to almost double to $39 billion in 2017

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Automotive Embedded Electronics Architecture

• 2 main classes of electronic systems:

• Hard-real-time control of mechanical parts and

• Information-entertainment.

• The first category includes:

• Chassis control

• Automotive body, including components such as interior air

conditioning, dashboard, power windows, and control subsystems

• Powertrain, including the engine, transmission, and emission and

control systems

• Active safety control.

• The second category includes:

• Information management, navigation, computing, external

communication, and entertainment.

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Powertrain

• The term powertrain or

powerplant refers to the

group of components that

generate power and deliver

it to the road surface, water,

or air.

• This includes

• Engine, transmission, drive

shafts, differentials

• Final drive such as drive

wheels, continuous track like

with tanks or Caterpillar

tractors, propeller etc.

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Block Diagram:

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Latest Powertrain TechnologiesHCCI by General Motors Technology by Nissan

• HCCI - Homogeneous Charge

Compression Ignition • Employs both spark ignition and

compression ignition

• Expected to improve mileage

about 15 percent over conventional

engines

• Three-cylinder 1.2-liter, direct-

injected supercharged engine

• Employed Miller Cycle, in which

the power stroke is delaying

closing the intake valves• Claims to be most fuel efficient

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Video

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ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL

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What is Cruise Control?

• Mechanical system

• Invented in 1945 by Ralph Teetor

• IMPERIAL – first car to use it in 1958

• Alerts driver of a potential hazard

• Automatically controls the speed of a car

• Does not allow the car to go below a certain speed

• Hence, cannot be helpful in adopting to congested traffic

situations

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Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)

• Embedded system

• Adapts the speed of the leader vehicle

• Maintains a set distance from the leader vehicle

• Widely used in luxury cars

• Important part of a research on intelligent cars

• Easy to use in traffic

• Two types-

• Radar based ACC

• Laser based ACC

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How does it work ?

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How does it work ? (contd.)

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Distance between the two vehicles = host speed * time gap(s),

Time gap = generally 1.5 - 3 s, set by driver for additional safety

Block Diagram

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Driver Console

Functionality and Data Flow

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Hardware of Control Unit

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Available systems

• Mitsubishi was the first automaker to offer a laser-based

ACC system in 1995

• In 1997, Toyota began to use radar based ACC system

with Celsior

• Mercedes-Benz - E-class and S-class Luxury sedans

• BMW, Nissan, Volkswagen, Ford and Volvo also use

these systems in their luxury cars.

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Advancements in ACC

• Cooperative adaptive cruise control – CACC

• Wireless communication between vehicles

• No vision when such agreement could come into

practice

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THE CAN PROTOCOL

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How it began?

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How it began? (contd.)

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How it began? (contd.)

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Overview of CAN

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Basic Concepts

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Basic Concepts (contd.)

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CAN Bus Line Characteristics(Wired-AND)

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Standardization Issues

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User Benefits

CAN means real-time

• Short message length (0 to 8 data bytes / message)

• Low latency between transmission request and actual start of transmission

• Inherent Arbitration on Message Priority (AMP)

• Multi Master using CSMA/CD + AMP method

CAN is flexible

• CAN Nodes can be easily connected / disconnected

(i.e. plug & play)

• Number of nodes not limited by the protocol

CAN is fast

• maximum data rate is 1 MBit/s @ 40m bus length

(still about 40 kBit/s @ 1000m bus length

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Application Examples

CAN in motor vehicles (cars, trucks, buses)

• Enables communication between ECUs like engine management

system, anti-skid braking, gear control, active suspension (power

train)

• Used to control units like dashboard, lighting, air conditioning,

• Windows, central locking, airbag, seat belts etc. (body control)

CAN in utility vehicles

• Eg. construction vehicles, forklifts, tractors etc.

• CAN used for power train and hydraulic control

CAN in trains

High need of data exchange between the different electronic

subsystem control units (i.e. acceleration, braking, door control,

error messages etc. as well as diagnostics)

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Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)

• Designed to maintain driver control and stability of the car during emergency braking.

• Locked wheels will slow a car down but will not provide steering ability.

• Allows maximum braking to be applied while retaining the ability to steer out of trouble.

• Operation can slightly reduce stopping distance in some cases like on wet road surfaces, but it can increase the stopping distance in others, as may be the case in deep snow or gravel.

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ABS Module by Freescale Technologies

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Website

Microcontrollers used in the ABS module

Products Features

Microcontrollers (MCU) Upper

MPC560xB: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for

Body Electronics Applications

32-bit Power Architecture MCU

MPC564xL: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for

Chassis and Safety Applications

32-bit dual-core Power Architecture

MCU

Microcontrollers (MCU) Lower

S12XE: 16-Bit Automotive

Microcontroller

16-bit MCU, up to 1M Flash

MPC560xB: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for

Body Electronics Applications

32-bit Power Architecture MCU

MPC564xL: Qorivva 32-bit MCU for

Chassis and Safety Applications

32-bit dual-core Power Architecture

MCU

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ABS demonstration by Mazda Motor Corp.

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Job Opportunities

• The major areas of work for Automotive Embedded Systems are :

• Electric Power Steering (EPS)

• Electric Parking Brake Systems (EPB)

• Hydraulic Systems (EPHS)

• Body Control Systems (BCS)

• Driver Assistant Systems (DAS) etc. and various other Systems.

• The primary work carried on these systems include -

• Development, Designing, Automation.

• Verification and Validation

• Static and Dynamic Analysis

• Integration, Unit and Module level testing

• Real-time(Hardware) and Simulation Testing - DOORS Documentation - Reverse Engineering etc.

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Automotive Embedded Companies in India

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Top 8 Semiconductor Suppliers

Source: Compiled by the authors from public and iSuppli sources and databases

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Automotive Revenues as a % of the total

Research Universities

• The Center for Automotive Embedded Systems Security (CAESS)

• University of California San Diego and

• University of Washington.

• DIANA research project, Germany

• Clemson University Vehicular Electronics Laboratory (CVAL)

• Other Research Universities

• University of Michigan (Ann harbor, Dearborn), USA

• Texas A&M University, USA

• Oakland University, USA

• TU Munich, Germany

• University of Brighton, UK

MS in Automotive Embedded Systems – Manipal University

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Research Regulatory Authorities

• United States Council for Automotive Research LLC (USCAR)

• CAR Group (Michigan, Ann Harbour)

• EARPA (European Automotive Research Partners Association)

• EAMA (European Automobile Manufacturer’s Association)

• European Council for Automotive R&D (EUCAR)

• China Automotive Technology Research Center (CATARC)

• ADAC (Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobil-Club e.V.), Germany

• Federation of Automotive Products Manufacturers (FAPM),

Australia

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Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI)

• ARAI established in 1986 is located at Pune, India

• Co-operative industrial research association by the

automotive industry with the Ministry of Industries,

Government of India

• More than 80 Member companies

• Services:

• Research & Development

• Testing and Calibration

• Certification

• Standard Formulation

• Education and Training

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References

• Study on Automotive Embedded System Design of Engine, Brake and Security System – Honbun

• ESL Development Gets A Leg Up - Graham Hellestrand(http://chipdesignmag.com /display.php?articleId=57&issueId=8)

• http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/english/about/AT.html

• http://visualoop.tumblr.com/post/17954846926/driverless-cars-of-the-future-are-here-now

• http://www.sae.org/mags/aei/9503

• http://johndayautomotivelectronics.com/

• Is Europe in the Driver’s Seat? The Future Competitiveness of the European Automotive Embedded Software Industry – 2010 - EgilJuliussen and Richard Robinson

• www.eecs.umich.edu

• www.Newtechpapers.com

• www.wikipedia.com

• www.howstuffworks.com

• Cruise Control System in Cars: S. Giridharan,Bangalore

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References (contd.)

• Embedded Systems - Architecture, Programming and Design" , Raj Kamal, Publications : McGraw-Hill

• Handbook of Real-Time and Embedded Systems - Chapman and Hall

• Adaptive Cruise Control - Gurulingesh R., IIT Bombay

• Powertrain: http://www.national.com/en/automotive/powertrain _block _diagrams.html

• New Powertrain technologies: http://www.trailerlife.com/camper-trailer -news/trailer-gear/new-powertrain-technologies/

• Bosch Documentation CAN Specification V 2.0

• CAN Specification ISO 11898

• Microchip Documentation CAN basics AN173

• Siemens Microelectronics Documentation CANPRES Version 2

• Gurpreet – Berlin, Germany: http://kohligs.blogspot.in/2008/07/ automotive-embedded-companies-in-india.html

• www.manipal.edu

• DIANA Research Project: http://www.infineon.com/cms/en/corporate/ press/news/releases/2010/INFXX201007-058.html

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THANK YOUQuestions?

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