Embedded Systemsusing reconfigurable architecture

WEEK 1

Know me..

Amelia Wong Azman

E2-2-13.2

Ext: 4434

staff.iium.edu.my/amy

ECE4144 and EECE6101

Course structure

Lecture

Hands-on – design and implementation

Individual assignment

Group assignment (setting group)

Method %

Mini Project (group) 30

Quiz (individual) 10

Mid-term Test 20

Final Examination 40

Overview

1st Year:

Basic Circuits

(R, L C)

1st Year:

Electronics,

Diode, Transistor2nd Year:

Logic Gates

2nd Year:

Microprocessor 3rd Year:

Computer and

Information

3rd Year:

CAD4th Year:

OS

4th Year:

VLSI, Semiconductors,

HDL, Database

Let’s Recap…

Analyse the state diagram below to come out with a

state output table

Let’s Recap…

Analyse the state diagram below to come out with a

state output table

Introduction to Embedded

System

What is an Embedded System?

It is an electronic/electro-mechanical system design to

perform a specific function and is a combination of both

hardware and firmware (software)

8-bit 16-bit 32-bit SoC

1st Gen 2nd Gen 3rd Gen 4th Gen

Characteristics of an

Embedded System

Application specific requirement

Combine special purpose hardware and embedded OS

May or may not contain OS

Firmware is pre-programmed and not changeable by the

end user

Power efficient

Deterministic behaviour (e.g. real time applications)

ES vs GPP

Let's do some thinking..

In what category is a mobile phone? Explain..

What Embedded System for?

Embedded system

Data Collection

Data communication

DSP

Monitoring

Control

Application specific

Embedded System

Applications

Consumer electronics

Household appliances

Home automation

Automotive industry

Telecom

Computer peripherals

Measurement and instrumentation

Banking and retail

Card readers

Networking systems

Elements of an Embedded

System

System

Core

Sensors

(input)

Memory

Communication

interface

Others

Actuators

(output)

System Core CPU

Executes instructions in sequence performing control, logic, arithmetic, I/Os

Microprocessor

Not all microprocessors are CPUs

Microprocessor could have one or more CPU

Microprocessor usually don’t have I/Os, peripherals or memory.

Can easily be expanded

Microcontroller

Integrate CPU (microprocessor), clock, ROM, memory, serial ports etc in one chip

It is a full system in one chip running application oriented instruction sequentially

Usually programmed in C/C++

Power saving

FPGA

Consists of logic blocks, interconnects, I/Os

Can built microprocessor

Can run multiple processes in parallel, hence, suitable for high-speed and real-time

applications

System Core

-Rahul’s pp 5

Let's do some thinking..

What is P8085?

Let's do some thinking..

What is Atmega168?

Let's do some thinking..

Describe the capacity of the item in the image below

Constraints in System Core

Selection for Embedded System

1. Real-time update rate

2. Power

3. Cost

4. Single chip solution

5. Ease of programming

6. Portability of code

7. Reusable codes

8. Programming tools

Memory

Two types: 1) on-chip and 2) off-chip

Function:

Store program instructions (non-volatile) –

Read Only Memory (ROM)

Data or working memory of

controller/processor (volatile) – Random

Access Memory (RAM)

SRAM flip-flop MOSFET transistor

SRAM Cell DRAM Cell

Doesn’t require

refreshing

Requires refreshing

Low capacity High capacity

Expensive Less expensive

Fast in operation Slow in operation

Memory

Continue Function:

Holding variables and temporary data (cache RAM)

How to select which memory?

1. Identify system requirement i.e.

what is the application of your

embedded system.

• Is on-chip enough? Do you

need external memory?

• Do you need OS?

2. Address size

ROM classification

FLASH

NVRAM

EEPROM

EPROM

MROM

PROM

ROM

FLASH Memory

OFF State (Bit 0) ON state (Bit 1)

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/flashmemory.html

Sensor and Actuators

(input and output)

Sensor – device that converts energy from one form to

another

Actuator – a form of transducer device whether

mechanical or electrical which converts signals to

corresponding action (motion)

Input/output (I/Os) – facilitates interaction of the

embedded system with the outside world

Communication Interface

Two level of communication –

Onboard Communication

– Examples : I2C, SPI, UART, parallel bus etc

- direct connection

External Communication

– Examples: IR, Bluetooth, Wi-fi, RF, GPRS etc

- interaction of data

Assignment #1 (15th Feb)

Choose one of the following communication interface

(right now) and in groups detail out what is the

characteristic and properties of the selected interface.

SPI and Wi-Fi (Group 45)

I2C and Bluetooth (Group 3)

BUS and ZigBee (Group 1)

UART and USB (Group 2)

RS232 and HDMI (Group 6)

Others

Under this category are components/circuits which are

necessary for proper function of the embedded system:

Reset

Oscillator – clock

Watchdog timer – “Crtl+Alt+Del” for embedded system

RESET

RESET

In general, it’s best to avoid more than one

set/reset/preset/clear condition

Synchronous and asynchronous

One of the commandments of digital design states, "Thou shalt

have a master reset for all flip-flops so that the test engineer will

love you, and your simulations will not remain undefined for time

eternal."

- BUT NOT ALWAYS TRUE -

Introduction to Embedded

System

What is an Embedded System?

It is an electronic/electro-mechanical system design to

perform a specific function and is a combination of both

hardware and firmware (software)

Surah Ali Imran verse 37