Emendations and Interpretations in Nonnus' Dionysiaca

8/10/2019 Emendations and Interpretations in Nonnus' Dionysiaca

1/13

Emendations and Interpretations in Nonnus' DionysiacaAuthor(s): Giuseppe GiangrandeSource: The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 13, No. 1 (May, 1963), pp. 63-74Published by: Cambridge University Presson behalf of The Classical AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/637937.

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2/13

EMENDATIONS

AND

INTERPRETATIONS

IN NONNUS' DIONYSIACA'

I.

72

ff. The

bull,

swimming

in the sea and

carrying

Europa,

is

compared

to

a

dolphin

proceeding

on the surface of the water

and

conveying

a

Nereid:

co

3'

057E

N)qpEt&WOV-S,

vr7TEpKv4aca

aA,"cracs,

EodV 7 8 Eht

L

xv-njv

aVEKo7TTE

yaA'wv'v,

Kat

otL

E

popzEvq'

AEtfg

E

otvaAE7

EEp,

vopX'vrjs-

dLpa,

mbE'pwv S,'

?Uv

dt/3pOXOv

~zqS

wbluav-q

7TE9%p7-S0

&'

ilsaros

typ~l 6ei-j-q,

KvprCoaras

~d

av-ra,

&Ep7Tv

ovaa

S

n~ovrov

t7TTrvXOS

cpa

KEAEVea aTEypcYc/0Ev

'OV'os

ol'pij*

cog

t-E

raipovt LdEypE,

c-awVo(Evoto

E'-ravpov

j9OVK0'AOS

l'xE'va

oi3Aov

"Epws

I7TELcLUrTtE

EOT7

Kal

volLb7yV

.r.A.

None

of the

emendations

proposed

so

far

(cf.

Ludwich's

apparatus)

is

satis-

factory.

As

Keydell (cf.

his

apparatus)

reminds

us,

Ap.

Rhod.

I.

1205

makes

Nonnus'

C4

,"yE

ntouchable,2

and

thereby

disposes

of all the

conjectures

which would alter

these

words;

consequently,

the

corruption

must be

hiding

in the

impossible

i-aopov.

The iteration

i-aopov

,

-raopos

would in itself, in an

author

like

Nonnus,

not be

impossible,3

but

-ravpov

s

clearly

excluded

by

the

O~~,

which consideration

also eliminates the

possibility

of an

Alternativfassung.4

I

Keydell's

edition of the

Dionysiaca (Ber-

lin,

Weidmann,

1959-60),

an

impressive

monument of

profound

and acute

scholar-

ship, enormously

facilitates the task of

the

textual

critic

studying

Nonnus.

Without

its

help,

the

present

conamina ould

hardly

have

been

Written.

2

It is

also

to

be

noted that (0

o"y

is the

formula used

by

Nonnus in his

similes,

in

correspondence

to

s

8'

0"E:

cf., e.g.,

I.

310-

19,

2.

11-18,

20.

333-41,

22.

171-8.

The

formal

aspects

of

Nonnus' similes are treated

by

G.

Wild,

Die

Vergleiche

ei

Nonnus

(Prgr.

Regensburg, 1886), pp.

8i

f.

3

We

should,

however,

rather

expect

,raipov

~

ravpoS

to

appear

in

two

subsequent

lines,

like,

e.g.,

3.

313-14:

cf.

Koechly's

own

suggestion,

in

his

Commentarius

riticus,

ad

loc.

On

Nonnus'

iterations

cf.

F.

Schiller,

De

Iteratione

Nonniana

(Diss.

Breslau,

I909),and now R.

Keydell,

'Wortwiederholung

bei

Nonnos',

Byz.

Zeitschr.

xlvi

(1953),

I

ff.

4 Thanks in

particular

to

Keydell's

labours,

it is now

clear

that Nonnus'

poem,

which

the

author

wrote

'rasch

und

leicht-

fertig'

(Keydell,

R.E. s.v.

Nonnos,

col.

910o),

which is

in

parts merely

a

'Konglomerat

von

Bruchstficken'

(Keydell,

Burs.

Jahresber.

ccxxx.

104)

and which

was

left without the

finishing

touches and

published

pos-

thumously

(as

every

peruser

of

Keydell's

apparatus

can now

easily

see:

cf., e.g.,

I

I.

431

or

29. 278

for the

posthumous

publication,

and

I1.

406

ff.

for a

specimen

of

'narratio

incohata et

incondita')

contains

numerous

Alternativfassungen:

f.,

for

example, Keydell's

apparatus

on 8.

61-77,

22.

320-53, 384 f.,

23.

139-41, 233

a,

25. 308,

26.

151, 36.

104-5.

What

seems to

have

remained un-

noticed

is

that

such

Alternativfassungen

re

not confined to

couples

of

lines

or

groups

of

lines,

but are also

present,

in

the

form of

hemistichs,

within

one

line,

which

is

entirely

natural,

if we

consider the

poet's

Arbeitsweise

and the

essentially

formulaic nature of his

language. Nothing

would

be easier

than

to

emend,

by drawing

from

Nonnus

himself

metrically

suitable

alternatives,

lines

such

as

5- 308,

8.

286,

or

12.

364:

such

duplicate

expressions

of

the

same idea

jotted

down

by

Nonnus,

which

the

author

would

have

eliminated

if

he had

been able to

give

a

final

revision

to

his

work,

should

be

left

alone

by

anybody

other

than the

poet.

In

such

lines,

the

first hemistich

represents

a

pentimento

replaced by

the

second

one,

but

not

yet

cor-

rected

by

the

author,

precisely

as,

in

the case

of

alternative

lines,

both

Alternativfassungen

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3/13

64

GIUSEPPE

GIANGRANDE

Since

dElpw,

n

Nonnus'

usage,

can mean

lift

or

carry,

he critics

have assumed

one

or other of these

meanings

for their

emendations.

Hermann

thought

of

-rapoav

d

EpE (cf.

lines

93

and

105;

cf.

also

54,

ovve,

and

9g, -raXayovvov;

cf. also 4. 381), but this detail could hardly apply in the

comparison

with the

legless dolphin.

Better

is

Ludwich's

vw--rov

(cf.

line

56);

but

this

conjecture

is

palaeographically unconvincing,

and

dElpw

lift',

if

con-

venient to

a

leg,

would not be

appropriate

to the back of

an

animal

in

the

act

of

swimming,

unlike

KVUp0W

round',

which

is indeed used

by

Nonnus

in

line

77

(cf. e.g.

26.

254);

in

any

case,

the

counterpart,

in

the

simile,

of

KvprcLau

...

vara

is

already

expressed

by

-rtratvozdvov,'

whereby

vacrov

dELEpa

ould be an

idle

duplicate.

The

comparisonz

s

between two

swimming

animals,

each of

which

is

carrying

a

girl

on

its

back: therefore there

is

no doubt

that

aEtpE,

n

its

context under

discussion,must mean carried3nd refer to Europa.

dELpE,

n the simile, clearly

corresponds

to

ol de pozdvqs-

n

line

74:

cf.

also

dELpojLEv

yvvat-Ka

n

line

63.4

This

value

of

dELpE

s

also

confirmed

by

16.

52

ff. and 88 ff.

Such

a

con-

sideration,

correct

in

itself,

has

guided

the

attempts

made

by

most

editors.

Grife

proposed

CS

'jyE

aopos

dELpE,

which would alter the inviolable

y5E;

Cunaeus'6

gyE

7

rjv p~v

LEk'

would,

amongst

other

things,

introduce

an

un-

wanted

&dv

nto the

text,

whilst

his

second

attempt

J

yE7

77v

dvELpE,

ccepted

by

Koechly,

would force into the line an

dv~EpE

which,

if

appropriate

n

I.

53,

would

be

out

of

place

here.

Keydell's

c~s

O'y

qdprov

aELEp

s

much

better

(cf.

line

90o;

cf. also

8.

359, 9.

20,

i6. 396,

25.

418, 41. 239),

but

raises insur-

mountable

palaeographical

difficulties,

so

much

so that

the critic

relegates

it

to his

apparatus.

were left

coexisting

by

the writer. For

in-

stance,

Nonnus started

8.

286

with

Kal

. ..

papdOvoo,

but elected to

end

the line

with

the

same

formula

as

in

19.

I,

which

procedure

implies

the

removal of

flap5Ovposq

(by

PapVpqLvis,

cf. 8.

69? flapi58Eapos

?

Papv'coposo?:

cf.

Koechly

and

Ludwich,

ad

loc.:

any

of

these

perfectly

Nonnian

alternatives would do, but only Nonnus

should be

allowed

the

choice,

not

the

modern

textual

critics ).

Methodologically

funda-

mental

Pasquali,

St.

Tradiz.2,

pp.

4o0f1f.

I

Rouse

translates 'while the bull

stretched',

but the

stretching metaphor

is

taken

by

Nonnus

from Homer's

rd7a

TrTralvov,

i.e.

implies

the

idea

of

bending:

cf. line

52,

KcXaAaatILAa

w-a

aTralwvov

'bending

his

back,

which

was

previously

unbent'

(like

a

loosened

bow,

cf.

Homer's

fltdv, -rda

XaAdow).

Very

clear

is,

in this

respect,

5.

150f.

2

Nonnus' simile was, in all probability,

inspired

by

Moschus,

Eur.

1i9

(+

11

7

S e g i s ~ ~

I 2 5

3

For

this

reason

yaipov

'ELpE,

which

I

wanted

to

restore,

referring

yaipov

to

the

bull's

lifted

tail,

is

impossible.

It

is

true

that,

when

bulls

swim,

their

tails,

normally hang-

ing

downwards,

vertically,

move

upwards

and

remain

horizontal,

stretched

out

in

their

erected

position

on

the surface of the

water;

it

is

true

that

Nonnus

was

fond of

describing

outstretched

tails

(cf.

42.

190

ff.,

where a

TraOpos

lifts

the

tail

straight

over

his

back'

[Rouse], 23.

206

f.,

where a

Satyr

lKpLaAqv

LE

AE v3a70oStS

pOtov

03pqv;

cf.

also

5.

I85,

1o.

168,

270 [where

JpOtos

pro-

bably

means,

as

an

epitheton

ornans,

'(previously)

erected',

cf.

De

Marcellus'

rendering 'au lieu de se dresser'], 14. 178,

28.

226);

it is

true that Nonnus

was

fond

of

the

formula

yai-pov

LaEpe

cf. 7.

353,

8.

376,

9.

207, 13.

126,

256,

19. 318):

but,

apart

from

the fact

that,

as

has

just

been

observed,

aEpe

in the line which we

are

examining

must

mean

'carried',

it is to be

noted

that,

in

the

formula

yai-pov

de~pe,

the

adjective

yaipov

is

always

accompanied

by

a substan-

tive

(axE'va

;

cf.

for

variant

formulae,

17.

II

I,

19,

274,

20.

401,

22.

73,

24.

299,

where the

adjective

is

accompanied by

a

noun;

cf. also

I. 384,

11-

57, 20. 51), whereas in I. 79 one

would have

to

supply

oz3p'-v

rom

the

pre-

ceding

line,

which

proceeding

would

be

unusual and

strained,

as

has

been

pointed

out to

me.

4

Cf. also

53,

E3pcrroqv

ava~rpe

(where

Nonnus,

to

avoid

any ambiguity,

uses the

compound

doaicLp

to

express

the notion

of

lifting).



4/13

EMENDATIONS

IN NONNUS'

DIONTSIACA

65

Keydell's

conjecture,

however,

shows

us

the

way

to the

restoration

of

the

line.

The

bull

is

compared

by

Nonnus

to a

ship:

the

poet

insists,

as is his

habit,

on this

metaphor:

from

vav-rAAEro

n

line

56

down

to

IropOLLE&ETo

n

line 137 the nautical terms are used in abundance. What interests us now

is to

note

that

the bull himself

is called

cAKd83a'

line 66)

and

X(E'Opova

'-a

(line

91).

Now,

we know

that Nonnus

was

exceedingly

fond of

repeating

the

same idea

by

means of

synonyms

cumulated

in

the same

passage:

since

he has

used

JAKas

nd

vaos,

considering

that the

bull-barge

came from the

Phoenician

shore,

as Nonnus

himself

reminds us

(i.

46

Z'Sowv1ls

..

rr)'

jdvos;

cf.

also

3-

323-4),

we shall

read

co9

oEy

yaiAoso

aacEp.

K.T.A.Z

In

the formula

S

3ye ya0Aos,

the

0ye

is

accompanied

by

a

substantive,

ya0Aos,

as, for example, in 5. 150 (7s 4E4...pt'ds) or in 29.

174

(J~s

~ye

KO/O2S).

There are

no

palaeographical

difficulties

impeding

our emendation:

con-

fusion between

y

and

-,

A

and

p

is

very

frequent;

in

lavAv,

the

suprascript

sign

for

-os

was misread as the

one

for

-ov,

i.e.

'

or

".3

Nonnus knew Callimachus

particularly

well

and

very

often

echoed

him,

not

seldom

reviving

Callimachean words:

there is

little doubt

that he drew

the

word

ya3Aos

rom

Callim.,

fr.

384-

50

Pf:4

KvTrpo'OE

8VtO's5

LE

Ka~-7yayev EGvcdSe aAoso.

I

The

dJAKcas

eing afreight-ship,

one

would

be

tempted

to emend

-raGpov

nto

vavÂov

=

cargo:

but

this

meaning

is

only

attested

in

Dem.

32.

2

(cf. L.S.J.,

s.v.

vavÂos,

I)

and

it is

unlikely

that

Nonnus

might

have

re-

vived

it:

in his own

times,

as we can

see

from

Preisigke,

Worterb.

ii,

Abschn.

II,

s.v.

vaAoso,

the word

only

meant

fare,

passage-

money.

There

are

no

certain

attestations

of

vaAos

in

Epic:

Hermann

conjectured

aIveaLS

vavAoLo

in

Orph.

Arg.I

139

=

1'44,

but

his

emendation, accepted by Abel, is rejected

by

Dottin,

who

maintains

the

manuscript

reading

A',s

vavs

t'a.

2

The

motif

yaiAos

g

-ravpov

n

line

79

is

a

direct echo

of

JKcd5a

afpov

in line

66.

In

the

formula

JSO

TYE,

the

Y,

'orationem

continuat'

(cf.

Ebeling,

Lex.

Homer.,

s.v.

yed,

p.

248):

in

other

words,

"y~ yaAvôs

means

'that,

the

above-mentionedSidonian

dAKds'

(men-

tioned in line

66),

and

resumes the narration

interrupted by

s

5''Te

in line

72;

the

object

to

cLEpe,

i.e.

'her',

is

easily

understood

in so

far as made obvious by the context to which

the

O~E

refers

(cf.,

e.g., KOVP77 5,

y9vvaLa

63,

vVt'114'

66).

The omission

of

the

pro-

nominal

accusative of

the

3rd

person

(in

this

case

a-r'4v)

is

meant

to

be

a

Homerism,

cf.

in

particular

Kriiger,

Griech.

Sprachl.

ii.

2

(Berlin,

187),

?

61.

7,

Anm.

I

(=

p.

134):

'sehr

ausgedehnt

ist

...

bei

Homer

die

Ergainzung

eines

obliquen

Casus des

person-

lichen

Pronomens,

besonders der dritten

Person.'

The

best

treatment

of this

point

is

in

Naegelsbach,

Anmerkungen

ur

Ilias,

nebst

Excursen ..

(Niirnberg, 18341),

PP 311

ff.

(=

Excurs

xviii).

The

object

of

aELEtp

s

as clear

as,

for

example,

the

object

of

Aovâav

and

,aAvbQav

n

II.

18.

350

ff.

3

On

the

suprascript

semicircle

=

os cf.

Allen,

Notes

on

Abbrev.,

pp. 20of.,

with

Plate

VI.

An

even

better

palaeographical

explanation

is

suggested

to

me

by

Prof.

Dover: the suprascript circle, usually em-

ployed

to denote

os,

was sometimes used to

denote

ov,

cf.

Bast,

Comm.

Pal.,

pp. 770

ff.

4

The

Phoenician

yavîos

is a merchant-

vessel,

an

dJAKs:

Europa's

brother, Cadmos,

evidently

used such a

type

of

JAKd,

cf. 4.

226

ff.,

esp.

242,

dAKcdaZ'ov'

v).

s

Cf.

also

Epich.,

fr.

54

Kaib.

yavAotatv

iv

0otVt

o

a

v.

Nonnus'

epithet

ZLov477.

(I.

46)

is,

in

all

probability,

directly

inspired

by

Callimachus'

Zt6vtos.

In conclusion:

having already

said

that

the

bull came

from

Sidon (r. 46) and that he was an JAKcs

(I.

66),

and the

reader

having

been

thus

pre-

pared,

Nonnus calls

the bull

yavAos,

which

was a

Z'tov-q7

dAKcds

4.

242).

Noteworthy

are

the

corresponding descriptive

features

of

the

two

JAKa'c5E

7

TEALov

oXe I.

68

=

7reaA.lp

rrapE/I'LLvEv

.

233;

a'pq pogs...

KdArrTwoa

.

69

f.

(the sail)

=

4.

228

KdA7rrTWa

htaLor ogryr7.

F



5/13

66

GIUSEPPE

GIANGRANDE

8.

196

ff. Semele

tries

to

hide

her

pregnancy,

but her

pallor

makes

her

state obvious to suspecting Hera:

EVoa

GOEXEwv 7o0To8oAo7TAdK"OS'EP

&

KOVpy7V

flpdo0pEVv

3

V~w rToevoITVO

LEv

70KETOCO0

Kat

IdOKOV,

OaOVT7a

TEAEUOrcyOVOLO

7EX'V77S,

yacarpdoa7p7a

v-rov

XAoEp'7

'pV~VE

TapEt'

Kal

XAdo'ts

t?'Vo

TW4V LLEAEWVTcpOS'O~dvlS

E

K.r.A.

What

does

yaarps

da7ryL7dvrov

ean? Rouse misunderstands

he

adjective

(on

whose

meaning

n Nonnuscf.

L.S.J.,

s.v.,

as

quoted

below)

by

rendering

'a

pale

cheekand the

pallor

of limbs

..

told

of a

womb

no

onger

ealed

italics

mine).

De

Marcellus's

nterpretation

f

do4qdvrov

s correct

iterally

'bien

que

sa

taille

n'en

presente

aucun

indice',

sc.

of

her

state),

but not

factually:

Semele's

yaa'r'p

must,in itself,have presented lear indications f the girl's

pregnancy

cf.,

e.g.,

lines

7, 13,

31;

she

is

called

flpt~Goe6rqv

n

line

197),

although

the

time for

the birth

had not arrived

yet.

How,

then,

could

the

yaoar'p

be

c

ravoros?

This

logical difficulty

is

coupled

with a textual

one:

on

the

difficulty

of

supplying

EA'CJ

with

an

appropriate

epithet

cf.

Ludwich's

apparatus.

The word

which eliminates

both obstacles when restored into the text is

daKE7rrwV

(cf.

22.

214,

34. 336, 46. 279, 48.

116, 118,

655).

Whether

peAE'd

means

here 'limbs'

or,

as

I think

more

probable, 'body' (cf., e.g.,

22.

48

XAoE-

pots

p(.EE'Eaac

'green

bodies' of

birds,

or

23.

Io6

otlaAoLs

LpEAE'Ea

'swollen

bodies'),

the sense is clear: Semele hid her

pregnancy by covering

with clothes

her

previously

uncovered

body,

but

the

pallor

of

those

parts

of

her

body

which

remained unclad

(face,

neck,

arms) gave

her

away.

JUKETrrwEv

s

a direct allusion

to

7.

215

ff.,

where

Nonnus dilates on how beautiful

the

yvzyvv

...

.S'ag

KOvprls

was:

cf.

in

particular

262

drKE7EO~s

...

KoVprlT.'

In

conclusion:

Semele's

yaorrp

was

durav-ros,

i.e.

'giving

no

sign',

because covered with clothes

and therefore 'unseen':

on

this

Nonnian

meaning

of

the

adjective

cf.

L.S.J.,

s.v.

domIL/avros,

II.

2.

On

the

pallor,

cf.

especially

48.

766.

I

I.

63

ff.

Ampelos

tries to imitate

and

outdo

Dionysus: amongst

other

things,

opEo'o'av

'

~V&p

TropaAlcwvIO6JaKXov

.

.

.Tevcwv

Aar-pa

tyAaVKaor

tcAOKOrT(PE'rWV

hIEt'Tvve

rrlTapyVXa

pwV.

rf lEaV

pEardoS

o,,S

Efl/7(.LEvoS pKTOv

qp

7

eyoLyoV7LlAoavpqv

dVE'aeLpacc

arYv

8'

Ac

EOvIE-r77V

Aauii'V TTEb aaTtEE-tpcjV,

&A"-oTE,

art&AE'awvo

r77kE'V0os'

50,b

VcA'M-wV,

~T7E(L9?7)S

cLXcLtVOV

~ETEpITETO 7vypw

EAcWW.

For

the

corrupt

yAavKd

Gratfe

suggested,

hesitatingly,

yacpa;

with

greater

enthusiasm all the subsequenteditors have admitted this conjecture into the

text.

ya-pa,

if

accepted,

would

clearly

be used

in

enallage,

a

procedure

in

itself

very

dear

to

Nonnus: the

ralyva,

that

is,

were

aPa pa

because

Ampelos

was

proud

of

having

outdone

Dionysus by

riding

on the

backs of various

beasts,

which is more difficult than to ride

sitting

in a

chariot: the

situationswould

be similar to

57,

where

Ampelos

is

described

...

a~dXvaacpov

EXWV

rrocal/7L

licv7K.

The

motif is the

same

as,

e.g.,

at

5. 609

f.:

daKELrrCTo

.

.

Aov

eSo&..

.

HIpae9overs.



6/13

EMENDATIONS IN NONNUS'

DIONYSIACA

67

Yet,

if

we

look

more

closely

into

the

matter,

yaipa

makes

us not

quite happy

because

it would be

here

in

contrast

with

the usus

auctoris: he

adjective

yaopos

is

employed by

Nonnus,

as a

rule,

with

reference

to a

part

of

the

body.'

The context, as very often happens with Nonnus, helps us to understand

the

passage

and to correct the

line

accordingly:

the

poet

wrote,

in

all

prob-

ability,

5ava

,otAo'Ko7TE'AWov

E&L'KEVVE

ralyvLa

07]pWV.

The

enallage

is

clarified,

with

typically

Nonnian

insistence,

ad abundantiam:

the

ralywva

were

savAd,

hairy,z

because

Ampelos

rode

e

poil,

which is much

more difficult

than if

using

reins

and

saddle:

this is

emphasized by

Ao

nbtg

('craggy

back',

Rouse),

dveaEtpaLE Xat'lrqv

(i.e. using

it as

reins;

cf.,

on

avauEtpdatw

of

riders, Thes.,

s.v.),

8aLSaAE'ov

60't0 vcrcowv

i.e. directly

on the

dappled coat of the animal), xdAwtvov.

The

corruption

yAavKd

is

possibly

a

Verschlimmbesserung

risen when

AavAa

was

disfigured

into

AavKa.

12.

19

f.

The Hours are

the servants

of Helios:

tovyewt yap,

avxEva8oOAovKaJLbav&

ov

vo?W'O7ptKO~lUOU.

Canter

proposed

'Dyvylp,

which is

rightly rejected

by

Keydell.

In

order

to restore

the

mot

uste

we

must

remember

that

Nonnus,

like other

Alexandrian

and post-Alexandrian epic poets, was fond of using adjectivally adjectives

which

had

crystallized

as

proper

names: for

instance,

the

personal

name

"Poc7naS

appears

as the

adjective

o~oThrvts

t

Io.

176,

33-.

9,

etc.

To remain

within

the

semantic

sphere

pertaining

to

Helios, cf.,

e.g.,

Eba~qj,

(5.

I74,

8. I

I,

etc.;

on

the

name

Ec~rqjds-

f.

Pape-Benseler, s.v.)

or

darpatos

(I.

191,

8.

388,

etc.:

on

the name

'A4rpatoS

f.

Pape-Benseler, s.v.).

It

must

in

particular

be

noted that this

process

is not

limited

to

personal

names,

but

is

also

extended

to

place-names:

for

instance,

the

place-name

Ho70aETLov

(on

which

cf.

Pape-

Benseler,

s.v.)

appears

as an

adjective

Tro3EL&7F'o7,

.g.

at

I

1.

144, 14- 40,

43-

289, etc.;

the same

treatment

was

given

to names of

instruments,

etc.:

for

instance,

Tr

AaywofldAov

as

become

an

adjective

at

15.

171,

16.

14, 33.

126,

etc.

In

the line under

discussion,

Nonnus used

adjectivally

the Homeric

place-

name

A'yEtal;3

he

wrote,

therefore,

avyEtc

yap

avlyEva

8oDAov

Ka'Ka?uav

.T.

The

diaeresis

still

preserved

in

the

manuscripts

was

necessary

to

avoid the

spondaic

hexameter,

which

Nonnus

abhors:4

cf.,

for

cases of

E~,

e.g.

12.

125,

17.

370, 30.

299,

303;

for

the

exitus

of

our

hexameter,

cf.

7.

207,

dyAuat'

ydp.

We have already noted the formula

a3xdva

yavpov;

cf. 6.

189

(the

tooth

is,

of

course,

a

metaphorical one).

Nonnus'

formula

adxva

yaipov daLpe

was

obviously

inspired

by Ap.

Rh.

Arg.

4.

i6o6.

2

The

adjective

3avAo's,

hairy,

occurs in

Nonnus,

e.g.

6.

I6o.

3

The

opposite process

was

perhaps

fol-

lowed

by

Nonnus when

coining

the name

Av4y'"

(from

the

adjective a4'yqs).

I

had

at

first thought of the adjectival form atydet

as

being

derived from the Homeric

per-

sonal

name

A;ydE177,

ao,

but the

deriva-

tion would be

made more

complicated by

the difference in

declension,

as

Prof. Dover

rightly objected

to me.

4

Cf.

Keydell's

Praefatio

to his

edition,

p.

37:

'Versus

spondiaci

qui

dicuntur,

apud

N.

non

reperiuntur.'



7/13

68

GIUSEPPE

GIANGRANDE

I7. 335

ff.

Dionysus' army fights

with

vegetable weapons (a

motif

frequently

repeated

by

Nonnus):

cf.

320

dKOvT71OV

KopV1Opt

L,

323

8pvdEV7tL

pp,I

324

Xeyi

florpvodEVL

cf.

25.

96

EyXE"

LET7jEvrL;

28.

241

EyXE8SEvP7)EvrL)

and-a line particularlyimportant for our purposes-265

dlvOEifl

rpvd6Evr.

Against

the

volleys

of these

weapons,

the Indians have no defence:

..

tav8oKdooL2

8

SVEJLEVE'ES AoETrotTLL

KcTEKTELVOVTOV

7TT7OLS.

For the

victims of such

vegetable

missiles no

fitting

epithet

has been

found

so

far to

replace

the

corrupt

reading.

I

submit

that Nonnus

wrote

...

dvOOKOLOL

e

K.T.A.

avOOKd/OS,

'decked

with

flowers',

is not unknown to the

poet

:3

the

flowers in

question

are,

in

our

context,

the lethal

idvEa

florpvdvra

mentioned

in

line

265

(cf.

also

30.

14

VE6dEO7VTLEAE/LVp).

21.

49

f. Ambrosia

has

changed

herself

into

a

vine-shoot

(30-31),

oTap'rV

'

av'roeCLKrov

7rL7rAE6aua

vKo'pyp

dyXoco'

go'77KOwEEV oIJwo?vyov V'Eva

&LEt/cW.

She

tells her

victim:

8,EO

/E

XEPeaI7V

vXEv

ltqa,

8E1o

7rT

Acwv

thAvro7Trdvt

dcl'&8pov

ptura/nAoto

KUVOLLOV_.

What lurks

in

the

impossible

AvrorEwdv

4

Falkenburg proposed

yvorVd&Tv,

which would seem, at first sight, to be supported by

36.

365

f.:

yvMowrdSv

8'

da''s&lpov

TE'ITAEKE

S

vyt

7rapr&

Ka

'

7ro'as

Eppl.wrEV

K.T.A.

(cf.

also

383:

yvtord7Tv

E?V/orpVV

K.T.A.)

and

also

by

13.

488:

yvLord&rv

lrnpov

XV

7TrowogropL

t/OI

.

Wakefield,s

or

palaeographical

reasons,

proposed

azrord&Wv,

hich has

been

accepted by

all

the

editors.

Falkenburg's

emendation,

yvtord&Sv,

s

not

appro-

priate,

because,

whereas

in

36. 365 (cf.

rapao3)

and

in

13.

488

ff.

(cf. 496

rapEdv)

the

yvtords7

is

clearly

visualized as a fetter

(a metaphorical

one

in

Changed

o

PEAElW

y Koechly,

but

unnecessarily:

for such

metaphors,

not

limitedto

weapons,

f.,

e.g.,

atSrpea

Aq4ta

28.

298, SaEvp7)EV'0O

KVUOLqLO

1.

149,

roMALp pvUOEVTL

21.

90,

UvraATcLSpaX'4ova

21.

41.

2

Or

alSOKdLOL;

on

the

reading

in the

archetypus

cf.

Keydell's

apparatus.

3

Cf.,

e.g.,

5. 27.

At

7.

194

(avOoKdL5..

.

flE'Alvw)

the

epithet

dvOOKdLO'I

refers

to the

arrow

decked,

covered with

ivy

(cf.

7.

132).

For other

attestations of the

adjective

in

Nonnus

cf.,

e.g.,

8.

9, 17.

20,

38. 174.

4

For

one

moment

we are

tempted

to

save

Avrro-

n our

emendation,

because of

the

possibility

of an

etymological

allusion made

by

Nonnus to

dAVKTO7TrE'.

But the

expected

etymology

(Nonnus

is

exceedingly

fond

of

them)

is

already given

in

line

38

(hAv'roTS

TreroIg

=

dAVUKTOr7T-,f8l

7rrrjAV

line

56);

besides,

the

sense would not

justify

the

absence of

a-

('dissoluble'

is

clearly

not re-

quired

by

the

context),

and

A6

would not

scan. Cf.

Ludwich's

apparatus.

s

Silva

Critica,

Pars

Quarta

(Cambridge,

1793),

PP-

47

ff.



8/13

EMENDATIONS IN NONNUS'

DIONYSIACA

69

13.

488) chaining

the feet

of

its

victims,'

in

our

passage,

as

Nonnus

em-

phasizes,

the vine-shoot

is

specifically

choking

Lykourgos:

this

point

is

insisted

upon

by

the

poet,

who,

after

making

the

situation clear in

the

above-mentioned

lines

31-32,

harps on the theme: cf. line 38:

d?..

rot orE

Eptao

t

ocpJt

7TE-IrA

and

line

62:

va rpova

t-rpOE'vTa

pe`oV

7TVLKTr7p

oplCJP

p.2

avrowrrr,

as

a

conjecture,

is

unconvincing:

not so

much

because

the word

is not

attested,3

as

rather because

it

would

be

in

disagreement

with its

own

context.

In

-rrESrl-formations

he first

component normally

denotes the

limb,

or

part

of

the

body,

immobilized

by

the instrument

(cf. dp0poriSdr, vtorrd`Sq,Epatorrid&,

UKEAo7re8rl,XELpovre`8r).

ess

frequently,

the

first

component

denotes the

material out

of which

the

rTe`&q

s

made

(evAolre`8l, acSrlpo7rrerl).

Wakefield

tried to

defend

his

conjecture by

quoting

various

formations con-

taining ai7ro-

+

a

nominal

second

component

(aTroaKaiTavEvls

airo'po

os,

a17drvAog),

but

it

is

evident

that,

if

a'

rordE

existed,

or had

been

coined

by

Nonnus,

the

compound

could

only

belong4

to

the same

type

as

a7roarKa7ravEdg,

in

other

words,

mean

'perfect,

ideal,

very

rrdl8-'.s

But

Ambrosia,

disguised

as a

vine-shoot,

is

simply

not

acting

as a

'perfect

fetter',

'ideal shackle':

Lykourgos'

feet

and arms

are left

undisturbed,

only

his

neckbeing enveloped.

All our considerations

lead

us to

restore

Aat~0od7rY6

l?

&rpov

K.7.A.

The

epithet

daalupos

could

perhaps

be

explained by

the fact that

the

simplest

(and cheapest,

therefore

most

frequent

even

today,

in

poor

and not

dog-loving

countries)

Aat/oire`&8

or

dogs

is an iron chain

(cf.

line

30

aep'v)

;7

Nonnus

may

have been

thinking

of

the

type

of

AaqpLored'&

escribed

in

Thes.,

s.v.,

which

was,

on

its

external,

visible

side,

covered

with iron

nails

all

round;

the most

prob-

able

explanation

is

that

Lykourgos

s

threatened

with

enslavement8and

there-

fore equipped with an iron collar (cf. R.E. and Dar.-Saglio, s.v. Collare): or

the

moment,

however,

the

vegetable

one

will

do.

In

36. 360

if.

the

yvtovreSr-metaphor

s,

of

course,

limited

to

line

365:

the

plant

is

elsewhere

described

as

enveloping

gAov

davpa

363;

cf. line

360,

atL7repL7rAey'yqv),

including, obviously,

his

throat

(line 375).

2

Cf.

also

lines

59

(dvOEpetOva)

nd

60o

(&arapdyoco).

3

This is an

almost

nvariably

atal

objec-

tion to

a

conjecture.

4

In

the

type

a'rdo'@vAos

cf.

azvroca77]poS,

ardAToOos)

the

component

azro-

has the

value indicated n

L.S.J.,

s.v.

aro'ds,

.

7,

and

the

second

component

denotes the material

out

of which

something

s

made

(this

could

hardly

apply

to

-485q);

these

compounds

are,

in

any

case,

adjectival,

as

are those of

the

type

a''dpocog

(cf.

azrd'a-r7yo.,aro-

Ot'eOAos).

s

This

type (cf.

ao70aKa7ravev'T

very

digger'

L.S.J.;

excellently

translated

by

Benner

and

Forbes 'a

regular

trench-digger')

seems

to

have

become

fairly

popular

in

later

prose

(e.g.

a'TroKEprK&s)

robably

owing

to

the in-

fluence of

philosophical

language

(cf., e.g.,

avTorpyiwvov,

ardorwTos,ar07dEoS).

6

The

component

Aaqzo-

was

introduced

into

epic by

an

author well known to Nonnus,

Apollonius

Rhodius

(on

AaL1Cotro=dw

cf.

Boesch,

De

Ap.

Rh.

Elocut.

[Diss.

Berlin,

90o8],

pp.

6

f.).

7

This

explanation,

however,

would

be

con-

tradicted

by

lines

37-38

(aLtp-7

XaAKKECr

)

;

cf.,

on the

other

hand,

15.

133

ff-

8

Cf.,

e.g.,

for

such threats or

wishes

(it

all

depends

on

who

is

uttering

them), 33.

252

f.,

36. 466

ff.



9/13


10/13

EMENDATIONS

IN

NONNUS'

DIONTSIACA

71

Iliad

and

the

Dionysiaca,

he

stepping

person,

it will

be

noted,

is a

god,

and

the

substantive

tXvov governs

a

genitive

(dardcvroS,

7raAtvvaydov).

Nonnus'

style

is

so

full of

metaphors

and recherch6

expressions

that not

the

least important task of a critic is the properunderstandingof the text, in other

words,

the

defence

of

readings

which at

first

sight might

seem

corrupt.

From

this

point

of view also

Keydell

has deserved

particularly

well of

the

poet;

several

apparently

corrupt (but

in

reality perfectly

sound) readings

I

have

defended

in

my forthcoming

monograph

Studies

n the

Language

f

Nonnus.

I

should

like now to contribute

a few more

cases.

At 8.

136

f.:

o3

1Javd

raplavE

r

Eu5EpOv

E'"tLOS

ZEV,

aAAa

Ut&7poodpoLo

pe-rafp?7yLFa

tpEdAOpov

K.T.A.

Keydell

has

changed

aUL~tpo0dpoLo

o

at%7qpopdooto,

following

in

Grife's

foot-

steps:

the

latter,

at

47. 543

f.,

...

XaAKoOdpoU

U

tvLY

O

TrapOEvE-voS,

OT17

aYcJS.0.T.

changed

XaAKocdpov

into

XaAKopd

ov.

Yet

the

two

readings

aL&qrpo

p

o to

and

XaAKo

dpo

v

support

each other

and invite us to

pause

before

jumping

to the emendation

of not one isolated

instance, but two.

The

adjective

aut5po0dpos,

in

Nonnus,

means

literally

'carrying

iron';

but

the notion

of

'carrying

on

top, having

on

top

>

be

covered

with' does

prevail

and

is

always

made

clear

and more

specific

by

the

context,

or the

substantive

to

which the

adjective

refers.

At

17.

278

ar qpoqdpwv

a

rparv

'Iv(3rv

means

'iron-clad',

i.e. 'covered

with

an iron

armour',

s

is

clear

from

the

context

;Z

at

5.

97

a&l7po

dpov

. .

.

Kap

vov

means 'with

iron on

top',

i.e.

'topped

with

an iron

helmet',

as is evident from

Kap-vov;

at

46.

2

cLrs

pobdp'wv

. .

.

XELip

the

meaning

is 'covered with

iron

chains',

as is obvious

from

the

adjacent

8

o~EbLoo;3

the

adjective

XaAKoOdpog,

s

is

appropriately

noted

in

L.S.J.,

means, in 14. 343, 'tipped with copper'. From the above considerations it

follows

that

ac~tpodo'poLo

and

XaAKoqdpov

certainly

mean

what Grafe and

Key-

dell

want

them

to,

but

must

be left

untouched:

'with

iron

(copper)

on

top',

'topped

with iron

(copper)'

means

here

'with a

roof

of

iron,

copper',

as is

made obvious

by

the

context,

and

in

particular by

the

substantives,

p~EAOdpov

and

7rap6EvEihvos,

which make

the

meaning

of the

adjectives

more

specific,

precisely

as

oapa-dv,

Kapljvov,

etc.,

do in the

examples

just

quoted.

At

11. 209

ff.

Ampelos,

who

has

lost

control of the bull he

is

riding,

says

to

the animal

Et

EY

c'voxpla

KEpao"

opov

79vLOXEVELS

ELKEOV ELEOS

.oT(

q

T,

-ravpwTT

tLOpqo

K.7.A.

Sitzungsber.

d.

Bayer.

Akad. d.

Wiss.,

Philos.-

philol.

KI.,

Jahrg.

I919,

Abh.

7, p. 35.

For

Lxvo-

=

step

in

Nonnus

cf.,

e.g.,

2.

693, 3.

54.-

L~LV

=

step

in Metab. 8.

36.

1

The

sedes of

Edcatovaa,

n

21.

286,

is

the

same as

in

42. 227.

2

Cf.

aS-&qpox&rwv

and

xaAKoxtrwv,

both

often used

by

Nonnus.

3

In

Metab.

I9.

73

casL7podO'pcOV

ydtcwv,

the

adjective

describes those

yo'#dom

which

have a

very large

iron

head.



11/13

72

GIUSEPPE GIANGRANDE

The

vLOXEVELS

has been

unjustly suspected:

the

etymological

bisticcio

(of

the

type quis

custodiet

ustodes) ives

a

perfectly

good meaning,

i.e. 'if

you

drive

your

driver',

in the sense that the bull is

taking

whichever course he

likes,

and

therefore eading (not being led by) the would-be driverAmpelos.The bisticcio,

in

the

rhetorically

elaborate

speech

given

by

the

boy,

is

prepared by

i1.

142,

149,

170o,

and

203;

cf.,

for a

totally analogous

etymological game,

8.

257

(cf.

also

5. 325

017Pp--P

rpocdwyv

O-qp

'?opas

and 28.

16o

'Aaqp

. ..

.AaTr7pa

KLX'-aas).

In

the

particular

case

under

discussion,

the

bisticcio

s

especially

felicitous be-

cause,

as Nonnus

emphasizes

with

KEpaordopov

and

with the

whole

line

210,

Ampelos

is

horned

like the

bull

he

is

vainly

trying

to drive.

Cf.

also i1.

187.

At

17. 232

ff. Orontes

strikes

Dionysus

on the

head,

but without

any

effect:

ou

ydp

dvae

idLvvuors

c48

70t0O

Kap-1VOU

Tavpo9%1

v7rTOY

VCXE

2EXp'aL

Eo pmfxTOV

dAAa ualos

ovpavtov

)LtLqtqLa

lOWlTL&gS

ELXE

EA?)Vr/S

oatLovt'l

drrpCrov

'xwv

ltaa TXyaK~palrjs

dvrtlots

ir&VaKTOV

K.T.A.

The

adjective

E2cEAvatoto

as

been

tormented to no avail: the fact

is

that the

word

is sound. For the

moon-image,

cf.,

e.g., 5.

72

or

23.

309.

Koechly (op.

cit.,

ad

loc.)

took

exception

to

2EAcivatotobecause

he

thought

that this

adjective

'adversiscornubuspugnatcum

240

sqq.'.

In

reality,Nonnus is not contradicting

himself

in

the least:

he

means

that

Dionysus'

horns

were not of the nature

of

(mortal,

earthly)

bulls

(-ravpobv'7 hrTov),

which

type

of

horns

can

be cut

by

the

slaughterer's

xe,

but

divine

(o3pdvvtov,tzovl~s),

and therefore ndestruc-

tible

(cf.,

e.g.,

10.

136,

for

the

motif).

The

adjectives avpo v^,

o0pdvCov,

nd

aqwlov'5s,

hose function

s cardinal

n

the

comparison,

re all

placed

em-

phatically,

at

the

beginning

of

their

respective

ines.

At

25.

457

ff. the

pdKocwv

ttacks

Tylos:

SE

TT7Aarv'

alxva

'vas',

50cV

as'

5

KcafYIJVOV'bEt5Et

VaqiLof

av-rtov

&vopo

opovoe,

Kat h7rJa

lwnosr

I)4acruWv

hCAKat'iv

AEAtE

OUEXv4

ouaav

a

JdXvv.

The

reading

dt'LXhA-v

as

been

variously

altered

by

the

editors

(cf.

Ludwich's

and

Keydell's

apparatuses).

Why?

The word

(for

its

sedes

n

the

line

cf.,

e.g.,

31.

164

and

33. 267)

is

perfectly

fit and

needs no

healing. Spitting serpents

are,

of

course,

found in

Nonnus

(e.g.

36.

170

=

25.

507-12).

Here,

the

8pd4Kwv

cts

as

a

spitfire,

and

sends

out of

its mouth

smoke

(it

repeats

its

performance

at

477):

to

express

this,

Nonnus

says

'it

whirled

a

tempestuous vapour'.

The

smoke,

puffed

out

(OvEAA'Euaav),

ent

up

in

a

revolving

cloud:

Nonnus

often uses

hAEAZw

or such pieces of imagery (e.g.

36.

322, of flames

'moving

in

coils'):

a

parallel

passage

which confirms

our

interpretation

is

32.

76:

(0,9

Y

pvupVaar vC EAas'rrvpyr7j3v

~A1

asg.

x

The

image

AE'At

.

.

dtlXtqv

(paral-

leled

by

vE'4as

.

...

.AI'ag)

is

completed

by

the

epithet

dAKal-7V,

hich

means here

trailing,

evolving,

s

in

Nic.

Ther.

I6o

(the

metaphor

is

of course taken from the snake's

0AKala,

tail: cf. Ital.

serpeggiante,

German

schldngeind,

f a

path).

Cf.,

for this

meaning

of the

adjective,

44. I

Io.



12/13

EMENDATIONS

IN NONNUS' DIONTSIACA

73

At

35- 328

ff.

Hera

contemplates

Lyaios'

body:

...

TavvrrAoKdcovv

SE

Ava

ov

p~pLaL

L7KE3avocLu77av3EILEv&

EEEvl'/3v.

The

text

is

unjustly

uspected

y Keydell,

who writes:

'/UV-KE&aVOtat

orruptum

ex

ravv7TAoKl'pov'.

n

reality,

he

bigeyes

of Hera

contemplating

yaios' arge

body

are

a

concettino

ypical

of

Nonnus:

f

a

confirmation

f this were

needed,

we

could find

it

at

7.

216

ff.,

where

Zeus

contemplates,

with

his

'b aApLv

rTEpL/iLErpov

220),

the

body

of

Semele:

yvPvov

'vrAoKac4oLo

t/sL

5&E[pLEdpEE'

OVp-qg.

Rouse's

interpretation

of the

passage

is

fundamentally

correct

('with

her

great

eyes

she

measured...'):

Nonnus'

opiaa~

~

ItKESaVOca-

is, essentially,

one

of

the several variations

produced

in

epic

literature

on Homer's

flo-rr~s

(cf.

EplyXAvos,

VlyAYvoS),

which

was

interpreted

as

iLEyaAhd60aApos

y

the

ancients

(cf.

Thes.,

s.v.

foorns).

Why,

however,

the

disconcerting

pL7KE&aVOacut,

hose

proper

meaning

is

'long'?

It

is

true that

/LgKOS

ould

be used

improperly,

with

reference to a

big

size in

general,

not

specifically

to

length

(cf. L.S.J.,

s.v.,

3),

but,

as

far as

we

can

see,

Nonnus'

employment

of the

adjective

is

always

the 'correct'

one:

cf.,

for

//KOS,

28.

225;

for

/~'7voW,

2.

52;

for

P1qKE8avos,

.

260,

13.

423,

14.

209,

345,

I5. I77,

22.

29,

25-

525,

26.

240, 301, 32.

139, 213, 36.

407,

459,

41. 37,

43- 339, 44. 87, 273,45.

37-2

In

the

passage

which we are

analysing

Nonnus,

who

tended

to be

very

accurate

n

descriptive

etails,

wants to

clarify

what kind of

bigness

Homer

meant with

reference

o

Hera's

eyes,

when

calling

her

flo,"nS:

Hera's

eyes,

he

maintains,

were

big

in

the sense hat

they

were not

vaguely,generically

ize-

able

(we

have

already

mentioned Zeus'

dq0aALduv

EpiTpqlrpov)

but

specifically

long,

i.e.

almond-shaped:

such a

shape

has

always

been

regarded,

in

women,

as a

feature

contributing

to

beauty.3

That

Homer's

flo6Ymrs

ust

refer

to

this

I

As

epqLE'TpEEv

mplies

cf.

also

1TdVAEvKOV

jAov

36asg)

the

girl

is

visualized

not

only

as

white-skinned,

but also

tall.

'Eine hohe

Gestalt

hat ihnen

(sc.

the

Greeks)

immer als

Vorzug

gegolten,

und war

namentlich

ein

wesentlicher Teil ihres

weiblichen

Sch6n-

heitsideals'

(Beloch,

Griech.Gesch.

2.

I, p. 94).

Cf.,

e.g.,

Hor. Sat. I.

2.

123

f.,

Max.

Tyr.

24.

18.

7

KalToL

uLKpaV

OaaV

Kt

p a

/LAvav

(sc.

Sappho),

Schol.

Luc. Im.

18.

ILKpc

7

Ka

AaLva

(sc. Sappho);

cf.

in

particular

A.P.

5.

121.

1;

also

5.

76.

2

(t3/K~).

At

28.

59

rKEGKav-

doet?)

efers

to

the

kind

of shield

which

was

'oblongum' (cf.

Ebeling,

Lex.

Homer.,

s.v.

adKoos).

3

On

ancient

cosmetic methods cf.

in

particular

B6ttiger,

Sabina

(Leipzig,

18062),

and

Blumner,

Die rdm.

Privataltert.,

(Mtin-

chen,

1911), pp.

435

ff. In

Tert. Cult.

em.

I.

2.

illum

ipsum

nigrum pulverem,

quo

oculorum

exordia

producuntur,

he

author refers to the

practice

of

lengthening

the

eyes

at

their

corners

(very

much as

ladies do

today)

and

not

to

the

lengthening

of the

eyebrows,

as

Bliimner (op. cit., p. 437,

note

12) thinks

(cf.

also

the

T.L.L.,

s.v.

exordium,

566.

II

ff.).

On 'das Umziehen der Lider

ldngs

der

Wim-

pern

mit

einer

Schwiirze,

wodurch die

Augen

grB3er

erscheinen

sollen'

(a practice

which stresses the

almond-shaped

orm of the

human

eye)

cf.

in

particular

Friedlinder

on

Juvenal

2.

94,

with his

usual

impeccable

accuracy.

B6ttiger,

op.

cit.

i.

28,

very appro-

priately

notes

that the

ar7ue

has

transformed

Sabina into

'eine

farrendugige uno,

um

mit

Vater Homer zu

sprechen'

(italics mine).

The

epic poet Nonnus has precisely Vater

Homer

in

mind,

together

with

contemporary

toiletry.

On the

t7rroypa0?

ra6

dv6aApWtLv

cf.

in

particular

Thes.,

s.v.

57roypd0b(w

09

B,

with

still

useful

bibliography.

57rroypdoiw

may

be taken

to mean

either

'underline,

stress,

emphasize',

or

'delineate'

(cf.

Passow5,

s.v.,

3

b

'eine

Contour

machen')

:

whichever

meaning

we

prefer,

however,

the

result of

the

r7Toypar4?

is the

same,

i.e.

the

eyes

are made



13/13

74

GIUSEPPE

GIANGRANDE

particular

kind

of

bigness

Nonnus indicates

not

only

by

using

oppaac 1KE vo

L

with reference to

Hera,

but also

by coining

ravu'yA'-vos

rafpos

at

43.

42

(in

compounds

with

-yAhvos,

his

component

means,

by synecdoche, eye,

cf.,

e.g.,

fot2rs

,*

floyA-voS),' which epithet, as its substantive

-raipos

hints, is a fur-

ther

explanationz

of Homer's

/o6jorr.

King's

College,

Cambridge

GIUSEPPE

GIANGRANDE

not

more

round,

but more

almond-shaped.

Cf.

Triller(us),

D.

W.,

Observ.Crit.

(Frank-

furt,

I742),

p.

400:

for cosmetic

purposes,

the

stibium

was used

by

ladies

'ad

palpebras

denigrandas [that

is,

to delineate

their

con-

tour] earumque

fines

[i.e.

ends]

latius

pro-

ferendos'. Fr.

Junius,

in his

commentary

on

Tertullian,

loc.

cit.

(Franeker,

1598,

p.

I

12),

proposed

exodia or

exordia,

but his

conjecture

is

unnecessary:

exordia

here

means 'le

d6but',

i.e. 'le

bord,

le contour

des

yeux' (cf.

Blaise,

Dict.

Aut.

Chrit.,

s.v.

exordium):

t is obvious

that such

almond-shaped

contours

producun-

tur,

can be

lengthened,

t the sides

(i.e.

at

the

corners of the

eyes) just

as

the

effeminate

producit, engthens

his

supercilium

bviously

at

its ends in

Juvenal

2.

93

f.

x

The

same

love for

descriptive

preci-

sion

appears

in Metab.

21.

63 f.,

where

the

original

IxOv'wv

eydtoAwv

n

the

Gospel

is

ren-

dered

by

vE1TrdOwv

tpKEGavCv:

ig

fish are

generally

long-shaped.

2

A

critic

who knew well

what

meaning

,ravv-

has

in

Greek

compounds (including

those used

or coined

by Nonnus),

Koechly,

wanted

to emend

ravvyA'4voto

nto

ravv-

Kpatpoto;

other

critics,

who

rightly

leave the

reading

-ravvyA'~voto

nchanged,

translate

the

word,

however,

inaccurately

('weitiiugig,

grossiugig',

Passow5;

'large-eyed,

full-eyed',

L.S.J.;

'a

glaring

bull'

is

Rouse's

rendering

of

Nonnus'

passage).

Nonnus'

Tavv'y`qvos

was

perhaps

inspired

by

r

A

aT~"

v

dOaAops,

in

which

compound

rrAarv-

expresses

the idea

of

the

eyes

being

broadened

at their

corners,

i.e.

their

almond-shaped

contour

being

lengthened.

Documents

Emendations and Interpretations in Nonnus' Dionysiaca