Emergence of Federal Government Activism,

1900-1941There was a Rise of

Progressivism,

Then A Return to “Normalcy”

Followed by A “New Deal” for the Peeps!!!

Historical Overview

• Early 19th Century– Second Great Awakening Triggered

• Examples?

• Late 19th Century – Civil War/Reconstruction Era Triggered

• Examples?– Industrial Revolution Triggered

• Examples?

Historical Overview Continued

• Early 20th Century Progressive Reform – Triggered by Lingering Gilded Age Issues– Government Reform Limited to

• Mid-20th Century New Deal Reform– Triggered by The Great Depression– Government Takes Responsibility for

Progressivism Introduction

• 1900-1917• Industrial Inheritance• Legislative Reluctance• Cultural Effects of Industrial Transformation• The Progressive Movement Defined

What Problems were Progressives trying to solve?

• Lingering Gilded Age Issues

• Others?

What were their goals?

• Social

• Economic

• Political

• Geographical

Initially Broad Based Reform Actions Taken

• Series of Disjointed Sub-movements (Chart)

– Muckrakers– Socialists– Urban Poor Advocates– Feminists– Moralists– Scientific Management

National Progressive Appeal Emerged

• Government Led Policy Reform Examples (Chart)• National Impact Required Moderation• National Progressive Leaders

– TR “New Nationalism”– WW “New Freedom”– Is New Freedom a “warmed over” New Nationalism?

Progressive Impact?

1. Limited Government Activism

2. Middle-Class grassroots reform tradition

3. Government business/financial Regulation to protect consumer

4. Conservation tradition

5. Civil Equality Ignored

How effective was the resulting reform?

• Historical Interpretations– Traditionalists– Revisionists– New Left– Organizational School– Social Feminists

Who were they?

• Characteristics

What was their Intent?

• Improve weaknesses within existing social system

• Create new social system

Liberal or Conservative Triumph?

• See L40 and Discussion Questions

Lingering Gilded Age Issues

• Industrialization– Harnessing of Industrial Resources

• Oil (refined into kerosene and gasoline)• Steel (Bessemer and open-hearth Processes)

– RR and building material

• Electricity (allowed outward growth, affordable power source, appliance and communication)

– Created • Need for Large labor pool and growing markets

• Spurred Immigration (See Graph)

– 1870-1920 20 million+ IMMIGRANTS

• Rapid Urbanization (See Graph)

– GESP factors– Promises and Problems

• Encouraged Adoption of Social Darwinism Philosophy

New v. Old Immigrants

Urban Population Shift

• Total U.S. Population – 1790 = 3.9 million– 1870 = 39.8 million– 1900 = 75.9 million– 2000 = 281.4 million

Impact

• Nativism– Job Competition

– New Non-Protestant Immigrant Religions:

• Roman Catholicism

• Eastern Orthodoxy

• Judaism

• Worker Exploitation– Poor Living Conditions

– Dangerous Working conditions

– Low wages

• Political Corruption– Political Machines

– Federal Government Laissez-faire policy and Anti-trust Legislation Diluted by Supreme Court Rulings

Looking Backward

Poor Living ConditionsJacob Riis:

Tenement Quarters Dumbbell Tenement

Settlement House Movement

Social Gospel Movement:Mary Baker Eddy: Christian Science

YMCA: Young Men’s Christian Association Dwight Lyman Moody: Moody bible InstituteWashington Gladden: “Applied Christianity”

Women’s Suffrage, Pre-1920