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Time is IMPORTANT No Room For UNCERTAINTY, INDECISIVENESS, ERROR!
The evaluation must be Prompt, Accurate so the Proper Treatment can be RENDERED
Vital Signs
Signs that indicate how the essential life systems are functioning
CNS– Pain– Brain Function– LOC– Movement
Blood Flow– Rate– Pressure
Respirations– Quality– Rate
Temperature
Functioning Heart Check at the Carotid or Radial Normal for adults is 60 to 80
bpm Children from 80 to 150 bpm Trained athletes lower - 44 to
50 bpm
Abnormal Signs Rapid / Weak
–Shock, Bleeding, Diabetic Coma, Heat Exhaustion
Rapid / Strong –Heatstroke, Fright
Slow / Strong (Bounding)–Skull fracture, Stroke, Cardiac
Problems No Pulse
–Cardiac Arrest / Death
Inhaling and Exhaling Oxygen in the Blood Watching chest rise / fall Listening to the athlete Normal adults = 12 to 20 /
minute Normal children = 20 to 28 /
minute
Abnormal Signs Shallow –Shock, Heat Exhaustion, Chest
injury Irregular/Gasping
–Cardiac problems Frothy
–Chest Injury, Rib Fracture Rapid
–Hyperventilating
Normal = 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
Measures Core - Skull, Thoracic, Abdomen
Tongue, Armpit, Rectum, Ear Rectal usually .5 degrees
higher Rectal more accurate Skin can indicate a temperature
change
Abnormal Signs Hot and Dry
–Disease, Infection, Heatstroke
Cool and Clammy–Trauma, Shock, Heat
Exhaustion Cool and Dry
– Overexposure to Cold
Normal varies from person to person
Fair skinned athletes–Check Lips, Fingernails
Dark skinned athletes –Normal
Pink nail beds, lips, mouth, tongue
–Shock Mouth / Nose - Grayish & Tongue
Lips - Blue
White, Pale, Ashen
Pallor–Shock, Fright, Hemorrhage, Heat Exhaustion, Insulin Shock, Heart Attack
–Vasoconstriction
Sensitive to Central Nervous System Trauma
Must KNOW YOUR ATHLETES Note Presence of Contacts,
Artificial Eye Rapid constriction of pupils when
the eyes are exposed to intense light is called the PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEX
Eye Movement tests focus and vision
Abnormal Signs Eye movement is tested by
asking the individual to focus on a single object
Diplopia = Double vision– external eye muscles fail to work
together Watch fingers through six
cardinal fields Depth perception - Grab your
finger in front of their face
Conditions that may alter consciousness
Head Injury, Respiratory Distress (Syncope = Fainting), Tumors, Hemorrhage, Edema, Brain Infections, Seizures, Heat Stroke, Hypoglycemia, Drug Overdose From Opiates, Barbituates, Aspirin, Tylenol, Alcohol, Poisoning, Liver or Kidney Failure, Heart Attack
Abnormal Signs Various Levels of Consciousness, Confusion
Consciousness is defined on a continuum that grades levels of behavior in response to stimuli.
Drowsy or Lethargic
Less alert Somewhat unaware of surroundings but can be aroused with a nudge or sound to respond to questions
STUPOR
Nearly unconscious Unable to stay alert for any appreciable length of time
Responds to questions only when prodded then lapses back into unconsciousness
UNCONSCIOUS
Impairment of brain function
Lacks conscious awareness
Unable to respond to superficial sensory stimuli –pinching armpit, hitting sternum
COMA Most depressed state of consciousness
Cannot be aroused with pin pricks
Eyes are closed No recognizable speech
Relates to Muscle Integrity and CNS
Inability to MOVE ANY EXTREMITY may indicate a CNS Injury, Fracture–PARALYSIS
Abnormal Signs Numbness / Tingling
–Nerve or Cold Damage Severe Pain, Loss of Sensation–Blocking Artery
Complete Lack of Pain (Unaware)–Shock, Hysteria, Drug Usage, Spinal Cord Injury, Nerve Damage
Force of the Pressure against arteries
Measured with a Sphygmomanometer
Two Levels–Systolic = Heart Pumping–Diastolic = Heart Filling - Residual Pressure on the arterial walls, between beats
15 to 20 year olds–Males = 115 - 120 / 75 - 80–Females = 8 - 10 mmHG lower
IMPORTANT TO KNOW YOUR ATHLETES –Information from Pre-Participation Physical
Abnormal Signs
Lower BP –Hemorrhage, Shock, Heart Attack, Internal Organ Damage
Higher BP–Stress, Anxiety, Blocked Arteries
FIRST –Control Life Threatening ConditionsBlocked Airway, No Respiration's, No Circulation, Severe Bleeding, Shock
Major Considerations
SECOND –Management of Non-Life Threatening Conditions COULD DEVELOP INTO SHOCK!!Head, Spinal, Dislocations, Fractures, Skin Wounds, Illness