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Scenario #1
• You are a Safety officer of your Plant.• You receive a call from a worker reporting a
person down, clutching his throat and coughing.
• Upon arrival at the scene you notice several people in the immediate vicinity also down– Some are clutching their chests and some are
coughing heavily.
Scenario #1 Questions
• What is happening?
• Is this a normal reaction for a heart attack?
• Is it likely that five people have had heart attacks at the same time and place?
Scenario #2
• Now people are staggering away from the scene
• All are complaining of blurred vision & red teary eyes.
Scenario #2 Questions
• What might we be dealing with?
• Are we dealing with something other than a heart attack?
• Could this be caused by something in the atmosphere?
Scenario #3 Questions
• What could account for all these symptoms?
• What would you look for as the cause?
Observations of Incident
• There is no debris, which might indicate a blast
• No smoke or fire is apparent
• There are multiple casualties, without the presence of trauma
• It was a sudden onset
Operational Clues
• Clues that indicate a chemical incident– Symptoms exhibited in multiple casualties that are
normally seen in a single person.– Multiple casualties for no apparent reason – Multiple casualties without trauma – Escalating number of victims– Escalating symptoms of the victims
Solution
• Observations indicate a toxic chemical agent has caused the incident
• Symptoms indicate victims have likely been exposed to a choking agent-
CHLORINE
What is the Next Move?
• Call in support based on– Increasing number of victims– Responder hazard (first response was for a
unknown factor, now there is a chemical hazard)
– Need for additional equipment• Protect yourself• Treat the victims
Hazard
“Any substance/operation that poses an unreasonable risk to life, property or the
environment.”
• Hazardous Material– “Any substance that poses an unreasonable risk
to life, the environment, or property when not properly contained.”
How to Identify ?
Hazardous materials pose many problems. One of the obvious problems
is determining what constitutes a hazardous materials incident. Many
agencies are involved with the handling, use, and the problems associated with
hazardous materials. Each of these agencies has identified hazardous
materials as it relates to their realm of service.
Definition
• OSHA and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (NIOSH) views a hazardous material from the standpoint of potential hazard. They rate conditions that may
cause injury or death as they are found in the working environment, whether they are
obvious or not.
Problems
• The problems encountered at a hazardous materials incident are many. The primary threats involve injury to the emergency worker and harm to the community.
• Without emergency personnel, the situation cannot be handled in a safe or timely manner. When dealing with this type of incident, personal safety should always be the primary concern
Hazardous Chemical Incident
• Methylisocyanate (MIC) incident at Bhopal, India
• 3,300 people killed immediately; 16,000 after ten years
• 40 tons of MIC released that covered 20 Km2
• Over 500,000 people suffered effects of gas
• Ground water hazard for ten years
Hazardous Chemicals
Physical Hazards• Explosives• Compressed gases• Flammable and
combustible liquids• Flammable solids• Oxidizers• Poisons• Radioactive• Corrosives
Health Hazards• Asphyxiant• Carcinogen• Irritant• Corrosive• Sensitizer• Toxic Agent
Any chemical (solid, liquid, gas) that can cause harm to people and their surroundings
Effects of Hazardous Chemicals
• Any substance that can result in harmful effects– Immediate (acute)– Delayed (minutes or
hours)– Long Term (chronic)– Temporary effects– Permanent effects
Intensity of Effects
• Varies by– Type of chemical– Exposure (time X amount)– Physical health– Age– Weather (wind, temperature,
rain)
Symptoms
• Coughing
• Constricted pupils, red teary eyes
• Bleeding or hemorrhaging
• Strong or unusual smell
• Strange behavior
• Convulsions
• Unconsciousness
Symptoms
• Difficulty breathing• Blurred vision• Runny eyes and nose• Slurred speech, disorientation• Skin irritation• Nausea• Sudden headache• Weakness
If you experience these symptoms, seek medical
attention immediately
• Negative attitudes promote:– Carelessness– Recklessness– Overconfidence
• Positive safety attitudes promote:– Openness to new ideas– Alertness– Planning ahead
Safety is a Matter of Attitude
• Explosive
• Flammable
• Thermally unstable
• Reactive
• Poisonous
• Infectious
• Radioactive
• Corrosive
Multiple Hazard Characteristics
• “Always consider the possibility of multiple hazard characteristics in each hazard class.”
Safety Keypoint #1
• “Approach all hazardous material incidents from upwind, upgrade, and upstream, positioning vehicles and apparatus headed away from the incident scene.”
Safety Keypoint #2
• Distance Safety Factors– 100' 1– 200' 2 times– 300' 4 times– 400' 16 times– 500' 256 times
Distance is an Ally
• A safe haven for personnel and equipment that allows a 3 minute scene access from a safe distance should the incident suddenly escalate
Staging Area
Outward Warning Signs
• People running from the hazardous area• People collapsed inside the hazardous area
Outward Warning Signs
• People running from the hazardous area• People collapsed inside the hazardous area• Evidence of fire indicated by smoke
Outward Warning Signs
• People running from the hazardous area• People collapsed inside the hazardous area• Evidence of fire indicated by smoke• A loud roar of increasing pitch from an operating
relief valve
Outward Warning Signs
• People running from the hazardous area• People collapsed inside the hazardous area• Evidence of fire indicated by smoke• A loud roar of increasing pitch from an operating
relief valve• Evidence of a leak indicated by a hissing sound
Outward Warning Signs
• People running from the hazardous area• People collapsed inside the hazardous area• Evidence of fire indicated by smoke• A loud roar of increasing pitch from an operating
relief valve• Evidence of a leak indicated by a hissing sound• Birds and insects falling out of the sky
• The Victim– Has the presence of the person(s)
requiring rescue been confirmed visually or by credible sources?
– How long has the person(s) been exposed to the hazardous material?
– Is the person viable?– Is the person(s) requiring rescue
trapped in a vehicle or by debris?
Rescue Considerations
Rescue Considerations
• The Product– What are the hazards of the material
involved?– Is a fire or explosion likely?– How fast is the product leaking from it’s
container?– Is the person(s) directly exposed to the
product or it’s vapors?
Rescue Considerations
• The Responder(s)– Does the responder have adequate training?– Is appropriate protective equipment
available?– Are there sufficient personnel present to
provide back-up?– How long must responders be exposed in
the process of attempting rescue?– Are the proper tools available?
Rescue Considerations
• Physical Factors– Must the vehicle or entrapping debris be
stabilized?– Can the flow of product be diverted away
from victim or stopped altogether?– Is access to the person difficult due to
steep terrain or other reasons?
• “In a hazardous material incident you may have to delay attending to the injured in order to save the lives of many others”
Safety Keypoint #3
• Initial actions taken to secure the scene will save many lives by preventing “convergence” into the hazardous area.
Scene Control
• Two or more chemicals combined resulting in a new compound– The resulting compound can be more
hazardous than the original substances.
Chlorine + Ammonia = Chloramine gas
Synergism
• Establish inner perimeter first.
• Initially establish a large outer perimeter by closing major roadways into the area by using incoming response units.
• Downwind perimeters should be 2-3 times larger than other perimeter boundaries.
Establish Perimeters
The Hot Zone• Center = center of the incident/explosion
• First perimeter = location of the farthest piece of evidence
• ‘y’ = distance between the center and perimeter
shrapnel
y
y=100 meters
The Warm Zone
• Half the distance
• Likely place for a second device
• Distance between Hot and Warm zone is ‘x’
X=50 meters
x
The Cold Zone• Where the incident command post is set up
• Choose the point which provides the most safety
CP
Operations for Hazardous Accidents
Security
Operations &
Safety
Medical & Triage
Wind Direction
Staging Area
Command Post
• Only those emergency personnel in the proper protective clothing and positive pressure SCBA, “who are actively performing emergency operations” are to operate within the inner perimeter.”
Safety Keypoint #5
• Must identify minimum perimeter distances to be utilized by the emergency responders for the protection of both the emergency responders and the citizens.
Emergency Response Plans
• Recommended minimum initial isolation distances:– Minor incident = 150 mtrs– Major incident = 500 mtrs– Explosion potential = 800 mtrs
• Isolate in all directions
Control Zones
• “Recommended minimum safety perimeter for citizens = 1,000 mtrs beyond inner perimeter boundaries in open areas.”
Safety Keypoint #6
• “To avoid inhalation hazards, SCBA must be properly worn, used and maintained.”– Recognize the potential for downwind
hazards to be present;– Use personnel in the proper level of
personal protective clothing to expand downwind perimeters to well beyond the hazardous area.
Safety Keypoint #7
• “Never eat, smoke or drink at or around hazardous material incident scenes until you decontaminate and wash your hands, face, and hair thoroughly.”
Safety Keypoint #8
• Skin absorption occurs by:– Direct contact of material with
exposed skin (such as splashes and spills on unprotected skin)
– Handling of contaminated patients, clothing, and equipment
– Penetration of protective clothing
Absorption
• “Consult protective clothing compatibility data to ensure available protective clothing is compatible with the hazardous material(s) involved in the incident.”
Safety Keypoint #9
• Pre-employment exam
• Annual or periodic exams and testing
• Post employment
• Post exposure treatment
• Record keeping
Medical Surveillance
• Date
• Time
• Incident number
• Blood gas levels (carboxyhemoglobin)
• Material involved
• Level of exposure
• Medical treatment received
Exposure Records
General Safety Precautions
• Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
• Do not walk into or touch any spilled material
General Safety Precautions
• Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
• Do not walk into or touch any spilled material
• Avoid inhalation of all gases, fumes, and smoke,
General Safety Precautions
• Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
• Do not walk into or touch any spilled material
• Avoid inhalation of all gases, fumes, and smoke,
• Do not assume that gases or vapors are harmless just because you can't see or smell them.
General Safety Precautions
• Isolate the hazard area and deny entry
• Do not walk into or touch any spilled material
• Avoid inhalation of all gases, fumes, and smoke,
• Do not assume that gases or vapors are harmless just because you can't see or smell them.
Primary Considerations for Response
• Responder Safety
• Public Safety
• Scene Security
• Hazard Assessment
• Risk Assessment
• Environmental Concerns
• Property Conservation
Establish Response Priorities• Low
– Protecting environment, property or equipment
• Moderate– Attempt rescue of
person(s) with low probability of survival
• High– Attempt rescue of
person(s) with high probability of survival
Identify Evacuation or Relocation Procedures
• Evacuation– Action taken rapidly in the
best interests of the public within the threatened area
• Relocation – Preventing re-entry into
the area when negative impacts will persist for a long period of time, or permanently
Response Reactions
• When looking at the hazards involved consider your responders safety and will their effects dramatically change the outcome of the incident
• Decision time– “Stay and Play” (safely do the job)– “Get Out” (the risks are too great)
Safe Work Practices
• Prevent direct contact with hazardous chemicals
• Limit exposure levels and time
• Good hygiene
• Take appropriate fire prevention and control measures
Safe Work Practices
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment
• Use equipment and tools not affected by the chemical being handled
• Prevent chemicals from mixing that cause adverse reactions
• Use good common sense
Scene Safety
• Ensure that there is an evacuation plan and an escape route
• Minimize the number of people on the scene
• Set up the triage area
outside the event area
Use Emergency Response Guide
• First responders guide developed jointly by transportation departments of Canada, United States and Mexico– Includes United Nations dangerous goods list
• Assist first responders in making initial decisions
Emergency Response Guide
• Quick identification of the specific or generic hazards of the material(s) involved in the incident
• Isolation and protection of first responders and the general public
Emergency Response Guide
• Not a substitute for emergency response training, knowledge or sound judgment
• Does not address all possible circumstances
• No physical or chemical properties of hazardous materials
Guidebook Contents
• White pages– How to use the guidebook during a dangerous goods incident– General information
• Yellow-bordered pages– Index list of dangerous goods in numerical order of four-digit ID
number
• Blue-bordered pages– Index list of dangerous goods in alphabetical order of material
name
Guidebook Contents
• Orange-bordered pages– Contains all safety recommendations in numerical
order by 3-digit guide number
• Green-bordered pages– Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action and a
table which lists, by ID number, Toxic by Inhalation (TIH) materials
Hazmat Ipod
• Developed to address the unique needs of first responders determining unknown hazards using observable physical characteristics and signs and symptoms observed in victims.
• Contains more than 91,000
chemical, biological warfare
(TICs, TIMs, CW agents),
biological agents (bio-weapon
and bioterror agents),
and improvised explosive devices
Single Gas Detectors
• Single-gas personal protection Monitors for continuous readouts of Toxic gas Concentrations
Ammonia Carbon Monoxide Chlorine Chlorine Dioxide Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrogen Sulfide Nitric Oxide Nitrogen Dioxide Oxygen Phosphine Sulfur Dioxide
Multi Gas Detector
• Combines a PID and a 4-gas Monitor
• It measures oxygen, combustibles (LEL), carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide
PLAN! TRAIN! PRACTICE!
• Preplanning is essential
• Train the way you plan to respond
• Practice varying your response
SUMMARYSUMMARY
• Identify physical and structural hazards• Identify threats • Ensure responder safety.• Mark hazard areas and designate
safety zones• Request specialized services• Communicate & coordinate• Use appropriate equipment