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EmergingTechnologicalSolutionstoAccesstoJusticeProblems:OpportunitiesandRisksof
MobileandWeb-basedApps
KnowledgeSynthesisReportSubmittedto:SocialSciencesandHumanitiesResearchCouncil
October13,2016
JenaMcGillAssistantProfessor
PrincipalInvestigator
AmySalyzynAssistantProfessor
Co-Investigator
SuzanneBouclinAssociateProfessor
Co-Investigator
KarinGalldinLLMCandidate
ResearchAssistant
FacultyofLawUniversityofOttawa
TableofContentsKeyMessages ............................................................................................................................................. 1
ExecutiveSummary..................................................................................................................................... 2
KeyFindings................................................................................................................................................. 5
Context..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Implications.............................................................................................................................................. 7
ApproachandLimitations ........................................................................................................................ 8
Results...................................................................................................................................................... 9
InventoryandTaxonomyofA2JApps ............................................................................................ 9
PolicyIssues:OpportunitiesandRisks .......................................................................................... 14
BestPracticesforA2JApps........................................................................................................... 24
KnowledgeGapsandFutureResearch ......................................................................................... 27KnowledgeMobilization ........................................................................................................................... 28
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 29
Endnotes.................................................................................................................................................... 30
AppendixA:CompleteBibliography......................................................................................................... 39
AppendixB:SurveyofLawSocieties’ApproachestoA2JApps ........................................................... 56
AppendixC:CanadianApps ...................................................................................................................... 57
AppendixD:AmericanApps ..................................................................................................................... 64
AppendixE:ListofLawSchoolCourses.................................................................................................. 102
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KEYMESSAGES
Canadiansexperiencemultiplebarrierstoaccessingjustice,includingfinancialconstraints,psychologicalbarriers,informationalobstaclesandphysicalbarriers.Membersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunities,whoaremorelikelytofacemultiplejusticiableproblemsasonce,experiencethesebarriersacutely.Appsthatpurporttofacilitateaccesstojusticebyprovidingassistancewithlegaltasksareincreasinglybeingdeployedinthelegalservicesarena.ThisKnowledgeSynthesisdevelopsthegroundworkforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofaccesstojusticeapps,canvassingtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontext,consideringexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfuturepolicyandresearchdirectionsinthisarea.
• ThereisvirtuallynoCanada-specificscholarlywork,regulatoryconsiderationorpolicyinitiativesaddressinglegalappsgenerally,oraccesstojustice-enhancingappsinparticular.WhiletheAmericanexperiencemaybeinstructive,andtherearelessonstobelearnedfromappuseincomparabledisciplines,likethehealthfield,aCanada-specificapproachtolegalappsisnecessary.
• Appspresentarangeofopportunitiesforimprovingaccesstojusticeincluding:mitigatingthefinancial,psychological,informationalandphysicalbarriersassociatedwithtraditionallegalservices;addressingneedsbeyondconventionallegalservices;providinginsightintointerrelatedlegalneedsandmodernizingpubliclegaleducation.Usingappstoaddressaccesstojusticeneedsalsocarriessignificantrisks,including:privacyandsecurityissues,thepropagationofthedigitaldivideandunequalaccesstojustice;regulatoryissuesconnectedtotheunauthorizedpracticeoflaw;uncertainreliabilityoftheinformationprovided;andskewingtheaccesstojusticedebateawayfromtheongoingneedforstructuralchange.
• Thereisnobestpracticeguidancespecifictoaccesstojusticeenhancingapps.General
guidanceonbestpracticesinappdevelopmentfromsourcesincludingthePrivacyCommissioneronissuesofprivacyandsecurityandtheWorldWideWebConsortiumonaccessibilityforpersonswithdisabilitiesshouldinformbestpracticesforlegalapps.GuidelinesonhealthcareappspromulgatedbytheCanadianMedicalAssociationarehighlytransferableandmayprovideausefulstartingpointforthecreationofparallelguidelinesinthelegalcontext.
• Futureresearchisurgentlyrequiredtogainamorecompletepictureofthestateof
accesstojusticeappsinCanadaandtoassessthepotentialfortheseappstocontributetoimprovingthestateofaccesstojusticeforCanadians.Moreinformationisneededontopicsincluding:thedemographicsofappusersandtheirusagepatterns;whetheraccesstojusticeoutcomesareinfactimprovedthroughtheuseofapps;and,theregulatoryoptionsavailableandtherisksandbenefitsofregulationofappsinthisarea.
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EXECUTIVESUMMARYContextThereisawidelyacknowledgedaccesstojusticecrisisinCanada.ManyCanadiansdonothaveaccesstolegalinformation,lawyers,courtsandthebroaderconditionsoflegalempowermentneededtoresolvelegalissues.Studiesindicatethatindividualsexperienceavarietyofinterconnectedbarrierstoaccessingthejusticesystem,including:financialconstraintsconnectedprimarilytothesignificantcostsassociatedwithhiringalawyer;psychologicalbarriersincludingfear,embarrassmentandstressinrelationtopursuingordefendinglegalrights;informationalobstaclesincludingalackofknowledgeaboutthelegalsystemandavailablelegalsupportservices;andphysicalimpedimentslinkedtotheunavailabilityoflocallegalservicesinmanyruralandremotecommunities.Thesebarriersareacutelyexperiencedbymembersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunities,suchaspersonsofAboriginalancestry,membersofvisibleminoritygroups,personswithdisabilitiesandthosewhoreceivesocialassistance,whoareallmorelikelytofacemultiplejusticiableproblemsasonce.WhilestrategiestargetingtheaccesstojusticecrisisinCanadahavehistoricallyfocusedonrefiningexistingcourtprocessesandincreasingaccesstolegalrepresentation,technologyisincreasinglyacknowledgedasameansofcreatingnewpathwaystojustice.Tothatend,mobileandweb-basedappsintendedtoassistindividualswithlegaltasksarenowbeingdeployedinthelegalservicesenvironment.Althoughtheseappsarerecentadditionstotheaccesstojusticeworld,theyarealreadychangingthewaysthatCanadiansinteractwiththelegalsystem.ThisKnowledgeSynthesisdevelopsthegroundworkforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofaccesstojusticeapps,canvassingtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontext,consideringexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfutureresearchdirectionsonthistopic.Findings
1. InventoryofAccesstoJusticeApps
WecreatedacomprehensiveinventoryofaccesstojusticeappsinCanadaandaparallelinventoryofappsintheUnitedStates.Wecodedtheseinventoriesaccordingto:(1)developer(s);(2)intendedusers;(3)type(s)oflawtheappengages;(4)briefdescriptionoftheapp;(5)costaccessibility;and(6)function(s)servedbyapp(i.e.,providinglegalinformation,offeringadministrativeinformation,document/formcreation,evidencecollection,legaladvice,self-help).Theseinventoriesilluminatethreetrendsaboutaccesstojusticeapps.First,privatedevelopersareresponsibleformostaccesstojusticeapps.However,Canadiangovernmentactorsandpublicbodieshaverecentlyincreasedtheirinvolvementinpromotingtechnologicalsolutionstoaccesstojusticeissuesthrough,forexample,publiccompetitionsliketheOntarioAccesstoJusticeChallenge.LawschoolsinbothCanadaandtheUnitedStatesarealsoleadinginnovatorsinthedevelopmentofaccesstojusticeapps.
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Second,accesstojusticeappstargetthreedistinctend-users:(1)lawyers;(2)thegeneralpublic;and(3)non-lawyerserviceproviders.Appstargetinglawyersaredesignedtoimprovetheefficiencyoflegalservicedelivery,oftenthroughstreamliningpracticemanagementissuesorlitigationtasks.Appsforthegeneralpublicfocusonmakinglegalservicesorinformationeasiertoaccess.Asignificantnumberoftheseappsshiftthewaythatindividualsinteractwiththelegalsystembyallowinguserstobypasstheneedtoretainalawyerorminimizingtheamountoftimealawyerneedstospendonalegalissue.Examplesincludeappsthat:providelegalandproceduralinformation;allowuserstocreatelegaldocumentsincludingcontractsandwills;automatethecommonstepsofalegaltransactionlikeadivorce;and,assistwithlegalresearch.Thefinalcategorytargetsserviceproviderslikesocialworkersbyprovidingatoolforthemtoconductabasic“legalscreening”fortheirclients.Third,themajorityofpublic-facingappsareavailableforfree,thoughtheremaybehiddencostsassociatedwithupgradesoradvancedfeatures.Appsaimedatlawyersorthatconnectausertolegaladvicearemorelikelytocostmoneythanotherkindsofapps.
2. RisksandBenefitsofAccesstoJusticeAppsDuetothemarkedlackofavailableinformationandanalysisonaccesstojusticeapps,itisimpossibletodrawfirmconclusionsaboutthepotentialforappstorevolutionizethelegalarena.However,weidentifiedsixpreliminaryopportunitiespresentedbyappstoimproveaccesstojusticeforCanadians.
• Mitigatingfinancialbarriers:Forexample,appsthatallowindividualstogeneratelegaldocumentswithoutassistanceorwithreducedassistancefromalawyerarelikelytoreducethecostsassociatedwithcreatingbasiclegalagreements.
• Mitigatingpsychologicalandinformationalbarriers:Appscanhelpdemystifythelawandlegalinstitutionsbyprovidingnewopportunitiesforthepublictoeducatethemselvesaboutthelaw,contributingtoanincreaseinclientempowerment.
• Mitigatingphysicalbarriers:Assumingauserhasaccesstotheinternet,appsallowforlegalinformationtobeaccessedonananytime,anywherebasis.Thisflexibilitycanimproveaccessforthoseinruralandremotecommunitieswhomaynothaveeasyaccesstoalocallawyer.
• Addressingneedsbeyondconventionallegalservices:Somelegalself-helpappsprovidetoolsbeyondthosegenerallyofferedbylawyers.
• Developingbigdataandinsight:Thedatacollectedbyappscouldbeusedtogaininsightonconnectionsbetweenlegalissues,allowingserviceproviderstobetteraddressinterconnectedclientneeds.
• Modernizingpubliclegaleducation:Appsencouragestudentstocommunicatelegalinformationinanaccessibleway,tothinkabouttheresponsivenessoflawtoreal-worldlegalproblems,andtosituatetheroleoflawyersinamodernized,technologicalworld.
Wealsoaddressedfiverisksapparentintheuseofappstoaddressaccesstojusticeissues.
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• Privacyandsecurityissues:Informationcollectedbyappscouldbevulnerabletocollectionandmisusebyunauthorizedthirdparties.
• Unevenorunequalaccesstojustice:Meaningfulimplementationoftechnologicallydrivenaccesstojusticeinitiativesrequiresattentiontothesocio-economic,geographicanddigitalliteracy-relatedbarrierstoaccessingtechnology.Otherwiseappswillcontributetofurtherentrenchingthedigitaldivide.
• Regulatoryissues:Non-lawyerscanofferlegalinformation,butnotlegaladvice.Thelinebetweeninformationandadviceisnotoriouslymurky.Becausemostappsoperatewithoutregulatoryoversight,thereisconcernthatsomeappscouldamounttotheunauthorizedpracticeoflaw.
• Uncertainreliabilityofinformation:Appsmustprovideup-to-date,accurateinformationthatisvalidatedandsustainedovertime.Yet,becauseappsareunregulated,thereisnowayforuserstoconfirmthattheinformationprovidedbyanappisreliable.
• Skewingtheaccesstojusticedebate:AppsmaylessenthegeneralsenseofurgencyabouttheaccesstojusticecrisisinCanada,andcoulddistractfromtheongoingneedtoimprovetheaffordabilityandaccessibilityofreal-timelegalandcourtservices.
3. BestPracticesforAccesstoJusticeAppsThereisnobestpracticeguidancetailoredtoappsoperatinginthelegalcontext.However,existingguidanceonthedevelopmentofmobileandweb-basedtechnologiesmorebroadlyisworthconsideration.Forexample,onissuesofprivacyandsecurity,theFederalPrivacyCommissionerhaspublishedabestpracticesdocumentoutliningprivacypracticesformobileapps,whichincludesreferencetohowCanada’sfederalandprovincialprivacylegislationappliestothecollection,useanddisclosureofpersonalinformationretainedbyapps.Similarly,becauseOntariomandatesthatpubliclyavailableinformationbeaccessibleforpersonswithdisabilities,developersofsomeappsmustensurethattheirappscomplywiththeguidelinesdevelopedbytheWorldWideWebConsortium,aninternationalstandardsorganizationfortheInternet.Finally,thespecificguidelinesonmobilehealthappsdevelopedbytheCanadianMedicalAssociationaretransferableinlargeparttothelegalcontext,andcouldprovideastartingpointforthecreationofaparalleldocumentforlegalserviceproviders.
4. KnowledgeGaps
Therearesignificantknowledgegapsonaccesstojusticeapps.TogainamorecompletepictureofthestateofthesetechnologiesandtheirpotentialtoimproveaccesstojusticeoutcomesforCanadians,moreinformationmustbegatheredon:(1)thebackgrounds,expertiseandmotivationsofappdevelopers;(2)thedemographicsofappusersandtheirusagepatterns;(3)whetherappsactuallyfacilitateorimproveaccesstojusticeoutcomesforusers–andifso,aretheredifferentialsintheseusers’improvedaccesstojustice;(4)whichaccesstojusticeneedsremainunmetbyapps;(5)therisksposedbyaccesstojusticeapps,particularlyinrelationtoprivacyissues,thereliabilityoflegalinformationprovidedandunevenaccesstoapps;(6)regulatoryoptionsandthecostsandbenefitsofregulationintheappcontext;and(7)thewaysinwhichappsaretransforminglegalpracticeandthelawyer-clientrelationship.
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KEYFINDINGSA. Context
1. TheAccesstoJusticeCrisisinCanada
ThereisacrisisinaccesstojusticeinCanada.Whilethereisnosingle,agreedupon
definitionofaccesstojustice,inthisKnowledgeSynthesisweadoptabroadandpurposiveviewoftheconceptasincludingmorethansimpleaccesstolegalpractitionersorcourts.Weunderstandandusethetermaccesstojusticetoincludeconditionsoflegalempowermentforallandajusticesystemthatisresponsivetoabroadrangeofindividuals’needs.AstheCanadianBarAssociation’sReachingEqualJusticereportdescribes,accesstojusticeencapsulates“atrulyequaljusticesystem,onethatprovidesmeaningfulandeffectiveaccesstoall,takingintoaccountthediverselivesthatpeoplelive.”1
Despiteourexpansiveviewofaccesstojustice,mostempiricalresearchbylegalscholars
andpolicy-makersfocusesonaccesstothecourtsandtolawyers.Forinstance,acomparativestudyfoundthatCanadalagsbehindsimilarlysituated“developed”nationsinensuringthatallcitizenscaneffectivelyaccessourjusticesystem.2OtherstudieshaveconcludedthatCanadiansarelosingconfidenceinthejusticesystem.3Thislackofconfidencemaybeoneofthereasonsthatonly7%ofrespondentsinarecentnationalsurveyreportedappearingbeforecourtsortribunalstodealwithalegalproblemandonly19%reportedconsultingalawyer.4Thissurveyindicatedthatindividualsaremorelikelytousetheinternet(33%),speakwithfriendsandfamily(61%)ordealdirectlywiththeotherparty(75%)inattemptingtoresolvelegalissues.5
Alackofconfidenceinthejusticesystemandinlawyersisinnosmallpartaresultoftheir
realandperceivedinaccessibility,oftendiscussedintermsoffinancialconstraints.TheaverageadultCanadianwithalegalissue,forinstance,willspendapproximately$6,100tohaveitresolved.6ThisisparticularlytroublesomegiventhatalmosthalfofCanadianswillexperiencealegalproblemoverathree-yearperiod.7Moreover,individualsexperiencingcertainlifeevents,likedivorce,mayfindthatretainingalawyerisfarbeyondtheirfinancialmeans.A2015surveyofCanadianlawyersfoundthelegalfeeschargedforacontesteddivorcerangefrom$6,145to$87,974.8Giventhesecosts,itisnotsurprisingthatan“extraordinary”numberofindividualsarenowself-representedinCanadiancourts.9AlthoughlegalaidprogramsareinplaceacrossCanada,thefinancialsupportprovidedbylegalaiddoesnotmeetthelegalneedsofmanyCanadians.Notonlyislegalaidvariablyfundedacrossthecountry,thetypesofmattersthatlegalaidprogramsfundoftenfocusprimarilyonrelativelyseriouscriminallawissues.10
Inadditiontofinancialconstraints,Canadianstudiesalsoreportthatindividualsexperiencemultiplepsychologicalandinformationalbarrierstoaccessingjustice,including:(1)alackofknowledgeaboutthelegalsystemandtheresourcesavailabletoassistmembersofthepublicinaccessingthelegalsystem;(2)fear,embarrassmentandstressinrelationtopursuingordefendinglegalrights;and(3)concernsaboutjeopardizingprivacy.11Thesebarriersareexperiencedacutelybymembersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunities.Thecost
6
ofaccessingjustice,forexample,isuniquelyburdensomeforpersonsofAboriginalancestry,membersofvisibleminoritygroups,personswithdisabilitiesandpersonswhoreceivesocialassistance,whoareallmorelikelytofacemultiplejusticiableproblemsatonce.12Itiswelldocumentedthathomelessindividuals–aheterogeneousmixofpeoplewhoareotherwisemarginalizedinthelegalsystemforreasonsofrace,socialclass,disability,andsexualorientation/identity–experience“agamutofunresolvedlegalissues.”13AssummarizedintheCanadianBarAssociation’sReachingEqualJusticeReport,“legalproblemstendto‘cluster’,multiply,andhaveanadditiveeffectandthispatternofcascadingproblemsdisproportionatelyimpactspeoplelivinginmarginalizedconditions.”14
Physicalbarriersalsoimpactaccesstojustice.Forexample,inoneOntariostudy,“participantsidentifieddistanceasthenumberonebarriertoobtaininglegalinformationandservicesinruralorremoteareasoftheprovince.”15Inthisstudy,“[l]egalserviceprovidersspokeabouttheirruralclientswalkinganhourormore,orhitchhiking,tokeepappointmentswithlegalclinicsortoattendadministrativeorcourtproceedings.”16Thestudyfurtherreportedthatfinancial,informationalandpsychologicalbarrierstoaccessingjusticemaybepronouncedinruralsettingsduetodisproportionatelyhighratesofpoverty,highercostservicesduetoreducedeconomiesofscale,possible“‘culturalbarrier[s]’betweenpeopleinruralcommunitiesandserviceproviderslocatedincities”,andalackofpublicawarenessofavailableservices.17Supplygapsinruralandremoteareashavealsobeenidentified.Forexample,a2015reportconcludedthatindividualsnavigatingfamilylawissuesinruralandremotecontextsareunder-servicedduetoalackoflawyers,andabeliefthatproblemsshouldbedealtwithinsidethefamilystructure.18
Marginalizedandequality-seekinggroupsmayalsofaceexacerbatedbarriersinruraland
remotecontexts.PersonsofAboriginalancestryinremoteregionsfacedifficultiesinaccessingappropriatelegalservicesinpartduetogeneralizedignoranceaboutthehistoryandpositionoftheiruniquecommunitiesanddisproportionatelyhighratesofpoverty.19Thelackofspecialtyservicesinruralcommunitiesmayalsohaveadetrimentaleffectonthelegalneedsofyouth,elderly,andpeoplewithdisabilities.20Ruralwomenexperiencingintimatepartnerviolencefaceparticularchallengesinnavigatingconflictsandmaintainingconfidentialityinclose-knitcommunitieswherethenumberofavailablelawyersmaybesmall.21Insuchcircumstances,ruralwomenmayfinditdifficulttoseealawyerwithoutchildcareoradequatetransportationtotraveloutsidetheircommunities.22
2. TowardsTechnologicalSolutionstoAccesstoJusticeProblems:A2JAppsDiscussionsaboutsolvingtheaccesstojusticecrisishavehistoricallyfocusedonrefiningestablishedcourtprocessesandincreasingaccesstolegalrepresentation.23Morerecently,however,scholarsandpolicy-makershaverecognizedthatmeaningfulaccesstojusticerequiresmorethansimplyaccesstocourtsandlawyers.24Technologyisnowabroadlyacknowledgedmeansofcreatingnewpathwaystojustice.25
7
In2015,ChiefJusticeBeverleyMcLachlinimploredthelegalprofessionto“accepttheideaofchange”,includingtherealitythatsometasksthathavebeentraditionallyperformedbylawyerscannowbemoreeffectivelyperformedthroughtechnologicalmeans.26Thereisalsosignificantinterestinternationallyinusingtechnologicalmeanstofacilitateaccesstojustice.Forexample,includedamongtherecommendationsintheAmericanBarAssociation’s2016ReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStatesisarecommendationthatstatebarorganizations“explorehowlegalservicesaredeliveredbyentitiesthatemploynewtechnologiesandinternet-basedplatformsandthenassessthebenefitsandriskstothepublicassociatedwiththoseservices.”27
Onetechnologyincreasinglydeployedinthelegalservicesenvironmentismobileandweb-
basedapplications(“apps”).Insimpleterms,“amobileappisasoftwareapplicationdesignedtorunonmobiledevicessuchassmartphonesandtabletcomputers.”28Mobileappsmaycome“preloaded”onsuchdevicesormaybeavailableforuserstodownloadthroughappstoreslike“GooglePlay”orApple’s“AppStore.”29Incontrasttoamobileapp,aweb-basedappor“webapplication”ishostedonthewebandaccessedfromabrowseronacomputerormobiledevice.30Although“thegeneraldistinctionbetweenaninteractivewebsiteofanykindandawebapplicationisunclear,”31inthisKnowledgeSynthesisweadoptaninclusivedefinitionofaccesstojusticeapps(A2Japps)asincludingbothmobileandweb-basedresourcesthatpurporttoassistindividualswithaspecificlegaltaskorsetoftasks.32
Canadiansuseappswidely.Forexample,a2014studyconductedbytheInformationand
CommunicationsTechnologyCouncilfoundthatthereareroughly18millionappusersinCanada.33Notwithstandingthisextensiveuse,wehavenotlocatedanycomprehensivedatadetailingwhousesappsinCanadaandhowthoseappsareused.ResearchbyprivatetechnologycompanyCatalystrevealsthat“apphoarding”onsmartphonesisdecreasing–meaningthatCanadiansarekeepingfewerandfewerappsontheirphone.34In2014,forexample,theaverageCanadianhadjustunder27appsontheirphone,whilein2016thisnumberfellto18.35TheCatalyststudyalsofoundthat“[m]onthlyappdownloadbehaviorincreasedyearoveryear,butsodidmonthlyappuninstallbehavior,indicatingaficklenessamongthegeneralpopulationtowardsapps,especiallyappsthatgounused.”36Itisunclearwhetherthesegeneraltrendsincludeorarereflectiveoflegalapps.ItisworthnotingthattheCatalyststudyfoundthatappusageinanotherspecializedsector–health—isontherise:30%surveyedhadoneortwohealthappsontheirsmartphoneand7%hadthreeormore.37
B. ImplicationsTheinformationcontainedinthisKnowledgeSynthesiswillassistgovernment,lawyerregulators,legalserviceproviders,appdevelopers,andlegaleducatorstobetterunderstandthepotentialbenefitsandlimitationsofusingappsasameanstoaddressCanada’songoingaccesstojusticecrisis.Theanalysiscontainedhereinistimelyas,althoughA2Japps“areintheirnascentstageofdevelopmentandusage”,thesetechnologiesarealreadybeginningtochangethewaysthatCanadiansinteractwithlaw.38ThereisariskthatdiscussionsaboutA2Jappswillfollowthepatternofmanyearlydiscussionsaboutaccesstojusticeandtechnology
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generallyandwill“reflect[]anoverlynarrow,instrumentalistviewoftechnologythatfailstoadequatelytakeaccountofpossiblebroaderpoliticalandsocialimplicationsaswellasthistechnology’stransformativepotential.”39ThisKnowledgeSynthesisseekstoavoidthisriskbydevelopingthefoundationforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofaccesstojusticeapps,canvassingtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontext,consideringexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfutureresearchdirectionsonthistopic.C. ApproachandLimitations
ForthisKnowledgeSynthesis,weemployedavarietyofresearchtechniques,particularlyconventionalsubjectandcitationsearchinginthefollowingareas:
1. Mobileappstorestoidentifyandgatherinformationaboutrelevantapps;2. Googlesearchestoidentifyandgatherinformationaboutmobileappsandweb-
basedapps;3. Scholarlyjournalsandmonographswithinrelevantdisciplines,includinglaw,media
studies,computerscienceandtechnology;4. Greyliterature,includinglawschoolcurriculaandlegaltradepublications;5. Newspapersandpopularmediasourcesincludingblogs;and6. Policyreportsanddocumentsfromgovernmentagencies,non-governmental
organizationsandprofessionalbodies.
AcompletebibliographyofworksconsultedisincludedasAppendixA.Additionally,weconductedashortsurveyofallCanadianlawsocietiesonlegalapps.ThesurveyquestionsareincludedasAppendixB,below,andresultsfromthissurveyareincorporatedintotheResults,below.
OurpreliminaryresearchrevealedvirtuallynoCanada-specificscholarlywork,regulatoryconsiderationorpolicyinitiativesaddressinglegalappsgenerally,orA2Jappsinparticular.Wethusexpandedourresearchtoinclude:(1)AmericansourcesonA2Japps;and(2)researchonhealth-relatedapps,includingevidence-basedappsforusebyhealthprofessionalsandhealthandfitnessappsdesignedforusebythegeneralpopulation.40Healthappsareameaningfulcomparator,asthelegalandhealthenvironmentssharemanykeyfeatures,includingtheinvolvementofexpertsdeliveringspecializedservicesinaself-regulatedenvironment,andprivacyandsecurityconcernsrelatedtosensitivepatientorclientinformation.
ThisKnowledgeSynthesisissubjecttosomelimitations.First,theresearchwasconducted
entirelyinEnglishandlackssufficientengagementwithscholarshippublishedinotherlanguages,includingFrench.FutureresearchmaybedoneincollaborationwithcolleaguesfromFrench-speakingCanada.Second,muchofourresearchdrawsfromtheAmericanexperienceinpartbecausetherearesignificantlyfewerA2JappsinCanada,andaccordingly,lessassociatedliterature(seeinventoryofCanadaapps,AppendixC,versusinventoryofAmericanapps,AppendixD).WhiletheAmericanexperienceisinstructive,itwillbenecessarytodevelopa
9
Canada-specificapproachtoA2Jappsandtoaddressingtheopportunitiesandrisksoftheseapps,discussedbelow.Third,whiletheresearchatthecoreofthisKnowledgeSynthesisiscomprehensive,itisbynomeansexhaustive.Forexample,ourworkhereislimitedtotheNorthAmericanexperiencewithA2Japps,buttherearemanyappsgrapplingwithaccesstojusticeissuesinternationallyandinotherjurisdictions.41Similarly,increatingourinventoriesofA2Japps,wefocusedprimarilyonthoseappsavailablethroughmobileappsstoresandsimpleGooglesearches.Itisprobablethatthereareadditionalappsnotlocatedthroughthesesearchesthatcouldbeincludedinourresearch.D. Results
1. InventoryandTaxonomyofA2JApps
ThisKnowledgeSynthesiswasmotivatedinpartbythelackofconsolidateddataon
availableA2JappsinCanada.Todate,therehasbeennoattempttocomprehensivelylistorcategorizeCanadianA2Japps.Ourinventoryandtaxonomyseekstofillthisgap.Additionally,asnotedabove,giventhattheUShasmoreexperiencewiththeseapps,weincludedthoseinourdatagatheringforthesakeofcomparisonandinordertoprovideabroadersetofdata.TheCanadianandAmericanappsgatheredinAppendixCandAppendixD,respectively,werecodedaccordingtosixfeatures:
1. thedeveloper(s)oftheapp;2. theapp’sintendedusersortargetaudience;3. thetype(s)oflawtheappengages(i.e.,family,criminal,tax);4. abriefdescriptionoftheapp(asprovidedbytheappitself);5. theaccessibilityoftheapp(whetheritisfreeorforafee);and6. thefunction(s)theappserves(i.e.providinglegalinformation,offering
administrativeinformation,documentorformcreation,evidencecollection,legaladvice,self-help,or‘other’)
AlleffortsweremadetoensuretheinformationlistedinAppendixCandAppendixDis
accurate.Somelimitationsshouldbenoted,however.First,thisinformationwascollectedbetweenMayandAugust2016andsomeoftheinformationmayhavechangedintheensuingmonths.Second,informationonthesixfeatureslistedabovewasobtainedfrompublicresourceslocatedbyourresearchteam.Itispossiblethattheremaybeadditionalinformationcontainedinprivatesourcesorotherpublicsourcesthatisnotincludedhere.Third,wedidnotindependentlyverifyinformationaboutanappprovidedbyitsdeveloper(s).Forexample,ifanappdeveloperindicatedthattheappperformedacertainfunction,weincludedthisfunctioninourtaxonomyanddidnotusetheapptoconfirmthattheappinfactperformedthestatedfunction.
TheinformationgatheredinthecourseofcreatingtheinventoriesinAppendicesCandD
shedslightonanumberoftrendsemerginginA2JappsinNorthAmerica.WesummarizethreeofourkeyfindingsaboutA2Japps,below.
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a. A2JAppDevelopers
First,privatedevelopersareresponsibleformostA2Japps.42Althoughdetailedinformationaboutthebackgroundsofthesedevelopersisgenerallynotavailable,ourinventorysuggeststhatdevelopersrangefromsmalldevelopersworkingaloneorinsmallteamstolargedeveloperswithsignificantfinancialandhumanresourcescapacity.OneexampleofthelatteristhecompanyLegalZoom,whichhassystematicallyenteredthelegalservicesdeliveryfieldonalarge-scalebasisandoffersmultipleappstothepublic.43
TherearemorepublicdevelopersintheUnitedStatesthaninCanada.Onereasonforthis
maybethattheUnitedStates’LegalServicesCorporation,“anindependentnonprofitestablishedbyCongressin1974toprovidefinancialsupportforcivillegalaidtolow-incomeAmericans”hasrecentlyrequiredthatitsgrantrecipientsleverageresourcesthroughtechnology.44Additionally,asaresultofanationaltechnologysummitin2012,theLegalServicesCorporationrecommendedthatlegalaidserviceproviderstakeadvantageofmobiletechnologiestoreachthepublicmoreeffectively.45ThatourUnitedStatesinventoryincludesmultipleappsdevelopedbyAmericanlegalaidorganizationsisatleastinpartattributabletotheLegalServiceCorporation’sinterestintechnology.AlsonotableintheUnitedStatesisthefactthatanumberofcivillibertiesorganizationshavedevelopedA2Japps.Forexample,closeto20statechaptersoftheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion(ACLU)havecreatedMobileJusticeappsthatallow“userstorecordlawenforcement,toalertotherMobileJustice…appuserstonearbylawenforcementencountersandtosubmitvideosandincidentreportsautomaticallytotheACLU.”46Finally,anumberofAmericancourtshavedevelopedappsthatprovideinformationaboutcourtproceedingstothepublicandlawyers.47
InCanada,therearefewerpublicdevelopersofA2Japps.Appscreatedbypublic
developersincludeaLegalAidOntarioappthatallowscitizenstoassesstheirfinancialeligibilityforpartiallysubsidizedlegalrepresentationinOntario,48andanappcreatedbyHaltonCommunityLegalServicesthatprovidesa“legalhealthcheck-up”forindividualsinselectOntariocommunities.49Recently,governmentactorsandpublicorganizationshavebecomemoreinvolvedinthesupportandpromotionoftechnologicalsolutionstoaccesstojusticeissues.Forexample,in2013,CanLIIdevelopedanapplicationprogramminginterface(API)toallowdeveloperstoaccesstheCanLIIdatabaseofcaselawandlegislationforuseintheirapps.CanLIIalsoco-hostedahackathonwiththeUniversityofOttawaFacultyofLaw’sCentreforLaw,TechnologyandSocietythataimedtofacilitatethedevelopmentoftechnologicalsolutionstoaccesstojusticeissues.50In2016,twohigh-profilepubliccompetitionstargetedlegalinnovation:ThePitch,co-hostedbytheCanadianBarAssociationandLegalX(ateam“dedicatedtomovingthelegalsectorforwardthroughenterprises—whetherstartuporestablishedcorporatesandlawfirms”andhousedattheToronto-basedMaRSDiscoverydistrictinnovationhub);51andtheOntarioAccesstoJusticeChallenge,apartnershipoftheOntarioMinistryoftheAttorneyGeneralandtheLegalInnovationZoneatRyersonUniversity.Bothcompetitionsintendedto“fosterthegrowthandsuccessofstartupsthataredevelopingproducts,technologies,processes,andsolutionsthathaveadirectpositiveimpactonaccesstojusticeinOntario.”52
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Interestingly,lawschoolsintheUnitedStatesandCanadaarealsoplayingaroleinthedevelopmentofA2Japps.Lawprofessorsandlawstudentsareleadinginnovationthroughcoursesthatserveasthinktanksonhowtousetechnologytoaddressaccesstojusticeissues.AnOsgoodeHallstudentinacourseentitledLegalInformationTechnologydevelopedtheideaforJusticeTrans,anappthatprovideslegalinformationonhumanrightsrelatedtogenderidentitytothetransgendercommunity.53Similarly,studentsatThompsonRiversUniversityenrolledinLawyeringinthe21stCenturydesignedSUMMONS,anappcurrentlyindemomodethat“allowscourtadministratorstoprovideliveupdatesofcourtschedulesandwhenlitigantsortheirlawyersaretoappeartohelpcutdownontheseexpenses.”54
SimilartrendsareapparentintheUnitedStates.GeorgetownLawhostsanannualIronTech
Lawyercompetition,wherestudentstestappscreatedintheirTechnologyInnovationandLawPracticepracticum.55Thegroupthatwon“BestIronTechLawyer2016”developediHealfortheNationalImmigrationLawCentre,to“helplow-incomeimmigrantandmixedcitizenshipstatusfamiliesdeterminehealthcarecoverageeligibility.”56StanfordUniversity’sLegalDesignLab57andtheCentreforLegalServicesInnovationatMichiganStateUniversityCollegeofLaw58arecentersdedicatedentirelytoexamininghowtechnologycanimproveaccesstojusticeandlegalservicesdelivery.Someofthedevelopmentworkintheeducationalsectorishappeningincollaborationwithindustrypartners.Forexample,NeotaLogic,whichproduces“anadvancedandinnovativeAI[artificialintelligence]platform”tobeusedbynon-programmerstodevelopapps,providessupporttotheGeorgetownLawIronTechcompetitionaswellasasimilarcompetitionatMelbourneUniversityLawSchool.59AsampleofaccesstojusticeandtechnologycoursesandprogramscurrentlyonofferatCanadianandAmericanlawschoolsisatAppendixE,below.
b. Diverseend-users,functionsandareasoflaw
OurinventoriesrevealthatA2Jappstargetseveraldistinctend-users:(1)lawyers;(2)thegeneralpublic;and(3)non-lawyerserviceprovidersengagingwiththepublic.60ThediversityoffunctionsperformedbyA2Jappsandthedifferentareasoflawtheycoverarediscussedinthissectioninrelationtothesethreeend-usercategories.
(1)End-users:Lawyers
A2Jappstargetinglawyersaregenerallydesignedtomakelegalservicedeliverymoreefficient.Forexample,theappStandInuseslocationservicestoconnectlawyerswhoareavailabletoappearincourtforoneanother.61Anotherlawyer-targetedappisiProBono,whichallowslawyerstoviewcurrentprobonolistingsinArkansasandrequestcasesthroughtheapp.62ManyoftheNorthAmericanappsdirectedatlawyerstargetdiscretepracticemanagementfunctionssuchasbilling,time-trackingandcasefilemanagementorfocusonlitigationtaskssuchasmanaginge-discoveryanddocumentreviewfunctions,assistinginpreparingcourtformsandkeepingtrackofcourtdockets.63
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Anemergingareainlawyer-facingappsislegalanalytics.Legalanalyticstools“analyzepastlegalreferencedatatoprovideinsightsintofutureoutcomes.”64Forexample,intheUnitedStates,LexMachinaoffersfivedifferenttypesofLegalAnalyticsApps:(1)Courts&JudgesComparator,which“enablesattorneystocompareuptofourfederaldistrictsandjudges,togaincriticalinsightsregardingcaseloads,timingtokeymilestones,caseresolutions,specificfindings,anddamages”;(2)LawFirmsComparator,which“enablespowerfulside-by-sidecomparisonofuptofourlawfirms,withinstantdisplayofabroadrangeofcase-specificdata”;(3)EarlyCaseAssessor,which“enableslawyerstoquicklyassessthethreatposedbyanewcase….[by][e]nter[ing]thenameoftheplaintiffandtheplaintiff’slawfirm,andimmediatelyget[ting]anoverviewoftheplaintiff’slitigationhistory”;(4)MotionKickstarter,which“makesiteasytodraftwinningmotionsbyhelpingattorneyscomparetheargumentsandmotionstylesthathavebeensuccessfulbeforeaspecificjudge”;and,(5)PatentPortfolioEvaluator,which“givesattorneysthecompetelitigationhistoryforanentirepatentportfolioinonereport.”65InCanada,LoomAnalytics“use[s]acombinationofmachinelearningandlegalanalysistoclassifycaselawalongmultiplevectorsallowingforstatisticalanalysis…[toallowusersto]seehowaparticularjudgehasruledonspecificmotionsorclaimsattrial,whatkindsofcasesmakeittocourtmostfrequently,theaveragedecisionturnaroundtime,andtheaveragecostanddamageawardsbrokendownbycasetype.”66
Anotherfocusoflawyer-facingappsistheuseofmachinelearningtoprovideanswersto
legalquestionsorallowlawyerstomoreefficientlyanalyzelegaldocuments.Forexample,BlueJLegal“analyzesfactsituationsusingdeeplearning”toprovide“authoritativeanswers”relatingtoanumberofspecificlegalsubjectssuchasdeterminingifanindividualisaresidentofCanadaorofanothercountryfortaxpurposes.67AnotherexampleisBeagle,whichusesartificialintelligencetoreadcontracts,highlighttheimportantinformation,andfacilitatelawyerreview.68
(2)End-users:GeneralpublicOurinventoriesincludeawidevarietyofpublic-facingapps.Anumberofthesedonot
disrupttheconventionalmodesofdeliveringlegalservicesbutfocusonmakingexistinglegalserviceseasiertoaccess.Forexample,therearemanyappsthatsimplyconnectindividualswithlegalissuestolawyers,eitherinprivatepractice69orthroughlegalaidandprobonosystems.70Thereisalsoarangeofappsthatallowuserstoaccessconventionallegalservicesininnovativeways.Forexample,Notarizeallowsuserstonotarizedocumentsonlinewithe-signatures–usersuploadtheirdocuments,andanotarypublicwhohasavideoprofilewiththeappnotarizesthedocument.71
Therearealsoasignificantnumberofappsthatseektomateriallychangethewaythatindividualsinteractwiththelegalsystembyallowinguserstoengageinself-helpeitherbybypassingtheneedtoretainalawyerorbyminimizingtheamountoftimealawyerneedstospendonthelegalissueathand.Examplesofthesetypesofappsinclude:
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• Appsthatprovidelegalandproceduralinformation:Forexample,JusticeTransisaweb-basedappthatofferslegalinformationabouttransgenderrightsinCanada.72OtherexamplesincludemultipleAmericanappsdesignedtoassistindividualswithexpungement(i.e.acourtorderthatremovesanentryfromacriminalrecord)73andMarylandLawHelpAppwhichhelpsusersfindcourts,lawyersandlawlibrariesinMaryland,produceofficialcourtdocuments,andseekself-helpthroughself-helpquestionnaires.74
• Appsthatallowuserstocreatelegaldocuments:Forexample,OntarioSmallClaimsWizard,anappthatiscurrentlyindevelopment,aimstoguideindividualsthroughOntariosmallclaimsprocessesbyadvisingusersonwhichdocumentstheyneedtofilefortheirlegalissue,andallowingtheformstobecompletedonline.75IntheUnitedStates,CitizenshipWorksguidesusersthroughthestepsofacitizenshipapplicationandconnectsuserswithfreelegalhelpiftheyfaceproblems.76Asmentionedabove,LegalZoomisanindustryleaderinprovidingonlineproductsthatfacilitatelegaldocumentcreation.
• Appsthatstreamlineconventionallegalprocesses:Forexample,Wevorceuses“mediationandtechnologytomakedivorcelessadversarialandcostly”andautomatesthecommonstepsofthedivorceprocesssothat“lawyerscanfocusontheuniqueaspectsofthedivorce”.77AnotherexampleisEqualyzr,anAmericanweb-basedappthatallowsuserstobuildadiscriminationreportthatisthensubmittedtoaCivilRightsattorneyforreview.78
• Appsthatassistwithlegalresearch:Insomecases,legalresearchappsaredesignedspecificallyforindividualswhoarenotlegallytrained.79Inothercases,itisclearthattheintendedend-useriseitheralawyeroranindividualwithafairlysophisticatedleveloflegalexpertise.80ACanadianexampleisRangefindr,atooldesignedtohelplawyersandjudgesquicklydetermineappropriatesentencingrangesincriminalmatters.81
Afinalcategoryofappsprovideslegalself-helptoolsandassistanceofthesortnottypically
offeredbylawyers.Somearedirectedatprovidingrealtimesupporttocitizenswhoarestoppedbypolice.IntheCanadiancontext,LegalSwipeaimstoinformpeopleoftheirrightswhenstoppedbypolicebutcanalso“sendemergencycontactsapersonalizedmessagewithongoingupdatesof[one’s]geographiclocation”and“recordaudioandvideotobee-mailedtoemergencycontactsanduploadedtosynchronizedDropboxaccounts.”82AnAmericanapp,HeatSeek,providesasystemwherebytenantshaveaspeciallydesignedtemperaturesensorinstalledintheirapartmentfornocostandHeatSeekanalyzesthetemperaturedatafromthesensortodetermineheatingcodeviolations.83Thedataobtainedcanbeusedtoprovide“objectiveevidence”aboutheatingcodeviolationsinhousingcourt.84
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(3)End-users:Non-lawyerserviceproviders
AfinalsetofA2Jappstargetsuserswhoarenon-lawyerserviceproviders,includingsocialworkers.Forinstance,DebtandEvictionNavigator“enablessocialworkerstoperformquicklegalscreeningsforhomeboundanddisabledseniors.”85Likethepublic-facingapps,above,appstargetingnon-lawyerserviceprovidershavethepotentialtodemocratizelegalinformationbyincreasingthenumberofpeoplewhounderstandagivenlegalissueorproblemandknowhowtotakestepstoremedyit.
c. Costs
Affordabilityisanimportantconsiderationindeterminingthedegreetowhichanappmightcontributetoimprovingaccesstojustice.ThemajorityoftheA2Jappswecanvassedareavailableforfree,especiallythosetargetingthegeneralpublic.However,appsaimedatlawyersorlawfirms,andthosethatconnectauserandalawyerforalegalconsultationoradvicearemorelikelytocostmoney.86Evenappsthatarefree,however,mayhavehiddencostsassociatedwithupgradesoradvancedfeatures.Thesehiddenfeesmayimpactthepotentialreachofcertainlegalapps.Forexample,inthehealthcarecontext,asurveyfoundthatoverhalfofmobilephoneusersintheUnitedStateshaddownloadedahealth-relatedmobileapp,butthathalfoftheseusersstoppedusingappsduetohighdataentryburdenandthehiddencosts,especiallychargesforupgrades.87
2. PolicyIssues:OpportunitiesandRisks
Asmentionedabove,thereisvirtuallynoscholarshiporpolicyliteratureinCanadathatspecificallydiscussestheopportunitiesandrisksassociatedwithlegalapps.Thereissomehelpfulcommentary,however,relatingtotechnologyandlegalservicesdeliverygenerally.Thiscommentaryisdiscussedbelow,alongwithAmericanliteratureontheuseoftechnologyinlegalservicesdeliveryandliteraturefocusedonheathapps.PreliminaryassessmentsofthepotentialopportunitiesandriskspresentedbyA2Jappsarealsoprovided.
a. Opportunities
Hereweconsidersixopportunitiestoimproveaccesstojusticeissuespresentedbymobileandweb-basedapps:(1)mitigatingfinancialbarriers;(2)mitigatingpsychologicalandinformationalbarriers;(3)mitigatingphysicalbarriers;(4)addressinglegalneedsoutsideofconventionallegalservices;(5)theuseofbigdatatogeneratenewinsights;and(6)themodernizationofpubliclegaleducation.
(1)Mitigatingfinancialbarriers
Wedidnotlocateanyempiricalstudiesaddressinghowlegalappsmightmitigatefinancial
barrierstoaccessingjustice.Moreover,giventhediversityofA2Jappstracedinourinventories,itisimpossibletomakeauniversalstatementregardingtheabilityofappstoaddressfinancial
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barrierstoaccesstojustice.Herewecanoffersomegeneralcommentsaboutthepotentialofcertaincategoriesofappstomakelegalservicesmorefinanciallyaccessibletomembersofthepublic.
Withrespecttothoseappstargetinglawyerend-users,thereislittleempiricalevidenceas
towhethersuchappsinfactmakelegalserviceslessexpensiveand,ifso,whetherthecostsavingsareactuallytransferredtoclients.Formanyoftheseapps–forexample,appstargetingdiscretepracticemanagementissueslikefileorganizationandbilling–itseemsdoubtfulthatanycostsavingstoanindividualclientwouldbesignificant.Forexample,in“personalplight”areasoflegalservice,likefamilylawandcriminaldefense,wherethereexistprofoundaccessgaps,itisunlikelythatanappyieldingevenrelativelysubstantialcostsavingswouldmateriallyimpacttheoverallaccesstojusticeissuesthatexist.88Forthesetypesofverycostlymatters,evenifalegalappgeneratedasignificantcostsavings–say,forexample,a20%reductioninfees–itisunlikelytobethedifferencebetweenbeingabletoaffordalawyerornotformanyindividuals.Inaddition,asnotedabove,manymembersofmarginalizedandequality-seekingcommunitiesexperiencepsychological,informationalorphysicalbarrierstoretaininglawyers.Thefactthatlegalservicesmightbecheaperbecauseofanappwilldolittletoovercomethenon-financialbarriersthatpreventindividualsfromcontactingalawyerinthefirstplace.
MorepromiseforimprovingtheaccessibilityoflegalservicesresidesinA2Jappsdirected
towardsthepublicornon-lawyerserviceproviders.Inparticular,thoseappswhichallowindividualstogeneratelegaldocuments,likecontractsorwills,withoutretainingalawyerorwithreducedassistancefromalawyer,havethepotentialtoincreasepublicaccesstocertainlegalservicesatsignificantlyreducedcosts.Forexample,LegalZoomnowcharges$79toprepareanonlinewillwhichisreviewedbyalawyer,incontrasttotheseveralhundredtoseveralthousanddollarsitmightcosttoretainalawyertoperformthesametask.89
Ultimately,aswiththecaseoflawyerend-userapps,thereislittleresearchastowhouses
legalappsdirectedtomembersofthepublicandwhethertheuseofsuchappsresultsinindividualsobtaininglegalservicesthattheywouldnototherwisebeabletoafford.Moreresearchonthistopicisneeded.
(2)Mitigatingpsychologicalandinformationalbarriers
Theexistingliteratureincludesgeneraldiscussionsofhowtechnologicalinterventionsmay
provideopportunitiestodemystifylegalinstitutionsbycreatingnewopportunitiesforthepublictoeducatethemselvesaboutthelaw.90Itisargued,forexample,thattechnologycanoffergreatertransparencyaboutthelegalsystemthroughfreepublicresourcesandoffertoolstopeoplewhoareeitherunabletoaccesslegalservicesorwhoareself-representinginalegalmatter.91Onceagain,thediversityofA2Jappsprecludesanyumbrellaconclusionsastowhetherappsinfactrealizethesesortsofbenefits.Moreover,thefactthatwedonothavereliableempiricalinformationaboutwhousesA2Jappsandhowtheyareusedmeansthatweareunabletoreachdefinitiveconclusionsregardinghowsuchappsmighthelpmitigatepsychologicalandinformationalbarrierstoaccesstojustice.
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However,areviewofA2JappsinlightofwhatweknowaboutthepsychologicalandinformationalbarrierstoaccessingjusticefacedbymanyCanadianssuggestssignificantopportunitiesforappstoaddresssomespecificobstacles.TheCanadianBarAssociation’sReachingEqualJusticereport,forexample,notesthatonesignificantbarrierfacedbyindividualsattemptingtoresolveaciviljusticeproblemis“lackofknowledgeaboutthelegalsystemandresourcesavailabletosupportindividuals,especiallyknowledgeregardinghowtoaccesslegalaidoraffordablelegalservicesandinformation.”92Appsthatassistusersinunderstandingthelegalaidsystemandavailableprobonoservicescanhelpaddressthisinformationalgap.Similarly,accesstothecourtsthroughmobileorweb-basedappscanbeusefulforcommunitieswhofeeldisenfranchisedfromthelegalsystem.FocusgroupmembersconsultedduringthedevelopmentoftheWashingtonStateCourts’AccesstoJusticeTechnologyPrinciplessharedthattheyweremistrustfulofcourtsandthuspreferredtheideaofdealingwiththejusticesystemremotely.93
A2Jappscanalsohelpovercomepsychologicalandinformationalbarriersbyproviding
moreholisticorclient-centeredassistancetothepublicthanthatgenerallyofferedbysimplelegaladvice.Forexample,CitizenshipWorks,anAmericanappthatwalkscitizenshipapplicantsthroughvariouscalculations,studyaids,anddocumentchecklists,presentsitselfasaproblem-solvingassistant,enablingittobemorehelpfultoitsuserthanalawyerofferingstrictlylegalinformation,whomaynotunderstandotheraspectsofthecitizenshipprocess.94Further,legalappsmaycontributetogreaterlegalliteracybyincreasingthequantityandqualityoflegalinformationavailableonline.95
TheimpactofA2Jappsinaddressinginformationalorpsychologicalbarriersmaydependon
whethermobileorweb-basedappsareused.Forexample,inexplainingthemotivationsbehindanumberofA2Japps,Americanlegalaidlawyerssuggestedthatimmigrantcommunitiesweremoreaccustomedtohandheldtechnologythantocomputers.96Similarly,theimpetusforLegalSwipewasthefounder’sobservationsthatyoungblackmenbetweentheagesof18-30yearsoldwerealienatedfrompubliclegaleducationresources,butdisplayeddisproportionatelyhighmobilephoneusage.97
Inlightoftheseopportunities,A2Jappsholdpromiseforcontributingtoanincreasein
clientempowerment.Whiletheconventionallegalworldtendstosituateclientsasrelativelyuninformedrecipientsoflegalinformation,inthehealthcarecontext,theadoptionoftechnologicalinnovationsincludingtheuseofappshasfacilitatedaculturalshiftfromapassivepatientculturetoconsumerempowermentandpatient-centeredcare.98Asaresult,thereisgrowingrecognitioninthehealthcareworldofthe“e-patient”whoisempoweredandinformedbyvirtueoftheavailabilityofhealthinformationthroughvariousonlinetoolsandapps.99Similarly,A2Jappsmaycontributetotheevolutionofan“e-client”inthelegalrealmbyincreasingtheavailabilityandaccessibilityoflegalinformation.
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(3)Mitigatingphysicalbarriers
Appscanbeaccessedonananytime,anywherebasis,assumingthatanindividualhasaccesstotheinternet.100Thisflexibilitymaybeparticularlyhelpfulforremoteuserswhomayhavedifficultiesobtainingappropriatelegalinformationandservicesin-personduetoalackoflocallawyers.Indeed,theUnitedStates’LegalServicesCorporationhasendorsedtheuseofmobiletechnologiesaspartofacohesivestrategytotriagethelegalneedsofremoteusersintoaharmonizedsystem.101
(4)Addressinglegalneedsoutsideofconventionallegalservices
Asnotedabove,thereisasetoflegalapps–includingHeatSeekandthepoliceencounterappsLegalSwipe,MobileJusticeandStop&Frisk–thatprovidelegalself-helptoolsandassistanceofbeyondthattypicallyofferedbylawyers.Theseappsappeartobefillingasetoflegalneedsnotcurrentlyprovidedforbytheconventionallegalservicesmarket.
(5)Bigdataandinsightdevelopment
Therearefewstudiesabouttheuseofdatageneratedbylegalapps.Thismaybeduetothenewnessofthetechnologyorconcernsaboutthecollection,ownershipanduseofdatageneratedbytheapps.AttheAmericanBarAssociation’srecentEqualJusticeSummit,however,therewasabriefbutimportantdiscussionaboutusingdatacollectedbylegalserviceproviderstogaininsightintoconnectionsbetweenlegalissues.NewMexicoLegalAid,whichemploysanonlinetriagetoolfornewserviceusers,foundacorrelationbetweenautomobilerepossessionsandhomeevictionswithinathree-monthperiod.NewMexicoLegalAiddoesnottypicallyassistwithautomobilerepossessions;however,theyarenowconsideringwhethertheyshouldhelpserviceusersontheseissuesknowingthatitcouldhelpthemavoidbiggerlegalissuesdowntheroad.102AnadditionalinterestinguseofdatageneratedbyanexistinglegalappisHeatSeek’suseoftemperaturedatafromindividualapartmentsto“trackpatternsofabuse”andassistusersinworkingwith“responsiblelandlordstodiagnoseproblemswiththeirbuildings’heatingsystems.”103
(6)Modernizationofpubliclegaleducation
ThepossibilitiespresentedbynewtechnologieslikeA2Jappspresentimportantpedagogicalexperiencesforlawstudents.HavinglawstudentsstudyandcreateA2Jappsenablesthemtoseelawasasystem,tocommunicatelegalinformationinanaccessibleway,andtodemonstratetheresponsivenessofthelawtousers’individualproblems.104ProfessorTaninaRostain,oneoftheinstructorsoftheTechnology,Innovation,andLawPractice:AnExperientialSeminarcourseatGeorgetownLaw,findsthatlawstudents’rolesinbuildinglegalexpertsystemsenablethemtogainabetterunderstandingofuserneeds.105Similarly,RonaldStaudtandAndrewMedeirosexplainhowtheJustice&TechnologyPracticumatChicago-KentCollegeofLawteachesbothestablishedlawyeringcompetencies,likeempathyandclient-centeredprofessionalism,andnewcorecompetencieslikelegalprojectmanagement,
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collaboration,andtransactionalproblem-solving.106Thesepedagogicalexperiencesareausefulgatewaytogetstudentsthinkingbroadlyabouttheroleoflawyersinamodernized,technologicalworld.
b. Risks
Thissectionidentifiesfiverisksinherenttousingmobileandweb-basedappstoaddressaccesstojusticeissues:(1)privacyandsecurityissues;(2)theperpetuationofunevenorunequalaccesstojustice;(3)theunauthorizedpracticeoflawandotherregulatoryimpediments;(4)theuncertainreliabilityoflegalinformation;and(5)skewingtheaccesstojusticedebate.
(1)Privacyandsecurityissues
Thereislittleanalysisoftheprivacyandsecurityissuesarisingfromtheuseoflegalapps.
Thereis,however,significantdiscussionoftheserisksinrelationtoappsgenerally,andinrelationtohealthapps,specifically.ThisdiscussionprovidesusefulinsightthatshouldbeconsideredinthinkingabouttheprivacyandsecurityissuesinherentinA2Japps.
Thatappscollectdatagivesrisetoasignificantsetofprivacyandsecurityrisks.AsJohnTorousandAdamPowellnoteintheirdiscussionoftheuseofappsfortrackingmooddisordersinthehealthcarecontext,datacollectioncanbebothactiveandpassive.107Activecollectionofdatarequiresdirectparticipationfromusers(inthecaseofthemooddisorderappsstudiedbyTorousandPowell,activecollectionwouldinvolve,forexample,providingmoodlogsorrecordsofsubjectiveexperiences)whilepassivecollectioninvolvestheappautonomouslygatheringdatathroughaGPSorothersensors.108Bothpassiveandactivedatacollectionraiseprivacyandsecurityconcerns.
Themostobvious,andperhapsmostsignificant,issueisthatdatacollectedbyappscould
bevulnerabletocollectionandmisusebyunauthorizedthirdparties(i.e.hackers).Theriskthatcollecteddatacouldbemisusedisreal:evensophisticatedappproviderslike,forexample,theride-shareserviceUberhaveexperiencedsecuritybreachesresultinginthemisuseofusers’personalinformation.109Anotherissueisthatappusersmaynotunderstandhowappdevelopersareusingtheirdata.Inthehealthcarecontext,forexample,manyofthecompanieswhoproducewearablefitnessproducts,likeFitbit,reserverightstothedatatheycollect.Thisenablesthecompaniestocommerciallysharethedata,analyzeit,providetheinformationtogovernmentauthoritiesand/ordisposeofthedataasanassetintheeventofabankruptcyorcorporatemerger.110Userdatacanthusbesharedorsoldtothirdpartiesforpurposesunrelatedtothespecificmandateoftheapp,likeadvertisers,insurancecompanies,ordrugcompanies.111ConcernsrelatingtothemisuseorsellingofdataarelikelytobeparticularlyacuteinrelationtoA2Jappsgiventhatsensitivepersonalorfinancialinformationmaybecollectedbysuchapps.
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OnepotentialmeansofensuringthatA2Jappusersunderstandhowtheirinformationwillbeusedistoemploydetailedtermsandconditions.However,individualsusingappsmaynotcarefullyreadthetermsandconditionsorhavethecapacitytomeaningfullyunderstandtheircontent,givingrisetoissuesofinformedconsent.Moreover,thetermsandconditionsthemselvesmaynotbeclearorfullyforthcoming.ResearchbyOpenEffectfoundthetermsofserviceoffitnesswearableshavevariablepoliciesrelatingtoaccessto,collectionof,ordeletionofthedatacollectedbywearables,donotdisclosethedurationofdataretention,failtodisclosewithwhomdataisshared,andoftenrequireconsumerstoagreetoadisputeresolutionprocessoutsideofdomesticcourts.112Moredramatically,recentsocialscienceresearchfoundthat98%ofparticipantsagreedtosignfictionaltermsandconditionstoaccessafictionalwebsitenotwithstandingthattheyincludedaclauserequiringuserstogiveuptheirfirstbornchildasaformofpayment.113
Further,whenA2Jappusersneedtousepublicspacesorpubliccomputerstoaccessapps,
theycouldbeatriskofidentitytheftordatabreaches.114Low-incomeand/orhomelesspeoplewithoutreadyaccesstoapersonalcomputerorreliableinternetconnectionmaybeparticularlyatrisk.Whilelow-incomepeoplearetargetedlessoftenforidentitytheft,theysuffergreaterharmsfromidentitybreaches.115Asaresult,peoplewhohaveconcernsabouttheprotectionoftheirsensitiveinformation–suchasthoselivingwithmentalhealthissues,survivorsofintimatepartnerviolence,orhomelessveterans,forinstance–maybedisinclinedtouseopen,web-basedtechnologiestoaddresslegalissues.116
Issuesofconfidentialityhaveanadditionalregulatorydimensionincaseswhereanapp
deliverslegalservicesandthuscreatesalawyer-clientrelationship.Subjecttonarrowexceptions,lawyershaveamandatorydutyto“holdinstrictconfidenceallinformationconcerningthebusinessandaffairsofaclientacquiredinthecourseoftheprofessionalrelationship.”117TheLawSocietyofUpperCanadahasconfirmedinitsTechnologyPracticeManagementGuidelinesthat“[l]awyersusingelectronicmeansofcommunicationsshallensurethattheycomplywiththelegalrequirementsofconfidentialityorprivilege.”118Datastorageisalsoanissue.Forexample,incaseswherethirdparty“cloudcomputing”providersareusedtostoredataonline,significantprivacyconcernscanarisewhenthethirdpartyproviderislocatedinadifferentjurisdictionandsubjecttodifferent(andpotentialmorelax)privacyandsecurityregulation.119Incasesinwhichalawyer-clientrelationshipisnotcreated–forexample,whereanappoffersonlylegalinformationasopposedtoadvice–thereisariskthatmembersofthepublicwillnotunderstandthattheconfidentialityprotectionsinherentinthelawyer-clientrelationshipdonotattach.
(2)Unevenorunequalaccesstojustice
Theuseoftechnologyinaccesstojusticeinitiatives“raisesthespecterofadigitaldividethat[further]institutionalizesatwo-tieredsystemincapableofdeliveringappropriatejusticetolow-incomepersons.”120Itisclearthatmeaningfulimplementationoftechnologicallydrivenaccesstojusticeinitiativesrequiresconsiderationofsocio-economic,geographicandotherbarrierstotechnologyaccessinCanada.121
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WedonothaveanyreliabledataaboutwhoisusingA2JappsinCanadaorthegroupsof
peoplewhomightbenefitfromsuchappsbutexperiencebarriersinaccessingthesekindsoftechnologies.Thatsaid,itisapparentthatanumberofpotentialbarriersshouldbeconsidered.Onemajorsetofchallengesrelatestoliteracy.AsPatriciaHugheshasobserved:
Individualsusinginformation,howeveracquired,mustbeabletoreadit,understanditandapplyittotheirownsituation.Eachofthesetasksrequiresanincreasinglevelofliteracy.Yetasignificantminorityofpeoplelacktherequiredliteracyeventounderstandtheinformation,particularlysinceitisoftendifficulttoavoidlegalterminologyandtheinformationcanquicklybecomecomplex.122Ina2008reportpreparedfortheLawFoundationofOntario,KarenCohlandGeorge
Thomson,observe“[i]nternetandothertext-basedsolutionsareoflimitedusetopeoplewhodonothavetheliteracyskillstousethemortousethemeffectively.”123CohlandThomsonfurthercautionthat“vulnerablepeople,becausetheyfacelanguagebarriers,isolation,poverty,oraclusterofotherdifficultiesthatoftenaccompanyalegalproblem,[ideally]needtoreceivedirectservicesratherthantorelyonself-help[througheitherdigitalorpaper-basedresources].”124Notwithstandingthiscaution,theauthorsultimatelyfindthat“self-helpisoftenanecessaryorreasonablechoice,evenforvulnerablepersons,anditissimplyunrealistictosuggestthatthedesiredleveloflegalsupportcanalwaysbeavailable”and,withrespecttoreceivinglegalsupport,“technologyseemstobeonthecuspofbecomingarealistic,affordablemeansofsupportingwideraccesstoexpertlegaladviceandservices.”125
Inthespecificcaseoftechnologicaltoolsaimedatenhancingaccesstojustice,theexistingliteratureemphasizestheimportanceof“tailoringdesigntoensurethatthesetechnologiesdonotinfactexacerbatetheaccesstojusticegapfortheseintendedbeneficiaries.”126Baileyetalnoteintheirliteraturesurveythat“theuseofplainlanguage,availabilityofcontentinmultiplelanguageformats,designtoaccommodatevisualandotherphysicalimpairments(includingthroughadherencetoprinciplesofuniversaldesign),provisionofhumanassistancetoaugmenttechnologicalassistance,aswellasspecialprecautionstoenhanceprivacyatpublicinternetaccesspoints,andlinkingmarginalizedcommunitymemberswithtrustedintermediarieshaveallbeensuggested.”127
Therearemorespecificconsiderationsaboutthebarrierstotechnologyfacedbyparticular
communities.Forexample,incarceratedmenandwomenoftenhavelittleaccesstoanytechnologyasaresultofsecurityprecautionswithinthecorrectionalsystem.128Morebroadly,individualslivinginsupervisedinstitutions,suchasjuvenilecorrectivefacilities,psychiatricinstitutions,immigrationdetentioncenters,andnursinghomes,arenotreadilyabletoaccesstechnologyintheirday-to-daylives.129Fortheseindividuals,itmaybethatappsdesignedforusebynon-lawyerserviceproviders,likesocialworkersorcommunitysupportworkers,offerthemostpromiseforimprovingaccesstojustice.
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Asecondsetofconcernsrelatestoaccesstotechnologyitself.Forexample,accesstoanduseofinternetandwirelessservicesvariesbetweenurbanandruralorremoteregionsinCanada.In2015,theCanadianRadioandTelevisionCommissionreportedthatruralandremotecommunitieshavefewerlocalconsumeroptionsavailable.130Consequently,thesepopulationspaymoreforinternetandwirelessservicesthantheirurbancounterparts.131FurtherstudiesconfirmthatthisisparticularlytrueinNorthernregionssuchastheYukonandNorthwestTerritories,whichcontinuetohavepoorbroadbandconnectivity.132
Inadditiontotheparticularchallengesfacedbyruralandremotepopulations,theissueof
affordabilityposesthegeneralriskthatthosewhocouldbenefitfromA2Jappswillnotbeabletoaccessthemduetofinancialconstraints.In2015,thePublicInterestAdvocacyCentre(PIAC)conductedresearchontheaffordabilityofcommunicationsservicesinCanadaandfoundthat,forlow-incomehouseholds,“[c]ommunicationsserviceexpenditurestendtomakeupthefourthlargesthouseholdexpenditure,comingoutaheadofotherhouseholdexpensessuchasclothing,medicalexpenses,andchildcare”andthatmanysuchhouseholdscarrysignificantdebtsinrelationtocommunicationsexpenses(withtheaveragebeing$1,520.28).133
(3)Unauthorizedpracticeoflawandotherregulatoryimpediments
InCanada,onlylawyers(and,insomecases,paralegals)candeliverlegalservices.Thedeliveryoflegalservicesbynon-lawyers–knownastheunauthorizedpracticeoflaw(UPL)–isillegalandthosewhoengageinitaresubjecttoprosecutionbyprovincialandterritoriallawsocieties.134TheregulationofUPLbylawsocietiesisjustifiedasnecessarytoprotectthepublicfromnegligentorfraudulentdeliveryoflegalservices,althoughtherearecompellingcritiquesthatthemannerinwhichthelegalprofessionhashistoricallyengagedinUPLprosecutionsisalsomotivatedbycommercialinterests.135
Althoughnon-lawyerscannotdeliverlegalservices,itiswellsettledthattheycanprovide
legalinformation.Thelinebetweenlegalinformationandlegalservicesisnotoriouslymurky.AsBondetal.havepointedout,thereisalackofjurisprudenceonUPL,anabsenceofregulatoryguidelines,andnoregulationoflegalinformationinCanada.136ProactivelyseekingalegalopiniononwhetherparticularservicesamounttoUPLisexpensive,raisingaccesstojusticequestionsaboutwhocanaffordtoexperimentwithlegalinformationinnovations.137ThefactthatthereislittletonoguidancefordevelopersofA2JappsinCanadaonhowtonavigatetheboundariesbetweenlegalinformationandlegalservicesinordertoavoidengaginginUPLmaybeabarriertoinnovation.138
TheCanadianlawsocietiessurveyedinthecontextofthisKnowledgeSynthesisindicated
thattheyhavenotreceivedanycomplaintsinrelationtolegalapps.Multiplelawsocieties,however,expressedworrywithrespecttocertaintypesoflegalappsoperatingwithoutregulatoryoversight.Forexample,theLawSocietyofNewfoundlandandLabradorindicated,“inthecontextofregulationinthepublicinterest,theuseofappswhichpurporttogivelegaladvice,withoutcorrespondingoversightorinsurancetoaddresspotentialnegligenceissues,isofconcern.”
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IntheUnitedStates,initialregulatoryresponsestotechnologicalinnovationsinthedeliveryoflegalserviceslargelysoughttodefendthestatusquo.Forexample,severalAmericanbarassociationsproactivelyissuedopinionsorlettersstatingthatLegalZoom’sonlinedocumentpreparationservicesamountedtoUPL.139Morerecently,however,therehasbeenmorewillingnesstoaccommodatenewapproaches.Forexample,aspartofaconsentagreementresolvingananti-trustlawsuitinitiatedbyLegalZoom,theNorthCarolinaStateBaragreedtosupportlegislation,passedin2016,whichamendedthestate’sdefinitionoflawpracticetopermitwebsitesthatofferinteractivelegaldocuments.140InitsReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStates,theAmericanBarAssociationrecentlyacknowledgedthatmanyoftheinnovativelegalservicesprovidersthathaveemergedinrecentyears“havepositivelycontributedtotheaccessibilityoflegalservices”intheUnitedStates.141
TheAmericanlegalcommunityhasalsoconsideredwhetherinnovativetechnologicalsolutionsfordeliveringlegalservicesandinformationshouldbefurtherregulated,explicitlysubjecttoregulatoryexceptionsorlefttobedevelopedwithminimalornoregulatoryoversight.142TheAmericanBarAssociation’sReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStatessuggestedthatunnecessaryregulationofentitiesthatusenewtechnologiesandinternet-basedplatformstoprovidelegalservicesdirectlytothepublic“couldchilladditionalinnovation,becausepotentialentrantsintothemarketmaybelessinclinedtodevelopanewserviceiftheregulatoryregimeisundulyrestrictiveorrequiresunnecessarilyexpensiveformsofcompliance.”143TheReportfurthernotes,however,that“narrowlytailoredregulationmaybenecessaryinsomeinstancestoprotectthepublic”andthatfurtherregulationmayassistinnovatorsbygivingthem“expressauthoritytooperateandaclearroadmapforcompliance”inrelationtoUPLprovisions.144Theultimaterecommendationwasfurtherstudyofentitiesengagingininnovativemodelsoflegalservicesdelivery,collectingdataontheextenttowhichsuchentitiesarebenefitingorharmingthepublicandadeterminationofwhethertherearealreadyadequatesafeguardsagainstpotentialharms.145
(4)Uncertainreliabilityofinformationprovidedbylegalapps
Tobereliable,anA2Jappmustprovideup-to-date,accurateinformationthatisregularlyvalidatedandsustainedovertime.146Onceagain,welackinformationinthisarea:thereisnocomprehensivedataregardingtheaccuracyorcurrencyoftheinformationandadviceofferedbyA2Japps.TotheextentthatA2Jappsareunregulated,regulatorshavenoabilitytoensurethattheinformationprovidedbyappsisinfactaccurateandcurrent.Concernsaboutthecorrectnessandcurrencyofinformationprovidedbylegalappswererepeatedlyraisedbyprovincialandterritoriallawsocietiesrespondingtooursurvey.
TotheextentthatanA2Jappisdevelopedinaninterdisciplinaryteam,additional
challengestoreliabilitymayarise.Forexample,programmersmaydecidetochangecontenttobettermeetuserneeds,orimprovetheinterfaceoftheapp,butinsodoing,theycouldaltercriticallegaltermsandinformationintheapp.147Related,andinlightofthediscussionaboveonUPL,importantquestionsariseastowhetheralicensedlawyermustbeinvolvedinthecreationand/ormaintenanceofA2Jappstoensuretheongoingreliabilityofanylegal
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informationprovided.Inthecontextofhealthcareapps,wherethemajorityofappsarecreatedforcommercialpurposes,themarkedlackofinvolvementofmedicalprofessionalsinthedesignofappshasprompteddebateabouthowtosafeguardpatients’interestsinthefaceofappsthatprovideinaccurateoroutdatedhealthinformation.148
Existingresearchsuggeststhat,whileconsumersoftenassumetheyareabletomakeeducatedchoicesaboutthereliabilityofinformationprovidedbyapps,theseassumptionsarequestionable.Ina2016studyofusersofhealthcareapps,ahealthsociologistconcludedthatinassessingthetrustworthinessofanapp,mostusersaremoreinfluencedbythedesignandappealofawebsitethanthecurrencyandaccuracyofitsinformation.149Inthissurvey,investigatorssoughttofindoutwhetherinformationseekersundertaketo:readdisclosurestatements;checkthecredentialsandinstitutionalaffiliationsofthosewhoprovideinformationonwebsites;checktheownershipand/orsponsorshipofwebsites;checkforfinancialtiesbetweenwebsiteinformationandthewebsite’ssponsors;checkforstatedgoalsandobjectives;andcheckwhethertheonlineinformationiscurrentandupdatedand/orthelasttimetheinformationwasupdated.150Ingeneral,surveyparticipantsfelthighlyconfidentabouttheirabilitiestodiscernthequalityoftheinformationtheyfoundonline,butthesameparticipantsreportedlowratesofbehavioursthatactuallyservedtoverifythecredibilityandqualityofonlineinformation.151Asinthehealthcarecontext,theconsequencesofrelyingonlegalinformationthatislow-quality,incomplete,out-datedorsimplywrongcanhaveseriouslegal,financialandpersonalconsequencesforindividuals.
Finally,theremaybeparticularlimitationstowhatcanbecommunicatedinamobile
context.Commentatorshavenotedthatthewritingformobileappsneedstobebriefandconcisebecausepeopletendnottoread,butrather,scan,mobilecontent.152Theinabilitytopublishexpansiveorhighlydetailedcontentinthecontextofamobileappmaycompromisetheintegrityofthelegalinformationbeingprovided.
(5)Skewingtheaccesstojusticedebate
Finally,theflourishingofA2JappshasthepotentialtosignificantlychangeaccesstojusticedebatesinNorthAmerica.ManylawyersandcommentatorsinCanadaandtheUnitedStateswonderwhethertheproliferationofA2Japps,marketedascheaper,seeminglyeasiersubstitutesforfull-servicelegalrepresentation,reducesthegeneralsenseofurgencyabouttheaccesstojusticecrisis,153anddistractsfromtheongoingneedtoimprovetheaffordabilityandaccessibilityofreal-timelegalandcourtservices.154
3. BestPracticesforA2JApps
Thereiscurrentlynobestpracticeguidancespecificallytailoredtolegalappsgenerally,orA2Jappsinparticular.Inthissectionwelooktoexistingguidanceonthedevelopmentanddeploymentofmobileandweb-basedtechnologiesgenerally,withaviewtoconsideringthetransferabilityofgeneralbestpracticeadvicetotheA2Jappscontextinrespectoffourspecificissues:(1)privacy;(2)security;(3)usability;and(4)accessibility.Finally,welookto
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comparativebestpracticeadviceonhealthcareapps,whichcouldserveasameaningfulstartingpointforthedevelopmentofcomparablebestpracticesonA2Japps.
(1)Privacy
Incertaincases,federalorprovincialprivacylegislationmayapplytoinformationobtained
ortransferredviamobileorweb-basedapps.155ThefederalPersonalInformationProtectionandElectronicDocumentsAct(PIPEDA),appliesto“federalworks,undertakingsorbusinesses”incircumstanceswherepersonalinformationisbeingcollected,used,ordisclosedinthecourseofacommercialactivity.”156PIPEDAalsoappliesinthoseprovinceswithoutsubstantiallysimilarprivatesectorprivacylegislation.157Tohelpdevelopersandbusinessesadministeringappscomplywiththislegislation,theOfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,withthePrivacyCommissionersofAlbertaandBritishColumbia,publishedadocumentcalledSeizingOpportunity:GoodPrivacyPracticesforDevelopingMobileApps.158
TheCommissionersinSeizingOpportunityadvise,“[n]omatterwhatkindofappyoudevelop,youractivitiesarelikelysubjecttooneofCanada’sprivacylawsbecausetheymayinvolvethecollection,useanddisclosureofpersonalinformation”andphotographs,IPaddresses,contactlists,locationinformationandvoiceprintbiometrics(used,forexample,invoicerecognitionapps)canconstitutepersonalinformation.159Importantly,SeizingOpportunityconfirmsthat“[e]venifyouaren’tgeneratingrevenuefromanapp,youmaystillbecoveredbyCanadianprivatesectorprivacylaws….[as][c]ollecting,usinganddisclosingpersonalinformationtoimproveuserexperience,whichindirectlycontributestothecommercialsuccessofyourapp,couldstillbeconsideredacommercialactivityunderthelaw.”160ThebestpracticesinSeizingOpportunityareofvaluetothosedeveloperswhofallwithinthejurisdictionofPIPEDA,andtoindividualsandcompaniesconcernedwithprivacygenerally,eveniftheyarenotcapturedbythefederallegislation.Thedocumentcontainsachecklistforappsencouragingconsiderationthefollowingfivekeyprivacyconsiderations:(1)accountabilityforone’sconductandcode;(2)opennessandtransparencyregardingprivacypractices;(3)collectionandretention(withappropriatesecuritymeasures)ofonlywhattheappsneedstofunction;(4)ensuringmeaningfulconsentisobtained;and(5)appropriatetiminginrelationtousernoticeandissuesofconsent.161In2014,thefederalPrivacyCommissioner,againinconjunctionwiththePrivacyCommissionersofAlbertaandBritishColumbia,publishedGuidelinesforOnlineConsent162andTenTipsforCommunicatingPrivacyPracticestoYourApp’sUsers.163Thesedocumentscontainsupplementaryprivacyguidelinesforappdevelopers.
IntheUnitedStates,theFederalTradeCommissionpublishedareportentitledMobilePrivacyDisclosures:BuildingTrustThroughTransparency,withrecommendationsforbestpracticesonmobileprivacydisclosures.164MobilePrivacyprovidesspecificrecommendationsforappdevelopers,including:(1)havingaprivacypolicywhichisavailablethroughtheplatform’sappstore;(2)providing“just-in-time”disclosuresandobtaining“affirmativeexpressconsentwhencollectingsensitiveinformationoutsidetheplatform’sAPI,suchasfinancial,health,orchildren’sdata,orsharingsensitivedatawiththirdparties”;(3)improving“coordinationwithadnetworksandotherthirdpartiesthatprovideservicesforappssothat
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theappscanprovidetruthfuldisclosurestoconsumers.”;and(4)considering“participatinginself-regulatoryprograms,tradeassociations,andindustryorganizations,whichcanprovideindustry-wideguidanceonhowtomakeuniform,short-formprivacydisclosures.”165MobilePrivacyalsooffersrecommendationsforplatformsoroperatingsystemproviders,advertisingnetworksandotherthirdpartiesandapptradeassociations.166AnumberofAmericanindustryorganizationshavealsopublishedbestpracticeguidanceonprivacyinthemobileworld.167
(2)SecurityBecauseofthelinksbetweenprivacyandsecurityofpersonalinformation,thefederaland
provincialPrivacyCommissionersareagainasourceofbestpracticeguidanceoninformationsecurityinCanada.Forexample,theFederalPrivacyCommissionerhaspublishedaself-assessmenttooltohelporganizationsdetermineiftheyareadequatelysecuringpersonalinformation.168Withrespecttomobileappsecurity,theUnitedStatesFederalTradeCommission’sMobileAppDevelopers:StartwithSecurityoffersspecificguidanceonthetopic.169SomeoftheissuesaddressedintheFTC’ssecurityguidanceare“bigpicture”,including,forexample,thesuggestionthatanappdevelopmentteamappointonepersontoberesponsibleforensuringsecurityissuesgetsufficientattentioninthedevelopmentprocess,whileotheradviceistechnical,includingrecommendationsonappropriatetypesoftransitencryptionandmethodsforstoringpasswords.170Therealitythatbestpracticeguidanceonsecuritywillnecessarilyincludetechnicalstandardssuggeststhatsuchguidancewillhavetoberegularlyupdatedtokeeppacewithtechnologicaldevelopments.
(3)Usability
Anotherareaofbestpracticethatmustbeconsideredbyappdevelopersrelatestothedesignofauserinterface(UI)thatenhancesusability(i.e.the“userexperience”orUX).Forexample,bothGoogleandApplehaverecentlypublishedsuggesteddesignprinciplesthathighlightissuessuchas:organizingandlabelingmenucategories,offeringdifferentpaymentoptions(e.g.,PayPal,creditcard),communicatingformerrorsinrealtime,makingtextsizelegibleandensuringsufficientcontrastbetweenfontandbackgroundcolours.171Numerousadditionalonlinesourcesandtextsaddresstheimportanttopicofappusability.172
(4)Accessibility
TheleadingauthorityonbestpracticesformakingwebcontentaccessibletopersonswithdisabilitiesistheWorldWideWebConsortium(W3C),aninternationalstandardsorganizationfortheInternet.173TheW3ChascreatedtwoseriesofWebContentAccessibilityGuidelines(WCAG).Itsintentionistomakewebcontentaccessibletothosewith“blindnessandlowvision,deafnessandhearingloss,learningdisabilities,cognitivelimitations,limitedmovement,speechdisabilities,photosensitivityandcombinationsofthese.”174TheWCAGhavethreelevelsofconformance(A,AA,andAAA),butnoconformanceispossiblewithoutmeetingtheminimumcriteriaassetoutinLevelA.175
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W3ChascreatedaMobileAccessibilityTaskForcetoofferguidanceonhowtheWCAGcanbeappliedtomobilecontentandmobilewebapps.TheTaskForceissueditsFirstPublicWorkingDraftonbestpracticesandintegrationwithexistingstandardsinFebruary2015.176TheWorkingDraftnotesthatmobiledevicespresentamixofaccessibilityissuesthatdifferfromthetypicaldesktoporlaptop,andexplainhowtheseissuescanbeaddressedinthecontextofexistingWCAG2.0standardsorothersuggestedbestpractices.Forexample,theadviceincludesbestpracticesforhelpingusersmakethemostofsmallscreenssincesmallscreensizesarecharacteristicofmobiledevices,andrecommendationsonhowtoensuregoodcontrastonmobiledevicesgiventhattheyaremorelikelytobeusedinenvironmentswithglarefromsunorstronglighting.177
Thelegalcontextofaccessibilitymustalsobeconsidered.Canadahasapatchworkoflawsonaccessibilityofservices,andOntariodirectlymandatesaccessibilitystandardsforpubliclyavailableinformationandcommunicationsthroughtheAccessibilityforOntarianswithDisabilitiesAct,whichrequirestargetedcompliancewiththeWCAG.178Itsrelatedregulation,IntegratedAccessibilityStandards,identifiesspecificstandardstobemetintheprovisionofinformationandcommunications.179Designatedpublicsectororganizationsandlargeorganizations(i.e.thosewithmorethan50employees)mustmaketheirinternetwebsitesandwebcontentconformtoWCAG2.0atLevelA,withamandatedupgradetoLevelAAbyJanuary1,2021.180Therearenocomparableprovisionsformobileapplications.
(5)BestpracticesandhealthappsIncontrasttothelegalservicessetting,thereisbestpracticeguidancetailoredtohealth
careapps.In2015,theCanadianMedicalAssociationpublishedGuidingPrinciplesforPhysiciansRecommendingMobileHealthApplicationstoPatients,whichaims“toprovidebasicinformationforphysiciansabouthowtoassessamobilehealthapplicationforrecommendationtoapatientinthemanagementofthatpatient’shealth,healthcare,andhealthcareinformation.”181Thisdocumentdiscussesseven“characteristicsofasafeandeffectivemobilehealthapplication”:(1)endorsementbyaprofessionalorrecognizedassociationormedicalsocietyorhealthcareorganization;(2)usability;(3)reliabilityofinformation;(4)privacyandsecurity;(5)avoidsconflictsofinterest;(6)doesnotcontributetofragmentationofhealthinformation;and(7)demonstratesitsimpactonpatienthealthoutcomes.182Theseguidelinesfollowedinthefootstepsof2013guidanceonbestpracticesformobilehealthcareappspublishedbytheCanadianNursesProtectiveSociety2013.183IntheUnitedStates,theAmericanMedicalAssociationpassedaresolutionin2015callingfor“thedevelopmentanddisseminationofbestpracticestoguidethedevelopmentanduseofmobilemedicalapps.”184
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4. KnowledgeGapsandFutureResearch
ThisKnowledgeSynthesisconfirmstheexistenceofseveralsignificantknowledgegapsinrelationtotheCanadianuseofA2Japps.FutureresearchisrequiredinordertogainamorecompletepictureofthestateofthistechnologyandassessitspotentialtoimprovethestateofaccesstojusticeforCanadians.Knowledgegapsrequiringurgentresearchattentioninclude:
1. Developers:WhoiscurrentlydevelopingA2JappsinCanada?Moreinformationisneededontheeducational/professionalbackgroundofdevelopers,theirfundingsources,whetherlawyersareorshouldbeinvolvedinA2Jappdevelopment,andthemotivationsofA2Jappdevelopers;
2. Usersandusagepatterns:WhoisusingA2JappsinCanadaandhowaretheybeingused?DosomecommunitiesuseA2Jappsmorethanothers?WhataretheusagepatternsofthoseengagingwithA2Japps?DousersdownloadA2Jappsbutthenfailtoactuallyemploytheminaddressingalegalissue?Why?
3. Outcomes:HowdooutcomesdifferforindividualswhouseA2Jappstoaddressalegalissueandthosewhodonot?Howshouldoutcomesbeevaluatedinthiscontext?HowdousersratetheiroutcomesinusingA2Japps?
4. RelationshipbetweenavailableA2JappsandA2Jneeds:TowhatdegreedoexistingA2JappsmeetthediverseaccesstojusticeneedsofCanadians?WhatA2Jneedsarenotcurrentlycoveredbyappsthatcouldbe?Aretheresomeaccesstojusticeneedsthataresimplynotcompatiblewithtechnologicalinterventionslikeapps?
5. RisksofA2Japps:TowhatextentdoA2Japps,infact,poseriskstothepublic,particularlyinrelationtoprivacyandunreliableinformation?Whatprivacyandsecuritypracticesarecurrentlybeingusedbyappsandaretheyeffective?Howcurrentandaccurateistheinformationandadviceprovidedbyavailableapps?AreA2JappsavailableprimarilytomiddleclassCanadians,contributingtotheentrenchmentofthedigitaldivide?
6. Bestpractices:WhatwouldCanada-specificbestpracticesinrelationtoA2Jappslooklike?Arethereexistingbestpracticesinthehealthcarefieldthataretransferrabletothelegalcontext?WhatbodyororganizationisbestsuitedtodevelopandpromulgatetherequiredbestpracticeguidelinesforA2Japps?
7. Regulation&qualityassurance:WhatoptionsareavailabletoCanadianlawsocietiestoregulateA2Japps?Whataretherisksandbenefitsassociatedwitheachoftheseoptions?Whatoptionsforqualityassuranceareavailableoutsideofformalregulation?Inrelationtohealthapps,ithasbeensuggestedthataccountabilitycouldbeimprovedbythedevelopmentof“arefereed
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clearinghousecouldhelpconsumersfindtheirwaytotheappsmostappropriateforthem,ataskthatisdifficultinanalready-saturatedmarket”orby“themarket[offering]itsownqualityassurancesorvoluntarycertificationprocesses.”185AretheseviableoptionsinrelationtoA2Japps?
8. Transforminglegalpractice:Howareappstransformingconventionallegalpracticeandtherelationshipbetweenlawyerandclient?Isthelegalcommunityrespondingtothesechanges,andifso,how?Doappsrepresentathreattoconventionallegalpracticeoraretheycomplementarytotraditionalmodelsoflegalservicesdelivery?
E. KnowledgeMobilization
Wehaveundertakenarangeofknowledgemobilizationactivitiesinconnectionwiththis
KnowledgeSynthesisoverthepastsixmonths,targetingavarietyofaudiences.Forlegalaudiences,wepublishedablogonourprojectatSlaw.ca:Canada’sOnlineLegal
Magazine,186anddiscussedourprojectinaninterviewwithLawTimes.187Forbroaderaudiences,weauthoredanopinioneditorialthatwaspublishedintheGlobe&MailinJuly.188WehavethreesignificantspeakingengagementsscheduledforOctober2016,wherewewillshareourresearchwithstakeholderaudiences.First,wewillconveneapanelonA2JappsattheUniversityofOttawa,FacultyofLawonOctober13,2016,aspartoftheCavanaghProfessionalismSpeakerSeries,whichattractslawstudents,academicsandlegalprofessionalsfromthebroadercommunity.WehaveinvitedseveralA2Jappdeveloperstojoinusaspartofthispaneltoprovideafirst-handperspectiveonthepromiseandpitfallsoftheseapps.Second,weareinvitedpresentersattheConnectCreateCommunicate:PublicLegalEducationandtheAccesstoJusticeMovementsymposiuminTorontoonOctober21,2016,aneventjointlyconvenedbyLawConnectOntarioandtheActionGrouponAccesstoJustice.189Third,thisresearchwillbepresentedattheCanadianAssociationforLegalEthicsannualconferenceinEdmonton,Alberta,October27-28,2016.
Wewillcontinueourknowledgemobilizationactivitiesinthecomingmonths.Aversionof
thisfinalreportwillbepostedonlineandcopieswillbesentdirectlytointerestedstakeholders,includinglawprofessorsengagedinteachinglawandtechnologycourses,theprovincialandterritoriallawsocietiesandindividualA2Jappdevelopers.Overthenextyear,wewillpublishtheresultsofthisKnowledgeSynthesisintheformofatleasttwopeer-reviewedjournalarticlesinrelevantfields(e.g.,lawandtechnology,lawandpolicy,socio-legalstudies).F. Conclusion
ThisKnowledgeSynthesisdevelopsthegroundworkforanuancedanalysisofthesocial,politicalandlegalimplicationsofA2Japps.Wehavecanvassedtherisksandopportunitiesinherentintheuseofappsinthelegalcontextandconsideredexistingbestpracticeguidancerelevanttolegalappsandproposingfutureresearchdirectionsonthistopic.
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Twooverarchingconclusionsarisefromthisresearch.Thefirstandmosturgentconclusion
isthepressingneedformoreCanada-specificresearchonA2Japps.Withoutanycomprehensivestatisticsorscholarlyresearchonthesetechnologies,itisimpossibletoassesswhethertheopportunitiespresentedbyA2JappstocontributetoimprovingaccesstojusticeoutcomesforCanadiansareinfactbeingrealized.Second,itisclearthatappswillcontinuetopopulatetheCanadianlegalenvironmentandlawyers,regulatorsandpolicymakersmustaddressthepotentialriskstothepublicandtheprofessionpresentedbytheseappsinarobustandtimelyfashion.AmeaningfulstartingpointwouldbethepromulgationofbestpracticeguidancetailoredtoA2Japps.
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Endnotes1CanadianBarAssociationAccesstoJusticeCommittee,ReachingEqualJustice:AnInvitationtoEnvisionandAct(CanadianBarAssociation,2013)at6.2WorldJusticeProject,RuleofLawIndex2015.3CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at16.4TrevorC.W.Farrow,AbCurrie,NicoleAylwin,LesJacobs,DavidNorthrupandLisaMoore,EverydayLegalProblemsandtheCostofJusticeinCanada:OverviewReport(Toronto,Canada:CanadianForumonCivilJustice,2016)at9.5Ibid.6Ibidat13.7AbCurrie,TheLegalProblemsofEverydayLife:TheNature,ExtentandConsequencesofJusticiableProblemsExperiencedbyCanadians(Ottawa,Ontario:DepartmentofJusticeCanada,2008)(findingthat44.6%ofallrespondentstostudyexperiencedoneormorejusticiableproblemoverthreeyears)andFarrowetal,supranote4at2(stating“[a]lmosthalf(48.4%)ofCanadiansover18willexperienceatleastonecivilorfamilyjusticeproblemoveranygiventhree-yearperiod”).8CanadianLawyerMagazine,“TheGoingRate”(June2015)online:http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/images/stories/pdfs/Surveys/2015/CL_June_15_GoingRate.pdf.9JulieMacfarlane,“TheNationalSelf-RepresentedLitigantsProject:IdentifyingandMeetingtheNeedsofSelf-RepresentedLitigants”(2013),online:TheLawSocietyofUpperCanada<http://www.lsuc.on.ca/uploadedFiles/For_the_Public/About_the_Law_Society/Convocation_Decisions/2014/Self-represented_project.pdf>at32.10CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at37-39.11See,forexample,ibidat34.12Forfurtherdiscussion,seeCurrie,supranote7.13SuzanneBouclin,“RegulatedOutofExistence:ACaseStudyofOttawa’sTicketDefenceProgram”(2014)11JL&Equality35at48.14CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at32,citingAbCurrie,“ANationalSurveyoftheCivilJusticeProblemsofLowandModerateIncomeCanadians:IncidenceandPatterns”(2006)13:3IntlJLegProfession217.15KarenCohlandGeorgeThomson,“ConnectingAcrossLanguageandDistance:LinguisticandRuralAccesstoLegalInformationandServices”(Toronto:LawFoundationofOntario,2008)at32.16Ibid.17Ibid.18NicoleAylwinandLisaMoore,“Rural&RemoteAccesstoJustice:ALiteratureReview”(Toronto,Ontario:CanadianForumforCivilJustice,2015)at21.19Ibidat17-18.20Ibidat18-21.21CohlandThomson,supranote15at33.22Ibid.23Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,TrevorC.W.Farrow,“WhatisAccesstoJustice?”(2014)51(3)OsgoodeHallLJ957.24KentRoach&LorneSossin,“AccesstoJusticeandBeyond”(2010)60(2)UTLJ373.25See,forexample,discussioninCanadianBarAssociation,supranote1.26ChiefJusticeBeverleyMcLachlin,“TheLegalProfessioninthe21stCentury”,Remark,(2015)2015CanadianBarAssociationPlenary(Calgary:Alberta,14August2015),online:<https://malcolmmercer.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/cj-mclachlin-remarks-august-14-2015-2015-cba-legal-conference.pdf>.
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27AmericanBarAssociation,ReportontheFutureofLegalServicesintheUnitedStates(AmericanBarAssociation,2016).28“MobileApps”Wikipedia.com(accessed24August2016).29Ibid.30Ibid.31“WebApplication”Wikipedia.com(accessed24August2016).32Foradiscussionoftask-centricityasacoredefiningfeatureofaweb-basedapp,see,forexample,CiprianBorodescu,“WebSitesvs.WebApps:Whattheexpertsthink”,online:<https://www.visionmobile.com/blog/2013/07/web-sites-vs-web-apps-what-the-experts-think>.33TheInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyCouncil,TheApplicationofEverything:Canada’sAppsEconomyValueChain(2014)atv.34Catalyst,“SmartphoneBehaviourinCanadaandtheImplicationsforMarketersin2016,”online:<http://catalyst.ca/2016-canadian-smartphone-behaviour/>35Ibid.36Ibid.37Ibid.38Cabral,JamesEetal“UsingTechnologytoEnhanceAccesstoJustice”(2012)26(1)HarvJL&Tech241.39AmySalyzyn,“ANewLens:ReframingtheConversationabouttheUseofVideoConferencinginCivilTrialsinOntario”(2012)50OsgoodeHallLJ429at431-32.40Healthappsarebooming:earlierthisyear,therewere170,000healthappsavailablefordownloadontheAppleandAndroidappstores,andthereissignificantgrowthinwearabletechnologiestrackingpersonalhealth-relateddata(StephenArmstrong,“WhatHappenstoDataGatheredbyHealthandWellnessApps?”(2016)BMJ2016at1).Healthappsinclude,forexample,thosethatofferself-monitoringfordiabetesandpsychiatricdiagnoses,exergaming,smokingcessationandalcoholaddiction(includingrelapseprevention),dailylivingforpatientswithdementia,andbasictriageforthingslikeconcussionsbynon-medicalprofessionals(MagedNBoulosetal,“MobileMedicalandHealthApps:StateoftheArt,Concerns,RegulatoryControlandCertification”(2014)OnlineJPublicHealthInformatics5(3)at4-5).41See,forexample,anappdesignedbyaMalaysianlawyerintendedtoassistcitizensincreatingbasiclegaldocuments:<http://www.malaysiandigest.com/news/520308-mobile-app-to-increase-awareness-and-access-to-justice-among-malaysians.html>;the“160GirlsApp”,intendedtoprovidestepbystepadviceabouthowadefilementinvestigationshouldproceedinKenya:<http://160girls.org/about/>;andtheInnovatingJusticeinitiativeoftheHagueInstitutefortheInnovationofLaw<https://innovatingjustice.com/en/>.42Thisisconsistentwithgeneraltrendsinappdevelopment.TheInformationandCommunicationsTechnologyCouncil,TheApplicationofEverything:Canada’sAppsEconomyValueChain(2014)atvreportsthatmorethanhalf(51%)ofCanada’sappsenterprisesrelyonpersonal/familyfundingtogetstarted,26%relyonfundingfromotherbusinessstreams,6%relyonventurecapital,and4%relyonpublicfunding.43LegalZoom,whichlaunched10web-basedproductsin2001thatfocusedonestateplanning,businessformation,andintellectualpropertyprotection,hasnowgrowntoofferaplethoraofonlineservices,includingnarrowlytailoredserviceslikespecializedestateplanningtoensurethatone’spets“areprovidedforwhenyou'renolongerabletocareforareprovidedforwhenyou'renolongerabletocareforthemonyourown.”TheimmensesizeofLegalZoomisquicklycapturedinthefactthatithasnowservedover3.6millioncustomers(LegalZoom,“AboutUs”,online:<https://www.legalzoom.com/about-us>andLegalZoom,“PetProtectionAgreement”https://www.legalzoom.com/personal/estate-planning/pet-protection-agreement-overview.html)ForfurtherbackgroundonLegalZoom,seeinfraandBenjaminH.Barton,GlassHalfFull:TheDeclineandRebirthoftheLegalProfession(NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,2015)at88-97.44Seegenerally,LegalServicesCorporation,online:<http://www.lsc.gov/>and,ontheCorporation’sincreasinginterestintechnology,seeRonaldSFlagg,“AccesstoJustice:KeepingAmerica’sPromise”(2015)24KanJL&PubPol’yat572–581.
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45TheLegalServicesCorporation’s2012nationaltechnologysummitincluded75representativesoflegalaidprograms,courts,barassociations,governmentandbusinessaswellastechnologyexperts,academics,andprivatepractitioners.Thesummit’smandatewastoexplore“thepotentialoftechnologytomovetheUStowardssomeformofeffectiveassistanceto100percentofpersonsotherwiseunabletoaffordanattorneyfordealingwithessentialcivillegalneeds.”TheSummit’sfiveresultanttechnologicalstrategiesincluded“takingadvantageofmobiletechnologiestoreachpersonsmoreeffectives”(Flagg,supranote44at572–581).46ThisspecificdescriptionistakenfromthewebpagethatdescribestheCalifornianversionoftheapps(https://www.mobilejusticeca.org/faq/).Foralistofstatesinwhichtheappisavailable,seeAmericanCivilLibertiesOrganization,“ACLUAppstoRecordPoliceConduct”(online:https://www.aclu.org/feature/aclu-apps-record-police-conduct)47See,forexample,CourtClerkMobileConnectapp(developedbytheClerkofCircuitCookCountyandwhichmakesaccessiblecourt-relatedinformationforusersinCookCounty.Userscansearchthecourt’selectronicdocketforcivilandtrafficcases,searchthecourtcallroster,getupdatedfeeschedulesandlocateandcontactCookCountycourtfacilities;forfurtherdetails,see:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/court-clerk-mobile-connect/id595694855?mt=8);OhioSixthDistrictCourtofAppealsapp(thisappallowsuserstofollowcourtdecisionsandviewthecourt’soralargumentcalendar;theycanalsoreceivenotificationswhennewdecisionsarereleasedorthecalendarisupdated.Allcasespostedonthecourtwebsitearesearchableintheapp;forfurtherdetails,see:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ohio-sixth-district-court/id1001442174?mt=8);SupremeCourtofNevadaMobileApp(thisappprovidesuserswithaccesstothelatestcaseinformation,decisionandnewsfromtheSupremeCourtofNevada;userscanalsoaccesspastoralargumentrecordingsandwatchlivesteamingoforalargumentsfromthecourtroom;formoredetails,seehttp://nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Court_Information/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada_Mobile_App/).48LegalAidApp(formoredetails,see:http://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/getting/legalaidapp.asp).49LegalHealthCheck-uphttps://www.legalhealthcheckup.ca/en/.Legalhealthchecks“aretoolsintendedtohelppeopleidentifyandaddresslegalproblems….[and]havethreemainpurposes:[1]tohelppeoplebecomeawarethataproblemhasalegalaspect;[2]toencouragepeoplewithlegalproblemstogethelpfromalegalprofessional,theirlocallegalclinic,ortrustedmembersoftheircommunity;and[3]tohelpcommunityworkers,othercommunityintermediaries,lawyersorotherlegalprofessionalsstartconversationswithclientsaboutthelaw.”(http://www.plelearningexchange.ca/resources/legal-health-checks/)50Formoreinformation,seeSimonFodden,“CanLIItoIntroduceAPI”Slaw.ca(27February2013),online:http://www.slaw.ca/2013/02/27/canlii-to-introduce-api/;SimonFodden,“CanLIIHackathon”(7August2013),online:http://www.slaw.ca/2013/08/07/canlii-hackathon/;andCanLII,“WelcometotheCanLIIDeveloperNetwork!”,online:http://developer.canlii.org.51TheCanadianBarAssociation,“TheFirst-EverLegalInnovationStartupCompetition”,online:http://www.cbalegalconference.org/clc/pitch/.52RyersonUniversity,LegalInnovationZone,“ACallforStartupswithInnovativeSolutionsthatimproveaccesstojustice(A2J)inOntario”,online:http://legalinnovationzone.ca/a2jchallenge/.53BenjaminVandorpe,“JusticeTrans:AddressingAccesstoJusticeIssuesThroughTechnology”,WinklerInstituteforDisputeResolution,JusticeInnovationBlog,(21January2016)online:http://winklerinstitute.ca/justicetrans-addressing-access-to-justice-issues-through-technology/.54LiamBritten,“Costly,frustratingcourtdelaystackledwithlawstudents’app”CBCNews12May2016,online:<http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/court-delay-app-1.3580285>.55GeorgetownLaw,CurriculumGuide–Courses,“Technology,Innovation,andLawPractice:AnExperientialSeminar”,online:http://apps.law.georgetown.edu/curriculum/tab_courses.cfm?Status=Course&Detail=2090.56GeorgetownLaw“2016IronTechLawyer:LinkingTechnology,AccesstoJustice”(29April2016),online:<https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/web-stories/2016-iron-tech-lawyer-linking-technology-access-to-justice.cfm>.57LegalDesignLab,online:http://www.legaltechdesign.com/.58LegalRnD,TheCenterforLegalServicesInnovation,online:http://www.legalrnd.org.
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59Formoreinformation,see“NeotaLogic–WhoWeAre”,online:http://www.neotalogic.com/who-we-are/“NeotaLogicandProBono”,online:http://www.neotalogic.com/probono/.60ThanksareowedtoProfessorTaninaRostainwhosuggestedthishelpfultaxonomyofend-users.61StandIn(www.standin.isandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/standin/id972138344?ls=1&mt=8).62iProBono(https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/iprobono/id495613533).63See,forexample,RocketMatter(describedasassistingwithlegaltimeandbilling;https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/rocket-matter/id550477925?mt=8);MyCase(describedas“designedforcustomersusingMyCase’sweb-basedlawpracticemanagementsoftware”;https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/mycase/id480009836?mt=8);DocketMinder(describedas“anapplicationwhichmonitorschangestotheOrleansCriminalCourtDocketMaster….[which]allowspractitionerstostayinformedaboutthelatestactivityintheircases;https://loyolalawtech.org/projects/);andDocketAlarm(describedas“track[ing]courtcases,send[ing]alertsofnewlitigationactivity,andautomat[ing]thecheckingofcourtdocketsforyourfirm”;https://www.goclio.com/features/integrations/docket-alarm/64EdSohn,“TheForecastforLegalAnalyticsisMostlySunny”AbovetheLaw,18May2016,online:http://abovethelaw.com/2016/05/alt-legal-the-forecast-for-legal-analytics-is-mostly-sunny/.65LexMachina,“LegalAnalyticsApps”online:https://lexmachina.com/legal-analytics-apps/.66LoomAnalytics,online:http://www.loomanalytics.com.67BlueJLegal,online:http://www.bluejlegal.com/.Itshouldbenotedthatatthetimeofwritingthisreport,thedevelopersindicatedthatthisappwas“inprivatebeta(byinvitationonly)withmajororganizations,includinggovernmentbodies,globalaccountingfirmsandleadinglawfirms.”68Beagle,online:www.beagle.ai.69See,forexample,LawKick(connectsindividualswithlawyersbasedonthelegalproblem/questiontheindividualhasandthepricetheyarewillingtopay;https://lawkick.com);BernieSez(usersuploadaphotoofatrafficticketandenterbasicinformation(ie:offencecode,city,state,ticketnumber),andlawyersconnectedtotheapppresentcompetingofferstorepresenttheuser.Userscompareoffersandselecttheirattorneyofchoice;https://berniesez.com)andFixed(givesusersafreeestimateofthelegalcostsassociatedwithchallengingatrafficoffenceandthelikelihoodoftheirinsurancecostsincreasingand,ifrequired,willmatchtheticketwithanattorney.Theuserthendecideswhethertoacceptthematchedattorney;https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/15/fixed-the-app-that-helps-you-fight-tickets-gets-acquired-by-a-law-firm/).70LegalAidApp(allowsforpeoplewithlegalissuestoassesstheirfinancialeligibilityforLegalAid(partiallysubsidizedlegalrepresentation)inOntario;http://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/getting/legalaidapp.asp);NationalLegalAidNews(“providesnewsaboutlegalaidandrelatedprogramsaroundthestates”;http://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps);DueProcessrhttp://dueprocessr.org/courtcal/(ThisappallowsuserstodeterminetheireligibilityforindigentlegalservicesinMassachusetts,andforcriminaldefendantstocalculatetheirstateprisonsentences).71Notarize(describedasprovidinganonlinenotaryservice;mobileappallowsindividualstonotarizedocumentsfromtheirphone;notarize.comandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/notarize/id1022005141?ls=1&mt=8).72JusticeTrans,online:http://www.justicetrans.com.73See,forexample,ExpungeMaryland.org–awebappcreatedforpeoplewithcriminalrecordsinMarylandthataimstoclarifycriminalexpungementbyallowinguserstofillasimplequestionnairetodeterminewhethertheircaseisvulnerabletobeingexpunged(http://www.expungemaryland.org/about).74MarylandLawHelpApp,online:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/maryland-law-help/id1023213394?ls=1&mt=8).75SmallClaimsWizard,online:www.smallclaimswizard.com.76Citizenshipworks,online:https://www.citizenshipworks.org(Theappalso“includesusefulanduniquefeatures,includingtoolstohelppeopleprepareforcitizenshiptests(likereadingandwritingquizzesandtouchflashcards),calculatorstotracksavings,multimediafunctionality(usingaudiotodictatephrasestobewritteninEnglish),[and]legalassistancelocatedneartheuser”;see:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/citizenshipworks/id666058919?mt=8)
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77Wevorce,online:https://www.wevorce.com.78Equalyzer,online:http://www.equalyzr.com.79See,forexample,PlainSite(provides“non-lawyerseasytonavigateaccesstotheentireAmericanlegalsystemwithaccesstopublicrecordsfromagencies,patentapplications,corporateprofilesandpublicfederalandstatecasedockets.Non-publicanalyticdataisalsoavailable”;http://www.plainsite.org)80See,forexample,WestLawNext(https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/westlaw/id380675076?mt=8)andLexisAdvance(https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lexis-advance/id409136268?mt=8).81Rangefindr,online:http://www.rangefindr.ca.82LegalSwipe,online:http://www.legalswipe.com.83HeatSeek,online:http://heatseek.org/how-it-works/84Ibid.85JakeHertz,“PBN&JASACollaborateonInnovativeApptoHelptheHomebound”Probono.net(5November2014);online:http://www.connectingjusticecommunities.com/jasa-and-pbn-team-up-to-relax-in-the-den/2014/11/.86See,forexample,theCanadianappsJailbird,whichassistscriminallawyersincomparingproposedsentences,islistedat$3.99attheITunesStore(https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/jailbird-ios/id1033763662?mt=8)andRangerfindr,anothercriminalsentencingtoolforlawyersandjudgescosts$79/monthtoaccess(https://app.rangefindr.ca/signup).87PaulKrebsandDustinDuncan,“HealthAppUseAmongUSMobilePhoneOwners:ANationalSurvey,”2015JofMedicalInternetResearch3(4)at8.88Theoriginsoftheterm“personalplight”inrelationtolegalservicesistracedtoa1978articlebyJohnHeinzandEdwardLaumann(JohnPHeinz&EdwardOLaumann,“TheLegalProfession:ClientInterests,ProfessionalRoles,andSocialHierarchies”(1978)MichLRev1111).Forfurtherdiscussion,seealso,NoelSemple,“PersonalPlightLegalPracticeandTomorrow’sLawyers”(2014)39JLegProf25.89LegalZoom,“LastWillandTestamentPricing”,online:https://www.legalzoom.com/personal/estate-planning/last-will-and-testament-pricing.html.90Forahelpfulsummaryofthisdiscussion,see,forexample,JaneBailey,JacquelynBurkell&GrahamReynolds,“AccesstoJusticeforAll:Towardsan“ExpansiveVision”ofJusticeandTechnology”(2013)31WindsorYBAccessJust181.91Ibidat195.92CanadianBarAssociation,supranote1at34.93RichardZorza,“SomeReflectionsonLong-TermLessonsandImplicationsoftheAccesstoJusticeTechnologyBillofRights”(2004)79WashLRevat393.94RichardZorza,“Multi-FacetedMobileAppforCitizenship”RichardZorza’sAccesstoJusticeBlog(January22,2013),online:AccesstoJusticehttps://accesstojustice.net/2013/01/22/multi-faceted-mobile-app-for-citizenship/.95RaymondHBresciaetal,“EmbracingDisruption:HowTechnologicalChangeintheDeliveryofLegalServicesCanImproveAccesstoJustice”(2014-2015)78AlbLRev553at577at20.SeealsoMilanMarkovic,“JukingAccesstoJusticetoDeregulatetheLegalMarket”(2016)29GeoJLegEthics63.96JoeDysart,“JusticeinYourPalm”ABAJ101(April2015)at57.97InterviewwithChristienLevien,March2015,notesonfilewithauthor.98WilliamBLoberandJanineLFlowers,“ConsumerEmpowermentinHealthCareAmidtheInternetandSocialMedia”2011SeminarsinOncologyNursing27(3):172.TheculturalshiftissogreatthatLoberandFlowersat176notethatpatientshavenowmoved,beyondsearchingforinformation,tosharinginformationabouttheirhealthjourneysonsocialmediaandonpeer-to-peerplatforms99GulSeckinetal,“BeinganInformedConsumerofHealthInformationandAssessmentofElectronicHealthLiteracyinaNationalSampleofInternetUsers:ValidityandReliabilityofthee-HLSInstrument”(2016)JofMedicalInternetResearch18(7)at2.
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100TheissueofaccesstotheinternetanddifferentialaccessamongmarginalizedpopulationsisessentialtoconsiderandisaddressedintheRiskssectionthatfollow.101SeeRonaldSFlagg,“AccesstoJustice:KeepingAmerica’sPromise”(2015)24KanJL&PubPol’y572.102DavidPantzerandTeriRoss,“AnalyzeThis!ADeeperUnderstandingofDiversityandDataCanImproveUserOutcomes”(RemarksattheABAEqualJusticeConference,Chicago,Illinois,May13,2016)[unpublished].103HeatSeek,online:http://heatseek.org/how-it-works/.104Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,TaninaRostain,RogerSkalbeck&KevinGMulcahy,“ThinkingLikeaLawyer,DesigningLikeanArchitect:PreparingStudentsforthe21stCenturyPractice”(2013)88Chicago-KentLRev743.SeealsoRonaldWStaudtandAndrewPMedeiros,“AccesstoJusticeandTechnologyClinics:A4%Solution”(2013)88Chicago-KentLRev695.105Rostainetal,ibidat754-755.106StaudtandMedeiros,supranote104.107JohnTorousandAdamPowell,“CurrentResearchandTrendsintheUseofSmartphoneApplicationsforMoodDisorders,”2015InternetInterventions2.108Ibid.109Forfurtherdetailsregardingthissecuritybreach,see,forexample,CharlieOsborne,“Uberfined$20Kindatabreach,'godview'probe”(7January2016),online:http://www.cnet.com/news/uber-fined-20k-in-surveillance-data-breach-probe.110AndrewHilts,ChristopherParsons&JeffreyKnockel,“EveryStepYouFake:AComparativeAnalysisofFitnessTrackerPrivacyandSecurity”(2016)OpenEffectReportat10,online:https://openeffect.ca/reports/Every_Step_You_Fake.pdf.111StephenArmstrong,“WhatHappenstoDataGatheredbyHealthandWellnessApps?”(2016)BMJ2016at1.112Hiltsetal,supranote110at38-46.113“YouReadTermsOfServiceContracts?NotManyDo,ResearchShows”NPR.org(23August2016),transcriptonline:http://www.npr.org/2016/08/23/491024846/do-you-read-terms-of-service-contracts-not-many-do-research-shows.114Cabral,JamesE.,etal.,supranote38at265;Baileyetal.,supranote90at197.115Cabral,JamesE.,etal.,supranote38at265.116Baileyetal.,supranote90at197;see,also,Zorza,“SomeReflections”supranote93at394.117See,forexample,FederationofLawSocieties.ModelCodeofProfessionalConduct,s3.3-1.118LawSocietyofUpperCanada,TechnologyPracticeManagementGuidelines,online:http://www.lsuc.on.ca/with.aspx?id=2147491197.119OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“ReachingfortheCloud(s):PrivacyIssuesrelatedtoCloudComputing”(March2010),online:https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/research/explore-privacy-research/2010/cc_201003/120Cabral,JamesE.,etal.,supranote38.121PatriciaHughes,“AdvancingAccesstoJusticeThroughGenericSolutions:TheRiskofPerpetuatingExclusion”(2013)31(1)WindsorYBAccessJust1.122Ibidat13.123CohlandThomson,supranote15at35.124Ibidat52125Ibidat53126Baileyetal.,supranote90at198127Ibid.(footnotesomitted)128RichardZorza,“SomeReflections”supranote93at394.129Hughes,supranote121at4,citingresearchfromNewSouthWalesonbarrierstoaccesstojustice.
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130Canada,CanadianRadio-televisionandTelecommunicationsCommission:CommunicationsMonitoringReport(October,2015)131Ibid.132Furtherdetailsregardingconnectivityintheseregionscanbefoundat:GovernmentofCanada,“ConnectivityforAboriginalandNorthernCommunitiesinCanada”online:<http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1352214337612/1353504776242?utm_source=connectivity&utm_medium=url>133PublicInterestAdvocacyCentre,NoConsumerLeftBehind:ACanadianAffordabilityFrameworkforCommunicationsServicesinaDigitalAge,byJohnLawfordandAlysiaLau(Ottawa:January2015)at72and75.134Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,LawSocietyofUpperCanada,“TakingActionagainstIllegalPractitioners”,online:http://www.lsuc.on.ca/with.aspx?id=2147486087.135Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,NoelSemple,LegalServicesRegulationattheCrossroads:Justitia'sLegions(EdwardElgarPublishing,2015)at119.136JenniferBond,DavidWiseman&EmilyBates,“TheCostofUncertainty:NavigatingtheBoundaryBetweenLegalInformationandLegalServicesintheAccesstoJusticeSector”(2016)25JL&SocPol’y1.137Ibidat23.138Ibidat14-15.139SarahKnapp,“CanLegalZoomBetheAnswertotheJusticeGap?”(2013)26GeoJLegEthics821at828.140DebraCassensWeiss,“OnlineinteractivelegaldocumentswouldbelegalinNorthCarolinaunderbillpassedbylegislature”(22June2016)<http://www.abajournal.com/news/article/online_interactive_legal_documents_would_be_legal_in_north_carolina_under_b>141AmericanBarAssociation,supranote27at41.142Ibid.143Ibid.144Ibid.145Ibid.146Rostainetal.,supranote104at746.147Bresciaetal.,supranote95at604,describingacollaborationbetweentheEmpireJusticeCenter,AlbanyLawSchool,andstudentsintheInformaticsDepartmentattheUniversityatAlbanythatresultedinaninteractive,web-basedapplicationtoassisthomeownersfacingforeclosureinNewYorkState.148MagedN.Boulosetal,supranote40at9.SeealsoTaraDonkeretal,“SmartphonesforSmarterDeliveryofMentalHealthPrograms:ASystematicReview,”2013JofMedicalInternetResearch15(11):1-13at9,findingasof2013,morethan3,000free,commercially-availablementalhealthappsavailablefordownload,comparedto8evidence-basedapps.149GulSeckinetal,“BeinganInformedConsumerofHealthInformationandAssessmentofElectronicHealthLiteracyinaNationalSampleofInternetUsers:ValidityandReliabilityofthee-HLSInstrument”(2016)JofMedicalInternetResearch18(7)at2.150Ibidat4.151Ibidat14.152Cabraletal.,supranote38at275-6.153Bresciaetal.,supranote95.154SelenaLucien,“Howdowemeasuretechnology'simpactonaccesstojustice?”NationalMagazine(3February2016)online:<http://www.nationalmagazine.ca/Blog/February-2016/How-do-we-measure-whether-technology-can-improve-a.aspx>.155Forfurtherdiscussion,see,forexample,OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“QuestionsandAnswersregardingtheapplicationofPIPEDA,AlbertaandBritishColumbia'sPersonalInformationProtectionActs”(November2004),online:https://www.priv.gc.ca/resource/fs-fi/02_05_d_26_e.asp.
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156Ibid.157Ibid.stating“Todate,Quebec,British-Columbia,Alberta,and,inmattersrelatingtohealthcare,Ontario,havepromulgatedlegislationdeemedsubstantiallysimilartothefederallaw.”158Canada,OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,SeizingOpportunity:GoodPrivacyPracticesforDevelopingMobileApps(October2012).159Ibid.160Ibid.161Ibid.162OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“GuidelinesforOnlineConsent”(May2014)163OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“TenTipsforCommunicatingPrivacyPracticestoYourApp’sUsers”(September2014)164UnitedStates,FederalTradeCommission,MobilePrivacyDisclosures:BuildingTrustThroughTransparency,StaffReport(February2013).165Ibid.166Ibid.167See,forexample,FutureofPrivacyForumandtheCenterforDemocracy&Technology,“BestPracticesforMobileApplicationsDevelopers”(July2012);andGSMAssociation,MobileandPrivacy:PrivacyDesignGuidelinesforMobileApplicationDevelopment(February2012)168OfficeofthePrivacyCommissionerofCanada,“SecuringPersonalInformation:ASelf-AssessmentToolforOrganizations”,online:https://www.priv.gc.ca/resource/tool-outil/security-securite/english/AssessRisks.asp169FederalTradeCommission,“MobileAppDevelopers:StartwithSecurity”(February2013),online:https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/mobile-app-developers-start-security.170Ibid.171See,forexample,JennyGove,“PrinciplesofMobileAppDesign”(March2016),online:https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/articles/principles-of-mobile-app-design-introduction.htmlandAppleDeveloper,“UIDesignDo’sandDon’ts”,online:https://developer.apple.com/design/tips/.172See,forexample,AdrianMendoza,Mobileuserexperience:patternstomakesenseofitall,(Waltham:Elsevier,2014);JayEckert,“BestUserInterfaceDesignPracticesforTouchscreenDevices”(2016),ParachuteDesign,online:https://parachutedesign.ca/blog/best-user-interface-design-practices-for-touchscreen-devices/.173W3C,online:https://www.w3.org/.174W3C,“WebContentAccessibilityGuidelines(WCAG)2.0,”online:https://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/.175W3C,“UnderstandingConformance,”online:https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/conformance.html#uc-levels-head.Althoughonemightassumethattheideallevelofconformancerepresentsthemostrigorousstandard,W3CrecommendsagainstLevelAAAconformanceforentiresites,statingthatitisnotpossibletosatisfyallLevelAAAcriteriaforsomecontent.176W3C,“MobileAccessibility:HowWCAG2.0andOtherW3C/WAIGuidelinesApplytoMobile,”online:https://www.w3.org/TR/mobile-accessibility-mapping/.177Ibid.178S.O.2005,c.11.179Seesections9-19,onlineathttps://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/110191.180Ibidatss.14(2).181CanadianMedicalAssociation,GuidingPrinciplesforPhysiciansRecommendingMobileHealthApplicationstoPatients(Ottawa:2015),online:<https://www.cma.ca/Assets/assets-library/document/en/advocacy/cma_policy_guiding_principles_for_physicians_recommending_mobile_health_applications_to_patients_pd1-e.pdf>182Ibidat3-5.
38
183CanadianNursesProtectiveSociety,“MobileHealthcareApps”,online:(2013)21:2at1<http://www.cnps.ca/upload-files/pdf_english/mobile_healthcare_apps.pdf>184http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2015/2015-06-09-new-policies-annual-meeting.page185PaulKrebsandDustinDuncan,“HealthAppUseAmongUSMobilePhoneOwners:ANationalSurvey,”20153(4)JofMedicalInternetResearchat2.186AmySalyzyn,“AppsandA2J:MappingtheOpportunitiesandRisks”,online:http://www.slaw.ca/2016/05/27/apps-and-a2j-mapping-the-opportunities-and-risks/.187AlexRobinson,“CanadianA2Jappsatthestartingline”LawTimes22August2016,online:http://www.lawtimesnews.com/201608225592/headline-news/legal-tech-now-part-3-canadian-a2j-apps-at-the-starting-line188JenaMcGill,“Accesstojusticeissue?There’sanappforthat”Globe&Mail,ReportonBusiness,pgB4,July13,2016,andonline:<http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/better-access-to-justice-in-canada-theres-an-app-for-that/article30887042/>.189TheActionGrouponAccesstoJustice(TAG),“CallforProposals:Connect,Create,Communicate–PublicLegalEducationandtheAccesstoJusticeMovement”,online:https://theactiongroup.ca/2016/06/call-for-proposals-connect-create-communicate-public-legal-education-and-the-access-to-justicemovement/?utm_content=bufferb3db9&utm_medium=social&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_campaign=buffer
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AppendixB:SurveyofLawSocieties’ApproachestoA2JApps
ThefollowingsurveywassenttoallprovincialandterritoriallawsocietiesinCanada.
Questions
1. IstheLawSocietyawareofmobileandweb-basedappsinyourjurisdictionthatpurportfacilitateaccesstojusticebyproviding,forexample,legalinformation,legaladvice,documentdraftingservicesorevidencecollectionfunctions?
2. Ifso,doestheLawSocietyseeanyethicalrisksrelatingtotheuseofsuchapps?
3. HastheLawSocietyreceivedanycomplaintsorotherwiseinitiatedanyinvestigationsinrelationtosuchappsinyourjurisdiction?
4. DoestheLawSocietyhaveanyexistingguidanceorfeedbackrelatingtothedevelopmentand/oruseofsuchapps?
5. IsthereanythingelserelatingtothistopicthattheLawSocietywouldliketoaddthatisnotcoveredbytheabovequestions?
57
AppendixC:CanadianApps*pleaseseelimitationsnotedatpages9-10,above*CODESFOR“FUNCTION”COLUMN(1)legalinformation(2)administrativeinformation(forexample,courtinformationorlawyercontactinformation)(3)documentorformcreation(4)evidencecollection(5)legaladvice(6)self-help(7)otherApp Developer/Fo
under/SellerIntendedUser(s)
TypeofLaw Description Free Function
Attornedhttp://www.legalinnovationzone.ca/team/attorned/
JonathanDiFeo
Peoplelookingforlegaladviceandlawyersneedinglegalsupport
All Thisappservicesbothclientsandlawyers.Clientscanposttheirissuesonlineinsearchoflegalrepresentationandlawyerscanpostworkthatcanbebidonbyotherlawyers.
Priceunlisted
2
BardalFactorshttp://www.bardalfactors.ca
PGYAConsulting
Forthepublicandlawyers
Employment Thisapp“show[s]youtheresultsofcaseswhereCanadiancourtsapplytheBardalFactors.”[TheBardalfactorsarerelevantindetermininghowmuchnoticeorpayinlieuofnoticeanemployermustgivetoanemployee]
√ 1,6
BCLawsAPIhttp://www.bclaws.ca/civix/template/complete/api/index.html
ProvinceofBritishColumbia
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All ThiswebappisanelectroniclibraryprovidingfreeandpublicaccesstothelawsofBC.Usersexperiencedirectandintegratedaccesstoalloftheprovinciallawsandregulationsinahighlystructureddataformatallunderanopengovernmentlicence.
√ 1
Beaglewww.beagle.ai
CianO'Sullivan
Contractingparties
Contract Thisisacontractreviewapp.Usingartificialintelligence,Beaglereadsacontract,highlightstheimportantinformation,andmakesiteasyforteamstoreviewtheircontractualdocuments.
Pricesavailableuponrequest
6,7
58
BlueJLegalwww.bluejlegal.com(currentlyinprivatebeta)
BenjaminAlare,BrettJansen,AnthonyNiblett,andAlbertYoon
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
Employment,immigration,tax,commercial,realestate
Thiswebsoftwareanalyzesfactsituationsusingdeep-learningandprovidesaanswerssupportedbyrelevantcaselawandmaterials.Thesystemalsogeneratesdetailedexplanationsandsuggestions.
N/A 1,5,6
CanadianLawAppshttp://www.canadianlawsite.ca/Law-Apps.htm
EarlSands
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All ThisappoffersaccesstomobileversionsofCanadianlegislation,includingversionsoftheCanadianCharterandBillofRightsandFederalActs(e.g.theDivorceActandPIPEDA).
$2.99-$9.99/Act
1
CanLIIwww.canlii.org/en
Lexum Legalresearchers
All ThisappallowsuserstosearchandfindCanadiancaselawandjurisprudenceforfree.
√ 1
CivilResolutionTribunalwww.civilresolutionbc.ca
SharonSalter(ChairofTribunal);tribunalitselfcreatedbyprovinciallegislation
Self-representedindividuals
Tort,civildisputes,commercial,contract
Thisappisanonlinedisputeresolutionplatform(available24/7throughmobileorwebsite)inBCforresolvingsmallclaimsandstrataproperty(condo)disputes.
$25-$150
6
ConstitutionofCanadahttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/constitution-of-canada/id474339291?mt=8
CSCHildebrandGmbH
AnyonelookingtoreferencetheConstitution
Constitutionallaw
ThisappallowsforquickreferenceoftheCanadianConstitution.
√ 1
CopWatchhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/cop-watch-toronto/id757572626?mt=8
Pelau Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal ThisappallowsuserstovideorecordpoliceinteractionsandwillautomaticallyuploadthevideostoYoutube.Theappalsoprovidesreferencematerialconcerningauser’srighttoobtainvideofootage.
√ 1,4
59
CourtsideEDXwww.edxontario.com
MichaelTweyman&ArinKlug
Lawyersandself-representedindividualsindiscovery
Litigation Thisappallowsfortheelectronicserviceofdocumentsincivillitigation.
Fromfreetoupto$15/mo
7
EasyBOAhttp://www.legalinnovationzone.ca/team/blue-cloud/
AsimIqbal
LawFirms All ThisapphelpslawfirmssavetimeandmoneybyproducingautomatedBooksofAuthorities(BOA).
Priceunlisted
3
FiredWithoutCause(BC)http://www.firedwithoutcause.com/
ParadigmShiftSolutionsInc.
Peoplewhohaveallegedlybeenimproperlyfired
Employment,labour,tort,contract
ThisisanonlinesystemthatdrawsfromthousandsofCanadiancourtcasestohelpaclaimantunderstandwhethertheiremployertreatedthemfairly.Theappalsohasaseverancepaycalculator.
√ 1,5,6
Jailbirdhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/jailbird-ios/id1033763662?mt=8
SacevichLawApps
Criminallawyers
Criminal ThisapphelpsCanadiancriminallawyerscomparetotalproposedsentencesinbothadultandyouthmatters.
$3.99 1,7
JusticeTranswww.justicetrans.com
BenjaminVandorpe(Founder)
Legalresearchersinterestedintransgenderrights
Humanrights,health,employment/labour,criminal
ThisappandwebsiteofferslegalinformationabouttransgenderrightsintheCanadiancontext.
√ 1
KabukLawwww.kabuklaw.com/en-ca
AshaSoares,LucasLitwiniuk,andBabakBagherizade
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thisappconnectsuserswithlocallegalpractitioners.Userscanfindrepresentationbasedontheirlocation,reviewthelawyer’sprofileandrequestafreeconsultationin-app.
√ 2
LawScoutwww.lawscout.ca
DerekHopfner,ShaneMurphyandTravisHoulette
Smallbusinessownersandentrepreneursseekinglegaladvice
Business,CorporateCommercial,IP,Tax,Regulatory,Contract
Thisappconnectssmallbusinessestolawyerswhoworkonlineforfixedlegalfees.
$675-$1100(dependentonserviceorproduct)
3,5
LawyerLinxhttps://www.l
LawyerLinxInc.
Peoplelookingfor
All Describedas“alegalmarketplaceconnecting
√ 2
60
awyerlinx.com legalrepresentation
individualsandbusinesseswithquality,vettedlawyersandstreamliningondemandlegalservices”
LawyerLocateMobileApphttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/lawyerlocate-mobile-app/id465936835?mt=8
LawyerLocate.caInc
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thisappisadirectoryoflawyerssearchablebypracticeareaandlocation.
√ 2
LegalAidApphttp://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/getting/legalaidapp.asp
LegalAidOntario
Lowincomepersonsseekinglegalrepresentation
Litigation ThisappallowsforpeoplewithlegalissuestoassesstheirfinancialeligibilityforLegalAid(partiallysubsidizedlegalrepresentation)inOntario.
√ 2
LegalHealthCheck-uphttps://www.legalhealthcheckup.ca/en/
HaltonCommunityLegalServices
Low-incomeindividuals
Multiple Thisisanonline"legalhealthcheck-up"tooltohelppeoplewhoarelivinginpovertyidentifypotentiallegalproblemsandgethelp.
√ 1,6
LegalSwipewww.legalswipe.com
ChristienLevien(Founder)andLegalSwipeInc(Developer)
Membersofpublicwhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Humanrights,constitutional,criminal,civilliberty
Thisappinformspeopleoftheirrightsduringinteractionswiththepolice.
√ 1,4
LegalAvehttp://www.legalave.ca/about-legalave
AlbertaLegalInformationSociety
Membersofthepublicandserviceproviders
Multiple Thisappprovideslegalinformationtothepublic.Italsoincludes“guidedpathways”whicharedescribedas“astep-by-stepapproachthatpointsuserstorelevantlegalinformationthatappliestothembasedontheiranswerstoaseriesofquestions.”
√ 1,6
LoomAnalyticshttp://www.loomanalytics.com/
MonaDatt(presidentandco-founder)
Litigators Litigation Thisapp“use[s]acombinationofmachinelearningandlegalanalysistoclassifycaselawalongmultiplevectorsallowingforstatisticalanalysis…[toallowusersto]seehowaparticularjudgehasruled
$25-$50/month
7
61
onspecificmotionsorclaimsattrial,whatkindsofcasesmakeittocourtmostfrequently,theaveragedecisionturnaroundtime,andtheaveragecostanddamageawardsbrokendownbycasetype.”
LSUCOntarioReportsApphttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.texterity.android.OntarioReports&hl=en
LSUC,LexisNexusandGtxcel(Developer)
Lawyers,legalacademicsandlawstudentslookingforlegalnews
Ontariocaselaw ThisonlineappisalegalmagazinethathostsleadingOntariocaselaw.ThemagazineissuescanbeaccessedofflineandreportfromallOntariocourtlevels.
√ 1
Mapyourpropertywww.mapyourproperty.com
DevinTu(CEO)
Propertyowners,realestatelawyers
Property Thiswebsolutionperformsmappingandanalyticsforthelanddevelopmentandrealestateindustry.Theonlinetoolstreamlinestheduediligenceprocessforanypropertieswithdevelopmentpotential.Italsoalertsusersofanyregulationsorrestrictionsassociatedwithapropertyandcompliesthemintoafullreport.
$495-$2095/mo
1,7
MyLegalBriefcasewww.mylegalbriefcase.com
MonicaGoyal
Membersofthepublic
Multiple Thisapphelps“ordinarypeopletohandletheircaseswithorwithoutalawyer”andprovidesassistance“inpreparingsimplelegaldocuments”
√ 1,3,6
MyLawBCwww.mylawbc.com
LegalServicesSociety,BC
Low-incomeindividualsinBritishColumbia
Familylaw Thisappprovides“guidedpathways”tohelpindividualsresolvefamilylawmatters;informationisalsoprovidedregardingavailableresourcesforlegaladvice..
√ 1,2,6
Nimonikwww.nimonik.com
Nimonikinc.
Employers,in-houselawyers,auditors
Employment/labour,tort,contract,regulatory
Thissolutionofferswebandmobileappsforenvironmentalhealth,safety,andqualitymanagers.Theappshostguideswithupdatestoregulatoryrequirements,
√ 1,4,6
62
industrybestpracticesandinternationalstandardsalong,andsoftwaretomonitorandreportoncomplianceperformance(allavailablein-app).
NotYourBabyhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.metrac.notyourbaby
MetropolitanActionCommitteeonViolenceAgainstWomenandChildren(METRAC)
Women,victimsofharassment/assault
Criminal Thisappisaninteractivegridthatguidesuserstoselectperpetratorsofharassmentanddetailsofwhenandhowtheharassmentoccurs.Theappthenrecommendsaresponsetothesituationbasedonsubmissionsfromotherusers.Italsoincludesfactsandpersonalstoriesofharassmentaswellasresourcesforthoseseekinghelp.
√ 6,7
OntarioSmallClaimsWizardwww.smallclaimswizard.com(currentlyinbeta)
RandyAlandSelenaLucien(Founders)
Self-representedlitigants
Tort,Civildisputes,Commercial,Contract
ThisappguidesindividualsstepbystepthroughsmallclaimsprocessesforOntariocourts.Itadvisesusersonwhichdocumentstheyneedtofilefortheirlegalissue,andallowsthemtocompleteformsforcourtprocessesonline.
N/A 1,3,6
Rangefindrhttp://www.rangefindr.ca
Nodeveloperlisted
Criminallawyers
Criminal Thislegalresearchtoolparsesthroughstatuteandcaselawquicklytoprovidecriminallawyerswithsentencingranges.Lawyersinputtheirfactualmatrixandareprovidedwithasentencingrangebasedoncaselawandstatute.
$79.00+HST/month
1
SOQUIJhttp://soquij.qc.ca
MinistryofJusticeofQuebec
Legalresearchers
All ThisapppublishesdecisionsfromjudicialandadministrativetribunalsinQuebec
√ 1
StandInwww.standin.is
AcmeLawCorp.
Lawyerswhocannotappearincourt
Litigation Thisappisanetworkoflawyersthatuseslocationservicestoconnectcounselwhoareavailabletoappearincourtforoneanother.
√ 7
SummonsApphttp://inside.tru.ca/2016/05/
TRULawStudents:ServeshJeet,
Lawyersandindividualswhohave
Litigation Thisappactsasaninterfacebetweencourtregistries,thepublic,andlawyersby
√ 2
63
12/law-app-could-revolutionize-court-scheduling/*currentlyindemomode*
NikitaShirazian,MeganSahlstrom,NawelBenrabah,HarmanBainsandHoutanSanandaji
ongoingcourtproceedings
allowingcourtadministratorstoprovideliveupdatesofcourtschedules.
SupportInformationExchange(SIX)http://www.supportinformationexchange.com/home.html
SupportInformationExchangeInc,
Familylawlawyersanddivorcees
Family Thisappguidesusersintheexchangeoffinancialrecordsindivorcecases.
$19.95or$39.95/year
1,6,7
Thistoowww.thistoo.co
MiralawInc. Selfrepresentedlitigantsinvolvedinfamilylawmatters
Familylaw Thisappisdevelopedforself-representedlitigantsindivorcecases.Itprovidesonlineaccesstoresources,tools,anddocumenttemplates.
$9.99-$199.99
1,3,5,6
WiseLiiwww.wiselaw.net/wiselii.html
GarryWise Legalresearchers
All Thisappaidslegalresearchers.Ithostslegalguides,caselawandlegislation.
√ 1
WorkplaceBCOHSRegulationhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/worksafebc-ohs-regulation/id447269458?mt=8
WorkaSafeBC.com
Lawyers,Employees,EmployersinBritishColumbia
Labour/employment,tort
ThisappallowsuserstosearchandbrowseOHSRegulation,Policies,GuidelinesandWCBStandards.(Availableforuseoffline).
√ 1
64
AppendixD:AmericanApps
*pleaseseeabove-notedlimitationsatpage9and10ofthisReport*CODESFOR“FUNCTION”COLUMNBELOW(1)legalinformation(2)administrativeinformation(forexample,courtinformationorlawyercontactinformation)(3)documentorformcreation(4)evidencecollection(5)legaladvice(6)self-help(7)otherApp Developer(s)/F
ounders/Sellers
IntendedUser(s)
TypeofLaw Description Free Function(s)
AccessFamilyLawhttps://www.accessfamilylaw.com
LaurenWestonandRogerTomlinson
Divorcees Family Thisappguidespartiesthroughathreestepprocesstofillandfiledivorcedocuments.
$200(divorcepackage)
3,6
ACLUofMissouriMobileJustice2.0https://www.aclu-mo.org/your-rights/mobile-justice/
AmericanCivilLibertiesUnion&Quadrant2,Inc.(developer)
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Thisappisdesignedforfilmingencounterswithpoliceofficers.ThevideosaresecurelystreamedtotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionoftheStateandcannotbeeditedand/ordestroyed.Theappalsoincludes“KnowYourRights”guidesproducedbytheACLUoftheState.
√ 1,4,6
AdviseHubadvisehub.com
PalNatarajanandSanjayYadgirkar
PeopleseekingimmigrationtotheUS
Immigration Thesolutionconnectsuserswithlegaladvisorswhocanassistthemthroughimmigrationprocesses.
$50-140(dependantonphonecalllength)
2,3,5
AirHelphttps://www.airhelp.com/en/
HenrikZillmer Travellers Contract Thisappletsusersknowabouttheirrightswhentheirflighthasbeencancelled,overbookedordelayed,andthenassiststheminproducingthenecessarydocumentstobecompensated.
Chargesa25%administrativefeel
1,3,6
65
AltLegalhttps://www.altlegal.com
AltLegalInc.
Start-upsandBusinesseswantinglegalhelp
Commercial,Corporate
Thisappallows“businessesandstart-upstodescribetheirlegalissueinplainEnglish”onthewebappandcanbe“immediatelyconnectedtoadatabaseofvettedlawyerswhocanhelpwiththatparticularlegalissue”.Theapp“sortstheissueandconnectstheusertoexpertlayers”.“Thebusinessandlawyercanthenworktogetherthroughtheapp’sworkflowtoolsandthebusinesscanchoosetopaythelawyer”throughtheapp’splatform.https://www.altlegal.com
√ 1,2,5
ArbiClaimshttp://arbiclaims.com
Developernotlocated
Disputingparties
All Usersareconnectedwithqualifiedarbitratorsonlinewhoproduceabindingdecision.
$79-159/party
6
ArrestSOSarrestsos.com
Developernotlocated
Peoplebeingarrested
Criminal Theappleadsusersthroughthejailreleaseprocessbyconnectingthemwithadesignatedattorneyorbailbondagentbasedontheirgeolocation.Theappdeterminesthelocationoftheuserandthedesignatedattorneyorbailbondagentcommencestheuser’sbailprocessbeforetheyareevenbooked.
√ 2
AskaLawyer:LegalHelphttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.absmallbusinessmarketing.askalawyer&hl=en
ABMobileAppsLLC
Peoplewithlegalquestions
All Thisserviceprovidesadviceandinformationtousers’legalquestions.Usersasktheirquestionin-appandreceivefreelegaladviceviaemail.
√ 1,5
AttorneyProzhttp://www.mobogenie.com/download-attorney-proz-lawyer-search-1036906.html
PearWeb® Peoplelookingforlawyers
All Thisapplistslawyersworkingintheareaoftheuserbasedonlocation,whohavepaidtobelistedontheapp.
√ 2
AvooAdvisorhttps://www.avvo.com/advisor
Avoo Peoplewantinglegaladvice/counsel
All Thisappconnectscustomerswithattorneysbasedonthelegalproblemandtheattorney’sspecializationfor15-minutelegalconsultations.
$39.00
2,5
66
BernieSezhttps://berniesez.com
TerenceMcNally&JamesYoung
Peoplechargedwithtrafficviolations
Criminal(traffic) Usersuploadaphotoofatrafficticketandenterbasicinformation(ie:offencecode,city,state,ticketnumber),andlawyersconnectedtotheapppresentcompetingofferstorepresenttheuser.Userscompareoffersandselecttheirattorneyofchoice.
√ 2
BloombergLawhttp://www.bna.com/bloomberglaw/app
BloombergBNA
Legalprofessionalsconductinglegalresearch
All Thisapp“deliversnewsandanalysis[forlawyers]tostayontopofthedevelopmentsimpacting[their]work”.Personalizedupdatescanbecreated.AlsouserscanreceivethelatestBloombergLawalertsforlegalandnewssearchesandeasilytrackdockets,opinionsorbillsintheirinterestarea.http://www.bna.com/bloomberglaw/app
√ 1
BlueLinehttps://blueline.blue
TJCAutomationInc
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappisadesktop-basedprogram“designedforlawyerstocheckcitations,quotationsandpincites”.Theapp“provideslawyerswithamarkupoftheirdocumentsandconnectsthemwithasignificantbodyoffreecaselaw”.https://blueline.blue
√(60dayfreetrial)
1,7
BluetreeLegalConnecthttp://www.bluetreelegal.com/
Developernotlocated
Vietnamesespeakinguserswhowanttofileforbankruptcy
Bankruptcy Vietnamesespeakingusersareconnectedtoattorneysafterfillingoutpersonalquestionnaires.Theappthenaidstheuserandattorneyinschedulingameetingandgrantstheusersafree30minconsultation.
√ 2
BridgeUShttp://www.bridge.us
RomishBadaniandForrestBlount
PeopleseekingimmigrationtotheUS
Immigration Thisappconnectsuserswithimmigrationattorneyswhoassistusersincompletingdocumentsandcompilingthenecessaryinformation.
Pricesavailableuponrequest
1,2,3
Cakehttps://www.joincake.com/welcome/
CakeInc Individuals Health Thiswebappallowsuserstodiscoverendoflifepreferencesandstorethemsecurely.Usersproduceprofilesoftheirendoflifewisheswithacoachwhoguidesthemthroughplanningresources.
$14.99/moor$119.99/session
1,7
67
CameraVhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.witness.informacam.app&hl=en
TheGuardianProject
Peoplewantingtocollectevidenceontheirmobiledevice
All Thisappallowsusers“tocaptureandshareverifiablephotosandvideoproofonasmartphoneortabletwhilekeepingthisinformationsecureandprivate”.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.witness.informacam.app&hl=en
√ 4
Casetexthttps://casetext.com
JakeHeller(FounderandCEO)LauraSafdie(COOandGeneralCounsel)PabloArredondo(VPLegalResearch)
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisapp“consolidatesuser-generatedannotationsofcaselaw,linkingittoothersourcesandupvotingusefulsources”.“Contributorsarecreditedfortheirworkandtheyreceivereputationpointsbasedonhowmanyupvotesordownvotestheyreceive.Additionally,theapphostsafeaturethatallowsuserstofollowcasesofinterestinasimpleformat”.https://casetext.com
√ 1
Cicaydahttps://cicayda.com
CicaydaLLC Peoplelookingtoreviewandsharelegaldocumentsonline
All Thisisaweb-basedappfocusedoneDiscovery.Theplatformallowsclientstoreviewdocumentswithadvancedtextsearch,relationshipanalyticsvianaturallanguageprocessing,earlycaseassessment,discoveryproductionanalyzer,ediscoverybudgetingmoduleandafastsearchengine.
Pricesavailableuponrequest
1,4,6
CitizenshipWorkshttps://www.citizenshipworks.orghttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/citizenshipworks/id666058919?mt=8
ImmigrationAdvocatesNetwork,ImmigrantLegalResourceCentre,ProBonoNet,
UScitizenshipapplicants
Immigration Thisappguidesusersthroughthestepsofacitizenshipapplication.Ifusersfaceanyproblemstheyareconnectedwithlegalhelpforfree.Also“includesusefulanduniquefeatures,includingtoolstohelppeopleprepareforcitizenshiptests(likereadingandwritingquizzesandtouchflashcards),calculatorstotracksavings,multimediafunctionality(usingaudiotodictatephrasestobewritteninEnglish),[and]legalassistancelocatedneartheuser”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/citizenshipworks/id666058919?mt=8
√ 2,3,5,6
68
Clearpathhttp://www.myclearpath.com
FeliceGorordo(CEO)andMitchGrimes(ChiefProductOfficer)
Potentialimmigrants
Immigration ThisprogramallowsimmigrantstoapplytofillandfilenaturalizationformsandDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivalsdocumentsonline.Userschoosetheformtheywouldliketocomplete,canbrowseFAQsections,andareinstructedonhowtoprintandfilethedocumentsforgovernmentreview.Thedocumentsarereviewedforcommonmistakes.
$100–200/form
1,3,6
Clerkyhttps://www.clerky.com
ChrisField(co-founder)DarbyL.Wong(co-founderandCEO)
Start-upsneedingtocompletelegaldocuments
Corporate,Patent,Copyright,Commercial,Contract,&Tech
Thisappisaimedatstart-upbusinesses.Theapphelpsthemproducenecessarylegaldocumentation(e.g.incorporation,employeedocuments,NDAs,etc.)withaformslibrary,automaticdocumentassembly,onlinesignaturecapabilities,etc.
$29-$299(dependingonservice)
1,3
CollateralConsequencesCalculatorhttp://calculator.law.columbia.edu
ColumbiaLawSchool
Legalexperts
Criminal Thisappwasdevelopedforjudges,legalacademicsandlawyers.“ItcanprovideapreliminaryoverviewofthecollateralconsequencesassociatedwithsectionsoftheNewYorkStatePenalLaw.”http://calculator.law.columbia.edu
√ 1
Concordhttp://www.concordnow.com
MattLhoumeauandFlorianParain
Contractingparties
Contract Thisplatformfeaturese-signature,onlinecollaborativeediting,deadlinealerts,contractmanagementandcontractcompliancetools.
$24.99–49.99/mo
3,7
ContractCloudhttp://www.contractcloud.com
ContractCloud,Inc.
Contractingparties
Contract Thisprogramallowscontractingpartiestousevideotofinalizecontractsinsteadofphysicalore-signatures.“Videoisthemosteffectivewaytoimprove…witnesscontractualunderstanding”.http://www.contractcloud.com
N/A 6,7
ContractRoomhttp://contractroom.com
EmilStefanuttiandPeterThomson
Contractingparties
Contract Thisapplicationallowsuserstoproduceandcollaborateonmultipartycontracts.Userscan“definecollaborativeeditingrulesanddeploypre-approvedlegalcontenttoexpediteagreement-buildingand
$9/user/mo
3,7
69
approvals”andexecutecontractsonlineusingathirdpartye-signaturetool.http://contractroom.com/#features
Corporizehttp://corporize.com
Developernotlocated
Businessandindividualsseekingcorporatelawadvice
Corporate Thisappisaninternationallegaldirectorythatconnectsclientswithcorporatelawyers.
√(chargesforpremiumversion)
2
Counslhttps://www.counsl.co
CounslCo Lawyers Contract Thisprogramintegrateslawyergeneratedformsintoe-documentsandcollectsclientinformationandpopulateslegaldocumentsautomatically.
Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonfirmsize)
3,7
CourtListenerhttps://www.courtlistener.com
SponsoredbyFreeLawProject(non-profit)BrianWCarver(CoFounder)MichaelLissner(CoFounderandLeadDeveloper)
Peoplewantingtofollowfederalandstatejudgements
All Thisappisafreedatabaseoffederalandstatecourtopinions.Italsoallowsuserstocreatecasealertstotrackdevelopmentsonagivencase.
√ 1
CrowdLawhttps://www.crowdlaw.net
CrowdLaw Peopleinneedoffinancialassistancetoobtainlawyers
All Thisplatformisa“digitalfundraisingsolutionthatempower[s]”communitymemberstosupportclientsinneedoffinancialsupporttosecurelegalhelp.https://www.crowdlaw.net
√ 7
70
DCAffordableLawFirm–Intake&EligibilityAdvisorhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/alf-intake
StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogicInc
LowincomeindividualsinDC
All ThisprogramassesseswhetherindividualsinDCqualifyforfreelegalservices(basedonincome)andthenconnectsthemwithlawyersofferingtheseservices.
√ 2,7
Debt&EvictionNavigator(DEN)https://applications.neotalogic.com/a/jasa-den
StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogicInc
Peoplewithalandlord-tenantorconsumerdebtdispute
Landlord-tenant,ConsumerDebt
Thiswebappenablesuserstofigureoutiftheyhavealandlordtenantissueoraconsumerdebtissuethatshouldbeaddressed.Italsoprovidesuserswithresourcessothattheycanlearnmoreaboutheissueandstepstheycantakethemselves,andfinally,connectsuserswithlegalserviceprovideswhomaybeabletohelpthemtakeaction.
√ 1,2,6
DisasterAssistance&Recovery(DART)https://applications.neotalogic.com/a/dart
StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogicInc
Peoplewhoexperiencenaturaldisaster
All Thisapplicationassistsusersinconnectingwithdisasterassistanceresources,assesseswhetherusersareeligibleforgrantsandloansandguidesthemonhowtoapplyforfinancialassistance.
√ 1,2,7
Dlawhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.bigtwit.dlaw.main&hl=en
AppsoftTechnologies
Legalexperts
All Thisappisalegalreferencetoolforlawyers,lawstudentsandprofessionals.Itincludesfederalrulesofcivilprocedure,evidence,appellateprocedure,criminalprocedure,bankruptcyprocedureandtheUSconstitution.
√ 1
Docasaurushttp://www.docasaurus.com
Developernotlocated
Corporatelawyers
Contract Thisisadocumentautomationsoftwarethatallowsuserstouploadtheirownformdocumentsandturnthemintotemplates.
Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonprojectsize)
3,6,7
71
DocketAlarmhttps://www.docketalarm.com
MichaelSander(FounderandCEO)
PeopleinvolvinginmattersbeforeaCourt
All Thisappisa“litigationactivityalertservicethatnotifiestheuserwheneverachangehappenstoacourtcasethattheyarefollowing”.“Theservicebringsallactivecasestooneplacewheretheuserwillreceivenoticeswhenfilingshappens,whendeadlinesareapproachingorwhencourtappearanceshavebeenmoved”.https://www.goclio.com/features/integrations/docket-alarm/
$99/month(flatfee)orpay-as-yougo.
2
DocketMinderhttps://loyolalawtech.org/docketminder/about
NicholasZottiMichaelTassinLoyolaLawClinic
Criminallawyers
Criminal ThisappisdesignedforattorneyshandlingcriminalcasesinNewOrleans.Aftertheattorneyinputstheclient’scasenumber,theappcheckstheOrleansParish’sDocketMasterdailyforupdatestothecase.
√ 2
DocumentIt!https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/document-it!/id669059716?mt=8
NationalFamilyJusticeCenterAlliance
Victimsofstrangulation
All Theapplicationis“designedtohelpwomendocumentincidentsofstrangulationandreferencesofanevent”.Userscan“gatherasmuchdetailaspossibleusingamobileapplicationandsubmitevidencetolawenforcementofficersortoanattorneywithaclickofabutton”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/document-it!/id669059716?mt=8
$1.99 4,6
DocumenttheAbusehttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ieaa/id538084573?mt=8
SusanMurphyMilano(creator),AllenCorporationofAmerica,Inc(seller)
Victimsofdomesticviolence
Criminal Thisapp“empowersthosewhohaveexperiencedintimatepartnerviolence”.Theappprovidesusers“withastep-by-stepmethodtocreateandrecordtheirEvidenceAbuseAffidavitusinganiPadoriPhone”.Theapp“walkspotentialvictimsthroughtheprocessofcreatingtheirownvideotestimonyandthensecurelytimestampsthevideotoproveitsexistence”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ieaa/id538084573?mt=8
$9.99 4,6
72
DOLTimesheethttps://www.dol.gov/general/apps/timesheet
USDepartmentofLabour
Employees Labour&Employment
Thisappis“atimesheettorecordthehoursthatyouworkandcalculatetheamountyoumaybeowedbyyouremployer.Italsoincludesovertimepaycalculationsatarateof1.5theregularrateofpayforallhoursworkedover40inaworkweek”.(Doesnotincludetips,commissions,bonuses,deductions,holidaypay,payforweekends,shiftdifferentials,orpayforregulardaysofrest).TheappisavailableinEnglishandSpanish.https://www.dol.gov/general/apps/timesheet
√ 4,6
Doxpophttps://www.doxpop.com/prod/
DoxpopLLC PeopleconductinglegalresearchinIndiana
All Thisappprovidesaccessto“over25,244,159casesfrom348courtsin88Indianacounties”.https://www.doxpop.com/prod/
√ 1
DraftLawhttps://www.draftlaw.com(appearstocurrentlybeinbeta)
DraftLaw,LLC Litigators All Thisappassistslawyersindraftinglitigationpapers.Theappautomaticallyformatsbriefstobecompliantwithcourtrulesandgeneratestablesofcontentsandauthorities.
√ 3
DueProcessrhttp://dueprocessr.org/courtcal/
DavidZvenyach,WilliamLi&DavidColarusso
PeoplewantingtodeterminetheireligibilityforindigentlegalservicesPeoplewantingtocalculatestateprisonsentencesforcriminaloffences
Criminal ThisappallowsuserstodeterminetheireligibilityforindigentlegalservicesinMassachusetts,andforcriminaldefendantstocalculatetheirstateprisonsentences.
√ 1,6
EasyNDAhttps://www.easynda.com/#3rdPage
EasyNDAInc. ContractingParties
Contract Thisappallowsuserstodraft,negotiateandsignnondisclosureagreementsonline.
$4-$79/month
3,6
73
Equalyzrhttp://www.equalyzr.com
SamOwens&FreemanLLC
Peoplewantingtofileadiscriminationclaim
Civil ThisappallowsuserstobuildadiscriminationreportthatissubmittedtoaCivilRightsattorney.Usersinputcontactinformationandfillaquestionnaireabouttheirexperiencebeingdiscriminatedagainst.Theythenrecordavideooftheirexperiencethatissenttoanattorneyandreviewed.
√ 1,2,3,4,6
eRegulationshttp://www.consumerfinance.gov/eregulations/
ConsumerFinancialProtectionBureau
Peopleresearchingforfederallaws
All Thisappisapublicdomainprojectthatseekstomakefederalregulationseasytounderstandandnavigate.
√ 1
Everplanshttps://www.everplans.com/#/?_k=7skgls
Beyondly,Inc Individuals WillsandEstates,Family,Health
Thiswebappallowsuserstoproduceandarchivewills,trusts,insurancepolicies,healthandmedialinformation,AdvanceDirectivesandDNRs,finalwishesandfuneralpreferences.Usersreceiveguidanceonhowtocompleteeachform,alongwithresourcesandchecklists,andeachdocumentcanbesharedsecurely.
√ 3
Evidpredicateshttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/evidpredicates/id390360684?mt=8
AnthonyShorter
Individualsengagedinlitigation.
Litigation(Evidence)
Thisappisareferenceguideforcourtroomevidentiaryfoundations.Userscan“reviewpredicatescommonlyusedingettingevidenceadmittedbylayingtheproperfoundation”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/evidpredicates/id390360684?mt=8
$1.99 1,6
ExpertBidshttps://expertbids.com
Developernotlocated
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thissiteconnectsuserswithattorneysbasedonprice,experience,practiceareaandlocation.Theprogramisalsoaplatformforcommunicationbetweenthelawyerandclient.Clientscanalsoratetheirexperiencewiththelawyerthroughtheprogram,whichisavailabletootherpotentialclients.
√ 2
74
ExpungeMaryland.orghttp://www.expungemaryland.org/about
AdvocatesforChildrenandYouthMarylandOfficeofthePublicDefenderCathyDeng(developer)
Peoplewithcriminalrecords
Criminal ThisisanappcreatedforpeoplewithcriminalrecordsinMaryland.Theappaimstoclarifycriminalexpungement.Itallowsuserstofillasimplequestionnairetodeterminewhethertheircaseisexpungeable.
√ 1,6
Expungement-Generatorhttps://www.expungementgenerator.org/
CommunityLegalServices,Inc(Philadelphia)
Peoplewithcriminalrecords
Criminal Thisappisatoolthatallowsnon-legaluserstoautomaticallydraftexpungementpetitions.
√ 1,3,6
Expungement.iohttp://www.expunge.io
CathyDeng(developer)MikvaJuvenileJusticeCouncil(Chicago)KnightFoundation
Peoplewithjuvenilerecords
Criminal ThisappisaresourceforpeoplewithjuvenilerecordsinIllinois.Userscandeterminewhethertheyareeligibletohavetheirjuvenilerecordsexpunged,andapplyforjuvenileexpungementin-app.
√ 1,3,6
EzVsahttp://ezvsa.com
ConsultAddInc PotentialimmigrantstotheUS
Immigration Thisappassistspotentialimmigrantscompilenecessarydocumentsandcompletevisaapplications.Alsoservicesavailableforlawyers.
√(feesassociatedwithlawyerservices)
2,3
FairDocumenthttp://www.fairdocument.com
JasonBrewster(ChiefExecutive)
Lawyers All Thisservice“providessolutionsforvirtualizinglegalteams,handlingonlineintakeandtrackingclientactivity”.http://www.fairdocument.com
Pricesavailableuponrequest(basedonservicerequired)
7
FindACasehttp://findacase.com
VersusLaw Peopleresearchingthelaw
All Thisappprovidesfreeaccesstofederalandstatecases,specificallytargetedatthegeneralpublictohelplayusersunderstandalegalissuebeforetheyconsultanattorney.
√($7.95ifwanttoaccess“complete
1,6
75
case”,includingdocketnumber,footnotes,etc.
Fixedhttps://techcrunch.com/2016/06/15/fixed-the-app-that-helps-you-fight-tickets-gets-acquired-by-a-law-firm/
DJBurdickandDavidHegarty
Peoplechargedwithtrafficviolations
Trafficoffenses Givesusersafreeestimateofthelegalcostsassociatedwithchallengingatrafficoffenceandthelikelihoodoftheirinsurancecostsincreasingand,ifrequired,willmatchtheticketwithanattorney.Theuserthendecideswhethertoacceptthematchedattorney.
√ 2,6
ForceForGoodhttp://www.publiccounsel.org/pages/?id=0053
PublicCounselLawCenter
LawyersseekingprobonofilesClientsseekingrepresentation
All ThisappconnectsPublicCounselrepresentatives(probonolawyers)withclients.Userscanrequestlegalaidthroughtheapp,lawyerscanvolunteerthroughtheappandpickupcasesandcanstayconnectedwithcasestheyarealreadyworkingonbybuildingreports.
√ 2
ForeclosureGuidehttp://www.empirejustice.org/issue-areas/consumer/mortgage-lending--foreclosure-prevention/foreclosure-guide.html
EmpireJusticeCentreCollegeofComputingandInformation(UniversityofAlbany)&GovernmentLawCenteratAlbanyLawSchool
Peoplepotentiallyfacingforeclosure
RealEstate Thisappisaguidedesignedtoempowerhomeownerswithknowledgeofthemortgageforeclosureprocesssotheycandotheirbesttopreventthelossoftheirhomethroughforeclosure.Thetoolprovidesinformationabouttheprocessandguideshomeownersthroughthestepsthattheymusttaketodefendthemselves.
√ 1,6
HandsUpApphttp://www.handsuptheapp.com
DuncanKirkwood(creator)
Peoplestoppedbythepolice
Criminal Thisapppermitsvideoandaudiorecordingofencounterswithlawenforcement.Oncepulledoverbyapoliceofficer,theappistobeturnedon,engagingthefrontfacingcamera.Theapprecordswhilethescreenisblacktoprotectusersfrompolicethatmaketakeordestroythephone.TheappthenusesaGPSfeatureandwillgeotagthevideos.Theappwillthensavevideosevery
$1.17 1,4,6,7
76
twominutesofrecordingtoYoutubeandDropbox,andwillsendtheusers’emergencycontactanotificationthatavideohasbeenuploaded.
HeatSeekhttp://heatseek.org
See,here,forlistofcoreteammembers(http://heatseek.org/team/)
Tenants Landlord/Tenant ThisappallowsuserstoinstallaHeatSeektemperaturesensorintheirdwellingwhichsendsinformationtotheapp.Theappwillnotifyuserswhenheatingcodeviolationsoccurandiftherearerecurringpatternsofabuse.
√ 4
I-CAN!Legal(TheInteractiveCommunityAssistanceNetwork)http://www.legalican.com
LegalAidSocietyofOrangeCountyfundedbythefederalLegalServicesCorporation
PeopleaccessingtheCourtsinOrangeCounty
All Thisweb-basedappfillsoutcourtformsforclientsbyaskingthemsimplequestionsandinputtingthisdataintotheformsinthecorrectplace.Itcanalsoprintinstructionstoadviseclientsonwhattodowiththeformsandhowthecourtprocessworks.(InCaliforniatheappcanalsoprovidee-filingofcertaincourtforms).
√ 1,3
I’mGettingArrestedhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=us.quadrant2.arrested&hl=en
Quadrant2,Inc.
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal ThismobileappwasinspiredbyanOccupyWallStreetincidentbetweenaprotesterandthepolice.TheappenablesuserstobroadcastacustommessagetoSMSnumbersintheeventthattheyarearrested,includingageotagforthemessage.Theappcurrentlysupports:Arabic,Basque,Catalan,English,French,German,Hindi,Italian,Japanese,Portuguese,Romanian,Russian,SpanishandTurkish.
√ 6,7
ICEBlackboxhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ice-blackbox/id629336149
ICEBlackBox,IncinpartnershipwithNationalSheriffsAssociationandNationalNeighborhoodWatch
Victimsofviolence
All Thisapp“sendsauser’saudio,videoandGPSinformationtoasecureserverwhereitbecomesapermanentrecordofthreateningsituations.Videoscannotbedeletedfromthedevice,preventinganattackerfromforcingausertodeleteanincidentagainsttheirwill.”Theappfeaturesinclude:onebuttonstreamingofaudio,videoandGPS,in-app911diallingwithauto-notificationstoemergencycontacts,reviewandsharevideosfunctionbytextoremail
√ 2,4
77
andvideoscannotbedeletedwithintheapp.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ice-blackbox/id629336149
iDisclosehttp://idisclose.com
iDiscloseLLC Smallbusinessandindividualsraisingcapital
Contract,Corporate
ThisappempowersindividualsandsmallbusinessesraisingcapitaltoshieldthemselvesfrominvestorsuitsandSECactions.Theapphoststemplatestolegalformsforcapitalraisinglikegeneralsolicitationandcrowdfundingdocumentsandallowsuserstocompletethesedocumentswithoutaccruinglegalfees.
$250-2500/form
3,6
IFJDhttp://www.courts.phila.gov/mobile/andhttps://itunes.apple.com/app/ifjd/id423005525?mt=8
FirstJudicialDistrictofPennsylvania
PeoplewhosecriminalmattersareinthePhiladelphiaCourts
Criminal ThismobileappdisplaysthehearinglistsfortheTrialDivision-Criminal(fromthePhiladelphiaCourts).
√ 2
IllinoisLegalAidhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.LegalAidApp&hl=en
IllinoisLegalAidOnline
PeopleseekinginformationonIllinoislawandconnectiontosocio-legalorganizations
All Thisappwasdesignedfornonlawyers.ItisafieldguidetoIllinoislaw,withsimplifiedlegaltoolsforissueslikedivorce,custody,criminalrecords,smallclaims,eviction,foreclosure,unemployment,namechange,guardianship,etc.This“plainlanguagelegalinformationincludesFAQs,step-by-stepinstructionsandreferralstohelpfulorganizations”.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.LegalAidApp&hl=en
√ 1
IllinoisLegalAidMobileApphttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.probono231&hl=en
IllinoisLegalAidOnline
ResidentsofIllinois
Family,Criminal,Civil,RealEstate,Property
Thisappwasmadefornon-lawyerstounderstandlegaltoolsforissueslikedivorce,custody,criminalrecords,smallclaims,eviction,foreclosure,unemployment,namechange,guardianship,etc.Usingplainlanguagelegalinformationin“FAQs,stepbystepinstructions,andreferralstohelpfulorganizers”,thisappishelpfulfor“families,consumers,workers,tenants,landlords,
√ 2,5
78
homeowners”,etc.,inIllinois.https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.ilao.probono231&hl=en
IllinoisProBonohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/illinois-pro-bono-app/id470688999?mt=8
IllinoisLegalAidOnline
LawyersseekinginformationonIllinoislawandavailableprobonofiles
All ThisappprovidesattorneyswithaprimeronIllinoislaw,avolunteeropportunitysearchfunctionforlawyersseekingprobonowork,andacalendarofupcominglegalevents.Additionally,itprovidestrainingandsupportforvolunteerworkthroughcomprehensiveguidesondivorce,custody,mortgageforeclosure,landlord/tenant,civilprocedure,consumerlaw,etc.
√ 1,2,7
iProBonohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/iprobono/id495613533
ArkansasAccesstoJusticeFoundation,Inc.
Lawyersseekingprobonofiles
All Thisappconnectslawyerstolow-incomeArkansans.Theappsortstheprobonocasesbasedonlegaltopicandcounty.
√ 2
Ironcladhttps://www.ironcladapp.com
IroncladInc. Contractingparties
Contract Userscangeneratelegaldocumenttemplatesandbrowsetheapp’ssavedtemplatesincludingNDAandsalescontracts.
Freeto$199/mo
3,6
JammedUphttp://www.jammedup.com
Developernotlocated
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Userspostfactsabouttheircaseandattorneyscanchoosetopickupthecasebasedonexpertise,availabilityandpricing.Usersreviewtheoffersandchoosethebestattorneyfortheirmatter.
√ 2
Justiahttps://www.justia.com
TimStanley(CEO)StaceyStern(President)
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappprovidesadatabaseoffreecaselaw,codesandregulations.
√ 1
LawKickhttps://lawkick.com
AaronGeorge,MichaelChasin,andStasBaydakov
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thisappconnectsindividualswithlawyersbasedonthelegalproblem/questiontheindividualhasandthepricetheyarewillingtopay.
√ 2
LawMixerhttp://lawmixer.com
Developernotlocated
Peoplewhohavelegalquestions
All Thiswebappproduceslegalanswersandadviceusingartificialintelligenceandmachinelearninganalytics.Userswriteabouttheirlegalproblemandtheappimmediatelyproduces
√ 1,5,6
79
legalinformationabouttheproblem.
LawBoxhttp://www.lawbox.com
NicholasZeltzer&PaulKerschen
Legalprofessionalsconductingresearchandproducinglegaltexts
All Thisappisa“documentsolutionswebapp”,“specializingine-publishingforthelegalmarket”.Theapp“producesdigitalbenchbooks”,“providesmobileresearchforlegalorganizations”and“developsutilitiesforiOSandMac”.http://www.lawbox.com
√ 1,7
LawDealhttps://lawdeal.com
LawDealLLC Individuals Contract,WillsandEstates
Thiswebappallowsuserstoproducetheirownlegaldocuments.
√ 3,6
LawDeeDahttps://www.lawdeeda.com
LawDeeDaLLC Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thisisadirectoryofattorneysthatislistedbypracticeareaandlocation.
√ 2
Lawgerhttp://lawger.com
Developernotlocated
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Usersinputtheirlegalproblemandlawyersregisteredwiththeprogramthenbidonthecase.Userscanthenelectwhichattorneytheywouldliketohaverepresentthem.
√ 2
LawGiveshttps://www.lawgives.com
Legal.io Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
Business,Immigration,Employment,FamilyandIntellectualProperty
Usersinputtheirlegalproblemandthesitegeneratesfreequotesandconsultationsfromregisteredattorneys.
√ 2
LAWLIBEhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lawlibe/id403807492?mt=8
FitzCollings
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisapp“comespreloadedwiththeUSConstitution.Userscanthendownloadadditionallegalcontentdirectlyintotheapp,includingtheUSCode,CodeofFederalRegulations,StateStatutes,theManualofPatentExaminingProcedure,etc.”https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/lawlibe/id403807492?mt=8
√ 1
LawNearMe.comhttps://lawnearme.com
Developernotlocated
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thisisadirectoryofattorneysthatislistedbypracticeareaandlocation.Userscanalsovideochatwiththeirattorneysandpostreviewsabouttheirexperience.
√ 2
80
LAWSAUCEhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.lawsauce.droid&hl=en
NatalieWielandRuthBird
Lawyers All Thisapp“islikeaGPSforlawyers.Itisane-resourcelocatordevelopedtoquicklylocatetherightwebresourceforlegaltasks.Thisway,lawyerscanfindtherightlegaltoolsquicklyandcanknowwhatthebestresourceisforagiventask.”https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.lawsauce.droid&hl=en
$3.08 1
LawTakehttp://www.lawtake.com
SuzanneNatbonyandMichaelNatbony
Peoplelookingtoresolvetheirownlegalissues
All Userscanbrowsethroughlegalissuesandwatchfree,informativevideostohelpthemresolvetheirlegalproblem.Theycanthenpurchasemoreindepthvideostoaidthemwithresolution.
√ 1,6
Lawtradeshttps://www.lawtrades.com
LawTradesInc Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
Business,IntellectualProperty,EmploymentandContract
Usersinputinformationabouttheirlegalprojectandreceivepricequotesandlocalattorneys.Userscancommunicateviatheappandviewtheirlegalhistorywithatimeline.
√ 2,7
LawyerUphttps://lawyerupnow.com
UbiquitousLegalTechnology,LLC
Peoplestoppedandchargedbythepolice
Criminal Thisappconnectsuserswhohavepre-downloadedthemobileappwithlocallawyersin15minutesorless.Afteropeningtheapptheuserinputstheoffencetheyarechargedwith,andtheoperatorwillconfirmtheusersidentity,recordgeolocation,numberandimmediatelydispatchalawyertotendtothematter.Byexample,thelawyerwillimmediatearrangeforabondsman.Allservicesarenottoexceedonebillablehour.
$4.95/mo
2
LawZamhttps://www.lawzam.com
LawZamLLC
Peoplelookingtobeconnectedwithlegaladvice
All Thisappcreatesa“platformforfreelegalconsultationsbyvideoconference”.“Thismakestheprocessoffindingalawyereasyastheapphasaselectionofattorneysregisteredwiththeservice.Theseattorneysdonotchargefeesforinitialconsultationsandnoobligationsaretiedtouserswhohaveafreeconsultation.LawZamdoesnotdealwiththefinancialtransactionsbetween
√ 2
81
usersandregisteredattorneys.Itismerelyaplatformforcommunication.”https://www.lawzam.com
LegalClickhttps://www.legalclick.com
LegalClickLLC Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thisplatformallowsuserstofindalocallawyerthroughitsdirectory.Clientscanalsoeditassembleandsignlegaldocumentsandpaytheirfeesthroughtheplatform.
√ 2,7
LegalCrunch!http://www.legalcrunch.com
LegalCrunch,Inc
Peoplewithcriminalrecords
Criminal Thissiteprovidesflatfeelegalservicesthatdirectusersthroughtheexpungementprocessonline.
$200 1,3,5,6
LegalEdgehttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/legal-edge/id333365053?mt=8
JDSupra.com Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappallowsusers“tostayontopofthelatestlegaldevelopmentstheymightbeinterestedinwithupdates,newsalertsandcasefilingsfromthenation’slegalprofessionals”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/legal-edge/id333365053?mt=8
√ 1
LegalLexiconhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.legallexicon&hl=en
DK Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappprovideseasyaccesstocomplexlegalterminology.Itfeaturesalargerepositoryoflegalterms,maximsandphrasesandallowsuserstosearchforspecificwordsandaddwordstoalistofbookmarks.
√ 1
LegalProofhttp://legalproofapp.netandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/legal-proof/id979010945?mt=8
OmegaOrtegaLLC&TomOrtegaII(Creator)
Peopleinvolvedincivilsuits
Civil Thisappallowsusers“tocollectandshare(viaemail)evidencethatmaybeneededinaciviltrial”.First,theappinformsusersaboutwhatkindofevidencetheyneedtocollectbasedontheirlegalproblem.Second,theapptellsuserswhattypeofprooftheyshouldcollect,andfinally,userscanusetheirphonecameratocapturetheproof,fileitontheappandshareitwiththeirlawyerortheotherpartybyemail.http://legalproofapp.net
√ 4
LegalReachhttp://www.legalreach.com
LegalReach,LLC
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Usersinputkeywordsabouttheirlegalissueandareconnectedwithlawyersinthatpracticearea.
√ 2
82
LegalRobothttps://www.legalrobot.comandhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/legal-robot/id1072408741?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo=4
LegalRobot,Inc
Contractingparties
Contract Thismachinelearning-poweredtoolenablesuserstoreviewcontractsbeforetheyexecutethembypointingouterrorsandpotentiallegalproblemsinthedocument.Thealgorithmstestforfairnessandriskallocationsoallpartiesareawareoftheterms.
Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonservice).Downloadofmobileappisfree
6,7
LegalTaphttp://app.legaltap.co
LegalTap,LLC Peoplelookingforlegaladvice
All Usersopentheapptochatwithalawyerfor15minutesandareprovidedwithlegaldocuments,ifnecessary.Iftheclientrequiresthelawyerfurther,theapppromptstheusertoretainthelawyer.
$39/visit
2,3
LegalZoomhttps://www.legalzoom.com/index_hero_v1.html
BrianLiu,BrianLee,EddieHartmanandRobertShapiro(Founders)
Peoplelookingtocreatelegaldocuments
Commercial/Corporate;WillsandEstates
Allowsuserstocreatealastwill,incorporateabusiness,trademarkanameortakecareofothercommonlegalmatters.Thisappprovidesstep-by-stepdirectionsonhowtoproducelegaldocuments.
Pricesvarydependingonservice
3
LegalSifterhttps://www.legalsifter.com
LarsMahler,ElliottWilliamsandKevinMiller
Peoplemanaginglegaldocuments
All Thisisanartificialintelligenceplatformthatallowsuserstoreviewlegaldocuments.Theprogramwillextractterms,conditions,dataandinsightsfromcontractsformsanddocumentsforuserstohaveabetterunderstandingoftheirlegalrightsandobligations.
Pricesavailableuponrequest
6,7
LegalYouhttps://legalyou.com(appearstobeinbeta)
LegalYouLLC Peopleresearchingthelaw
All Thisappoffersfreeinstructiononthelawandaccesstolegalforms,andsellsunbundledlegalservicesthroughmonthlymemberships.
Monthlyplansavailableuponrequest(basedonfirmsize)
1,3,5
83
Legitimohttp://www.lifeofthelaw.org/2014/03/qa-with-a-legal-startup-legitimo-the-app-that-makes-you-contracts-in-spanish/
NikhilJhunjhnuwala
Peoplelookingtoproducecontracts
Contract Thisappallowsusers“toaccesssimplecontracttemplatesavailableinEnglishandSpanish.Informationisautomaticallyfilledinfollowingashortquestionnaireandthenuserscansendthecontracttoanotherpartytosignitandproduceapdfversion.Contracttemplatesinclude:servicecontracts,saleandpurchasecontracts,subleasesandloanagreements.”http://www.lifeofthelaw.org/2014/03/qa-with-a-legal-startup-legitimo-the-app-that-makes-you-contracts-in-spanish/
√ 1,3,6
Leveragehttps://www.leverageapp.com
RayGallo(CEO)SeanCarr(PresidentandCOO)
Peopleinvolvedinclassactionsuits
All Thisisaweb-basedappthat“automatesmuchoftheadministrativeworkofmassactions”.“Thismakeslawsuitsmoreeconomicallyviableformorelawfirms.Leveragemanagesclientsign-ups,initialinterviews,documentrequests,andcommunication”.https://www.leverageapp.com
√ 2,7
LexisAdvancehttp://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/mobile.page
LexisNexis Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappisalegalreferencetoolthatallowsuserstoconductlegalresearchand“accessvitalinformationquicklywhilestayingontopofthelatestnewsandemerginglegalissues”.http://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/mobile.page
√(mustbeasubscribertoLexisAdvance)
1
LexShareshttps://www.lexshares.com
LexSharesInc Individualsandcorporations
All Thiswebappallowsuserstocontributefundstolitigantsfortheirlegalfeesinexchangeforashareofthepotentialsettlement.
√ 7
LexisCourtLinkhttps://www.lexisnexis.com/start/signin?service=courtlink&contractURL=http%3a%2f%2fcourtlink.lexisnexis.com%2fSiteAccess%
LexisNexis
Peopleinvolvedinlegalmattersbeforeacourt
All Thismobileappallowsusers“toreviewrecentcourtdocketAlertandTrackactivity”.UserscanalsosetupalertsandtracksontheCourtLinkwebsiteandthenmonitorthemfromanydevice.https://www.lexisnexis.com/start/signin?service=courtlink&contractURL=http%3a%2f%2fcourtlink.lexisnexis.com%2fSiteAccess%2fLNASContractUrl.aspx&key=_c6ED
√(mustbeasubscribertoCourtLink)
1,2
84
2fLNASContractUrl.aspx&key=_c6ED7ABED-A7D2-3E3D-9036-52C42672A7BE_k10CD5B42-22AF-0A66-E6EF-9EE6522DB9B7&event=form
7ABED-A7D2-3E3D-9036-52C42672A7BE_k10CD5B42-22AF-0A66-E6EF-9EE6522DB9B7&event=form
MaineHelpMELawApphttp://helpmelaw.org/app_support
PineTree Peoplelookingforlegalaid
All ThisappprovidescontactinformationandwebsitelinksformajorstatewidelegalaidprogramsinMaine.ItalsofeaturesanewsfeedfromallofMaine’sstatewidelegalservicesprogramsandonlineself-helpcontentforMainersseekinglegalinformation.Byexample,contentincludes:“tipsbeforeyourent,overviewofMaineCareeligibility,legalservicesfortheelderlyonpreparingpowersofattorneyandvotingrightsinformation”.http://helpmelaw.org/app_support
√ 1,2
MarylandLawHelpApphttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/maryland-law-help/id1023213394?ls=1&mt=8
MarylandJudiciary(AdministrativeOfficeoftheCourts)
Peoplelookingforlegalresources,adviceandinformationinMaryland
All Thisapp“bringstogethertoolsandresourcesdevelopedbytheMarylandJudiciaryandotherstohelpMarylandersusethecourtsorfindlegalhelp.LeanaboutMarylandlaw,findalawyerormediator,watchvideosonhowtousethecourts,andevencallorchatwithanattorneyattheSelf-HelpCenter”https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/maryland-law-help/id1023213394?ls=1&mt=8
√ 1,2,5,6
MassachusettsSubpoenaServiceshttp://www.ips-notary.com/subpoena.html#request
KoreyHumphreys
Peoplelookingtosubpoenaorsummonotherparties
All Thisappcanissuesummonsandsubpoenasforusersbasedontheinformationinputintotheironlineform.
√ 3
85
MightyGrouphttps://mighty.com
MightyGroup,Inc
Individualsandcorporations
All Thiswebappencouragesindividualsandcorporationstoassistlitigantswiththeirlegalfees(likecrowdsourcing).
√ 7
MobileIncidentReportingApphttps://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/slideshow/mira-quick-tour
NYSJusticeCenterfortheprotectionofPeoplewithSpecialNeeds
PeoplewantingtosubmitreportstotheVulnerablePersonsCentralRegister
Criminal/Tort Thisappallows“custodiansandothermandatedreporterstoeasilysubmitreportableincidentstotheVulnerablePersonsCentralRegister(VPCR).TheappenablesuserstoaccessFAQs,securelysaveinformationsothatitcanbesubmittedquicklyforfuturereportsandviewtheconfirmationnumbersofpreviouslysubmittedreportsforquickreference.(Employeesofcoveredfacilitiesandprogramsareencouragedtousetheapptofulfiltheirlegaldutytoreportall‘significantincidents’whichhavethepotentialtoharmthehealth,safetyorwelfareofservicerecipients).”https://www.justicecenter.ny.gov/slideshow/mira-quick-tour
√ 3,4
MobileJusticeAZhttps://itunes.apple.com/app/id1031663730
Quadrant2,Inc.&AmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofArizona
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforArizona
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeCaliforniahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-california/id979642692?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.&AmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofSouthCalifornia
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforCalifornia
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeColoradohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-colorado/id1031612987?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.&AmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofColoradp
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforColorado.
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeDC
Quadrant2,Inc.
Peoplewhohavebeen
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforWashingtonD.C.
√ 1,2,4,6
86
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-washington/id1031582479?mt=8
andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionDistrictofColumbia
stoppedbythepolice
MobileJusticehttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-georgia/id1031623444?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionDistrictofGeorgia
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforGeorgia
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeMarylandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-maryland/id1031609886?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMaryland
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMaryland
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeMichiganhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-michigan/id984955837?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMichigan
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMichigan
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeMinnesotahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-minnesota/id1031606995?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMinnesota
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMinnesota
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJustice–Missourihttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-missouri/id960695671?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMissouri
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMissouri
√ 1,2,4,6
87
MobileJusticeMississippihttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-mississippi/id962204203?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMississippi
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMississippi
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeMNhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-minnesota/id1031606995?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofMinnesota
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforMinnesota
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeNebraskahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-nebraska/id962204214?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNebraska
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNebraska
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeNewJerseyhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-new-jersey/id1031595805?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNewJersey
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNewJersey
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeNewMexicohttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-new-mexico/id1031620644?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNewMexico
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNewMexico
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeNorthCarolinahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-north-carolina/id984955879?mt=8/
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofNorthCarolina
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforNorthCarolina
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJustice Quadrant2, Peoplewho Criminal Sameasabove,exceptfor √ 1,2,4,6
88
Oklahomahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-oklahoma/id1031625145?mt=8
Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofOklahoma
havebeenstoppedbythepolice
Oklahoma
MobileJusticeOregonhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-oregon/id962203720?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofOregon
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforOregon
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticePennsylvaniahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-pennsylvania/id1031334029?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofPennsylvania
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforPennsylvania
√ 1,2,4,6
MobileJusticeVirginiahttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/mobile-justice-virginia/id1031621926?mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.andAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionofVirginia
Peoplewhohavebeenstoppedbythepolice
Criminal Sameasabove,exceptforPennsylvania
√ 1,2,4,6
Modriahttp://modria.com
Modria.com,Inc
Disputingparties
Commercial ThisisanonlinedisputeresolutionforumforeCommercedisputes.Theplatformincludesresolutionflowsforcommonissueslike“itemnotreceived”or“itemnotasdescribed”,etcandupdatesthecustomerabouttheresolutionprocesssotheyareawareofwhatisnecessarytoresolvetheissue.
$550-$3,600/mo
6
MultipleBillCalculatorhttps://loyolalawtech.org/calc/
LoyolaLitigationandTechnologyClinic
PeopleresearchingcriminalsentencesinLouisiana
Criminal ThiswebappallowsuserstoestimatetheminimumandmaximumsentencingrangesformultipleoffendersinLouisiana(undertheState’sHabitualOffenderLaw).
√ 1
89
MyAttorneyAppshttp://www.myattorneyapps.com/
JasonTurchin Lawyerslookingtoconnectwithnewclients/currentclientsonlineClientswhowanttokeepuptodateontheirfilesonline
All Thisisacustomizablelawfirmappforbothlawyersandtheirclients.LawyerscanproducechecklistsandFAQsfortheirservices,cancreateinteractivebusinesscardsandcontacts,canbuildanexistingclientfeatureintotheapp,customizedforanyspecificpracticearea(byexample,forpersonalinjurylawyers,theclientscansendpicturesoftheirinjuriestobestoredintheapp),canproduceacustomizedflashintrowiththeirlogoandcontactinformation,canintegratetheirwebsiteintotheapp,canincludelocationlistswithmapintegrationandnavigationintegration,andcanproduceasectionforverdictsandsettlementstoshowclientsandpotentialclientssomeexamplesofthelawyer’sexperience.Lawyerscanalsocreatescreenswithinformationaboutthefirm,forsocialnetworking,forcustomcontactandcustompracticeareakits.Last,LawyerscanenablemultilingualservicesiftheirclientbasespeaksSpanish,French,Creole,etc..Clientscanhaveaninstantprofessionalrelationshipwiththeattorneyandtheirfirm.Moreover,theycangetcasesettlementupdates,freelegaltipsandadviceandfreeconsultations.
√ 2,4
MyHealthCareWishesProhttp://www.americanbar.org/groups/law_aging/MyHealthCareWishesApp.html(removedfromITunesandGooglePlayStoreinSeptember
AmericanBarAssociatio
Peoplewantingtodocumenttheirhealthcareandend-of-lifewishes
Health Thisisanappthatallowsclientstokeepallhealthcarewishesanddemandsontheirsmartphone.“Healthcarewishesbecomedocumented,importedandstoredontheuser’ssmartphonesomedicaldecision-makingcanhappeninstantaneouslyanywhere”.Keyfamilyandmedicalcontacts,insuranceinformationandanyotherhealthrealtiesinformationcanalsobestored.http://www.americanbar.org/groups/law_aging/MyHealthCareWi
√ 1,2,3,4
90
2016“duetoreasonsoffinancialsustainability”)
shesApp.html
MyLawsuit.comhttps://www.mylawsuit.com/about
MicheleColucci(Founder)
Victimsoftortsseekinglawyers
Tort Thisappprovides“acompetitivemarketplaceforcontingencyfeetortlawsuits”.“Lawyerssubscribedlisttheirfeesandusersselectthemostdesirablebid”.
√ 2
NationalLegalAidFinderhttp://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps
PineTree Peoplelookingforlegalaid
All Thisappprovidescontactinformationandwebsitelinksforlegalaidprogramsaroundthecountry.Informationisprovidedonastate-by-statebasis.
√ 1,2
NationalLegalAidNewshttp://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps
PineTree Peopleseekinglegalaid
All Thisapp“providesnewsaboutlegalaidandrelatedprogramsaroundthestates.”http://ptla.org/pine-trees-legal-aid-apps
√ 1,2,7
NextChapterhttp://nextchapterbk.com
JanineSickmeyer(CEOandFounder)
Lawyers Bankruptcy Thisappassistslawyersinpreparingbankruptcydocumentsfortheirclients.Lawyersanmanagenewclientintake,documentuploadandstorage,andfilingdocumentswiththecourt,fromtheapp.
$149/mo
3,7
NewYorkCityEarnedSickTimeAdvisorhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/nyc-sicktime
StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogic
PeopleemployedinNYC
Labour Thisappassistsusersindeterminingwhethertheyqualifyforsicktimeoffwork,andcalculatestheamountearnedaccordingtotheNYCSickTimeAct.
√ 1,7
Notarizehttp://notarize.com
PatKinselandAdamPase
Individualsandcorporations
All Thisappallowsuserstonotarizedocumentsonlinewithe-signaturesandvideoprofiles.Usersuploadtheirdocumentswhicharethennotarizedwithanotarypublicwhohasavideoprofilewiththeapp.
√ 3,6
‘OhCrap!’Apphttp://oh-crap-app.com
RobertRehkemper(creator)&OhCrapAppLLC
Driversinvolvedinaccidentsortrafficinfractions
Criminal(traffic),Civil(tort)
Thisappequipsuserswithtoolslikeinformationalbloodalcoholcalculator,taxiquickcontactsandaudiorecordingfunctionstopromotelegalrightseducation.“CrapChatallowsuserstopostandreceivenotificationsabout
√ 1,2,4,6
91
eventsofinteresttakingplaceintheircommunity.Theycanpostandreceivealertsregardinglawenforcementactivitiesintheircommunitylikespeedtraps,roadblocksorothereventsofinterest”.TheOhCrap!button“providesuserswithcrashcoursesontheirlegalrightswhenconfrontedbylawenforcementandalsogivesthemaccesstoarecordingfunctiontoassistindocumentingtheencounter”.Ifwifiordataserviceisunavailable,“therecordinguploadstotheOhCrapAppremoteserverforsafestorageandmaylaterbeusedincourtproceedingsifnecessary”.(Additionaldatachargesmaybeincurredatuserssoleexpense).TheEducateMesection“provideshelpfulinformationaboutlegalrightswithstatespecificinformationregardingdrunkdrivingrightsthatvaryfromstatetostate.TheEmergencyHelpsectionputsusersindirectcontactwithlawyersandbondsmenintheirareawiththeclickofabutton”.http://oh-crap-app.com
OhioSixthDistrictCourtofAppealsapphttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/ohio-sixth-district-court/id1001442174?mt=8
Web&ITGroup,LLC
PeopleusingtheCourtsinOhio
All Thisappallowsuserstofollowcourtdecisionsandviewthecourt’soralargumentcalendar.Theycanalsoreceivenotificationswhennewdecisionsarereleasedorthecalendarisupdated.Allcasespostedonthecourtwebsitearesearchableintheapp.
√ 1,2
OpenAdvocatehttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/open-advocate/id492494837?mt=8
UrbanInsight,Inc
Peoplelookingforlegalaid
All Thismobileappisadirectory“usedtoaccesslegalaidwebsitesandinformationacrosstheUnitedStates.”https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/open-advocate/id492494837?mt=8
√ 1,2
OPENREGShttps://itunes.apple.com/ap
PeterSnyder Peopleconductinglegal
All Thisapphostsafederalregulationsdatabase.Userscan“findrecentlyissuednoticesof
√ 1
92
p/openregs/id331752432?mt=8
research finalandproposedrulemaking.Userscanbrowsebyagencyorcommentperiodsclosingsoonorrecentlyopened.Theycanalsomarkindividualregulationswithastarandtheneasilyviewalistofallstarredregs.Regulationscanalsobeemailedforlaterreference.”https://itunes.apple.com/app/openregs/id331752432?mt=8
OrderofProtectionHOTDOCShttp://www.illinoislegalaid.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.dsp_content&contentID=5177&zipcode=61602&criteria=domestic%20violence&print=yes
IllinoisLegalAidOnline
Victimsofharassment
Criminal/Tort Thiswebapphelpsuserscompletetheformstoaskthecourttoordersomeonetostopharmingorthreateningharmtotheuserand/orotherhouseholdmembers.(ThisisnotforuseinCookCounty,Illinois)
√ 1,3,6
OyezTodayHDhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/oyeztoday/id416613058?mt=8
Oyez PeopleinterestedinthepoliticsofandlawexpoundedbytheUSSupremeCourt
All Thisappprovides“biosofSupremeCourtJudges,anarchiveofcasesandoralargumentswithtranscriptsthatfollowalongwithplayback”.https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/oyeztoday/id416613058?mt=8
√ 1
PacerProhttps://www.pacerpro.com
GavinMcGrane(CEOandFounder)
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappisalegalresearchtool.UserscansearchlegaldocumentsforfreewithaBooleansearch,batchdownload,andautomaticallynamefiles.“Thisserviceconnectswiththedistrictandbankruptcycourtsinrealtimemeaningthatwhenusersrunasearch,theresultsaremorecompleteandup-to-the-secondaccurate”.https://www.pacerpro.com
√ 1
PageVaulthttps://www.page-vault.com
PageVaultInc Lawyers All Thissoftwareallowslawyerstocaptureandprintimagesofwebpagesandformatsthemsothattheyareauthenticatedandthusadmissibleevidence.
$195-495/mo
4
93
PaperSoftwarehttps://papersoftware.com/turner.html
BenjaminWhetsell&NathanWhetsell
Peoplelookingtoreviewcontracts
All Thisapp“makesiteasytonavigatethrough,search,edit,addcross-referencesto,reviewandnegotiatecontracts”.https://papersoftware.com/turner.html
$20/mo
6,7
PaperHealthhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/paperhealth/id908392954?mt=8
WilliamPalin Peoplewhowanttodocumenttheirhealthcaredesires
Health Theappallowsuserstoassignahealthcareproxyandproducelivingwills.
√ 3,6
PaperWorkhttp://cambridgelaw.org
CambridgeLawLawOfficeofWilliamPalin
People/LawyersinvolvedinmattersbeforeMassachusettsFamilyorProbateCourts
FamilyandProbate
Thisappis“designedexclusivelyforapplicationstotheMassachusettsFamilyandProbateCourt”.Itallowsforusers“tofillin,editandsaveeverydocumentinFamilyCourt”.Inaddition,thereistheability“tosignallofthesedocumentsandcollaboratewithcolleagues”.“Anunfinishedformcanbetransferredtoanyonewiththeappandeverydocumentissavedandstoredforeditorchangeslater”.Italso“hasbuiltinRemindersappwithlocalnotifications,aMassachusettsChildSupportCalculatorandAlimonyCalculatorusingthemostrecentformulas”.http://cambridgelaw.org
√ 1,3
PennsylvaniaChildren’sMedicaidAppealsAdvisorhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/phlp-appeals-advisor;http://www.phlp.org
StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentre,poweredbyNeotaLogic
ParentswithchildreninPennsylvania
Health ThisappguidesparentswithchildrenthroughtheMedicaidappealsprocessiftheircoverageprovider“hasdenied,reducedorterminatedtheirservices”.https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/press-releases/iron-tech-lawyer-spring-2014.cfm
√ 1,7
PeopleClaim.comhttp://www.peopleclaim.com/
MarkDeuitch Peoplelookingtoresolvedisputeswithoutlawyers
Commercial Thisappisanonlinedisputeresolutionservicethatusespeer-to-peerandcrowdsourcedmechanismstoresolvecommercialclaims.
√(low-costservicesalsoavailable)
6
94
PlainSitehttp://www.plainsite.org
ThinkComputerCorporation&ThinkComputerFoundation
Peopledoinglegalresearch
All Thisappprovides“non-lawyerseasytonavigateaccesstotheentireAmericanlegalsystemwithaccesstopublicrecordsfromagencies,patentapplications,corporateprofilesandpublicfederalandstatecasedockets.Non-publicanalyticdataisalsoavailable.”Featuresinclude“theabilitytosearchforcasesbycasetitle,anenhancedviewofeachcases’docket,statisticsonlawfirms’andlawyer’shistoricalactivity,anattorneyfinderbasedonpastcaseloads,andaMotionSensor(whichallowstheusertoseehowagivenjudgeorlawyerhasbehavedwithregardtocertainkindsofmotionsinthepast).”http://www.plainsite.org
√(chargesforadvancedfeatures)
1
PocketDACAhttp://www.lawhelpmn.org/resource/pocket-daca
ImmigrationAdvocatesNetwork/ProBonoNet
PeopleseekingimmigrationtotheUSasaDeferredActionChildhoodArrivalcandidate
Immigration Thisappprovidesaself-screeningtoolforDeferredActionforChildhoodArrivals(DACA)applicantstounderstandtheireligibilityforthestatus,andasearchabledirectoryoflistingsforimmigrationlegalservicesproviders,includingnon-profitgroups,throughouttheStates.ItalsoincludeslinkstonewsaboutthedeferredactionprocessandFAQs.
√ 1,2,5
PrioriLegalhttps://www.priorilegal.com
Founders:BashaRubin,MirraLeveittandDanFischer
Start-upsandBusinesseswantinglegalhelp
All ThiswebappisaplatformthatconnectssmallbusinessesintheNYCareawithexpert,fixed-feelawyers(basedonlocationandareaofpractice).
√ 2
Pushlegalhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/statutes-case-law-library/id659329698?mt=8
TexasLegalAppsLLC
Peopledoinglegalresearch
All Thismobileappallowsuserstoaccessrulesorstatutessimplywithpointandclicknavigation.Theappwillshowtheusertheleadingcaselawassociatedwithaspecificruleorstatute.
√ 1
QuickLegalhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.quicklegal.app&hl=en
QuicklegalPracticeManagement
Peoplelookingforlegaladvice
All Thisappprovideson-demandlegalservices.Itprovidescontactinformationfornearestlawyertousers,hostslegalquestionnairestohelpusersdeterminewhethertheirproblemisdefinitivelylegalandconnectsuserstolawyers
√ 2,5
95
throughavideochat.(Additionally,theappprovidescasemanagementfeaturesforattorneyslikecasebriefs,timemanagementtools,acalendar,contacts,continuedlegaleducationresourcesandinformationaboutmalpracticeinsurance).
RavelLawhttps://www.ravellaw.com
DanielLewis(CoFounderandCEO)
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappproduces“graphicsoflegaldatarelatedtolegalresearchdocuments(court,date,precedent)”.“Thismakesiteasytozeroinoninfluentialandoutliercases”.
https://www.ravellaw.com
√ 1
RocketLawyerhttps://www.rocketlawyer.com/find-a-lawyer.rl
CharleyMoore,Esq.,Founder&CEO
Peoplelookingforquicklegaladvice,toproducelegaldocumentsonline
Family;Health;Labour&Employment;Property&Finance;Corporate
Thisappallowsuserstoproducelegaldocuments,getlegaladvicefromanOnCallattorneyandbecomeconnectedwithalawyertoenforcedocumentsproducedthroughtheservice.
$39.95/mo(premium);$49.95/mo(accelerate)
3,5
RocketMatterhttps://www.rocketmatter.com
RocketMatter,LLC
Lawyerswantingtotrackclients’funds
All Thisappisa“legalbillingapplicationthatallowsfirmstoinstantlyseethestatusofaclient’sfundsandwhatisavailableforwithdrawal”.Theappalsohostsataskmanagerfunctionthatallowsuserstocreate,track,updateandassigntaskstootherusers”.Finallytheappallowsusersto“producereportsaboutclientprofitability,andtodeterminewhichassociatesbillthemosttime.Atanytime,thefirmisabletoseetheworkbilled,theamountpendinginvoicing,etc.”https://www.rocketmatter.com
√(NeedtohaveRocketMattersubscription)
7
Rulebookhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/rulebook/id454619081?mt=8
ReadyReferenceApps,LLC
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappisalegalreferencetoolthatenablesusers“toconsultwithfreebooksofFederalRulesofEvidence,theUSConstitution,etc”.https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/rulebook/id454619081?mt=8
√ 1
96
Sanzahttp://sanza.co
PeterShin Potentialimmigrants
Immigration Thisappconnectspotentialimmigrantswithimmigrationexpertsforone-hourfreeconsultationsinCalifornia.
√ 1,5
SCOTUSMapperhttp://law.ubalt.edu/faculty/scotus-mapping/SCOTUS_Mapper_2point0.cfm
ColinStarger(UniversityofBaltimoreSchoolofLaw)
PeoplelookingtofindoutaboutUSSupremeCourtdecisions
All ThisapphelpsvisualizeSupremeCourtprecedent.Basedonthecitationsofagivencase,itcreatesnetworkstohelpusersautomaticallyunderstandtheconnectivityaroundaparticularlegalissue.Theendresultisaneasy-to-readvisualizationofprecedent.Mapperwilllookatanyareaofthelaw.
√ 1
SCOTUSServohttps://github.com/vzvenyach/scotus-servo
DavidZvenyach
PeoplelookingtofindoutaboutUSSupremeCourtdecisions
All ThisapptrackschangesmadetoUSSupremeCourtdecisionsafterthedecisionsarepublished.
√ 1
SealXhttps://bitproof.io
Bitproof,Inc Contractingparties
Contract ThisappallowsuserstosealtheircontractintheBitcoinblockchainsoitbecomesimpossibletotamperwithitscontent.
$20 3,7
Shakehttps://www.shakelaw.comandhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/shake-create-contracts-legal/id601561998?mt=8&ign-mpt=uo%3D4
Pre-PaidLegalServices,Inc
Contractingparties
Contract Thisappenablesuserstoproducelegalagreementsonline.Theappguidesuserswithquestionnairestoproducethespecifictermsoftheirlegaldocuments,andallowsthemtosend,shareandsignin-app.
√ 3,6
SmartLegesLawReaderhttp://smartleges.com
SmartLeges Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All ThisappisalawreaderthatallowsuserstosearchforlawsintheUSA,Mexico,India,UK,Columbia,Brazil,Argentina,Chile,France,Italy,andSpain.Userscanreceivenotificationswhenalawisupdated,underline,makenotationsandbookmarktheirsearches.
√ 1
97
SmartRuleshttp://www.smartrules.com
RPCDHoldingsLLC
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisapp“unitesallrelevantrulesfromallsourcesanddistilsthemintoasimpletaskandjurisdictionspecificguidebasedonthelawyer’stask(i.e.filingamotiontocompelinLosAngelesSuperiorCourt)”.Theappalsoprovidesexpertcommentaryandisupdateddaily.
√ 1
Snaptermshttp://snapterms.com
SnaptermsLLC Entrepreneurswithwebsites
Contract,Privacy Thisonlinesolutionassistswebsitedesignersingeneratingeffectiveandcompletetermsofservice.Theprogramguaranteesa2-hourconsultationwithanattorney.
Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonprojectsize)
1,3
StartupDocumentshttps://www.startupdocuments.com
StartupDocuments
Entrepreneursandsmallbusinesses
Corporate,Contract
Thisappallowssmallbusinessesandentrepreneurstoproduceandstorelegaldocuments.Thewebappalsogivesdocumentcreationadvice(e.g.commoncontractualterms).
$99-300/service
1,3
StateDecodedhttp://www.statedecoded.com
Fundedby:theJohnS.andJamesL.KnightFoundation
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisweb-appis“anonlineplatformthatdisplaysandinterpretscodes,laws,legislationandcourtdecisionsbystatetomakethemmoreunderstandable”.“TheStateDecodedAPIallowsdeveloperstoaccessandintegratethedataandfunctionalityoftheappwithothersandtocreatenewapplications”.http://www.statedecoded.com
√ 1,7
StelluteLawApphttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stellute-law-app/id714231831?ls=1&mt=8
StelluteLawFirm
Driversinvolvedinaccidentsortrafficinfractions
Criminal(traffic) AvailableinVirginia,thisappprovidesinformationfordriversongaspricesatvariousgasstations,roadalerts,livefeedtrafficcameras,legalhelpandallowsuserstoeasilycollectevidenceatthesceneofanaccidentbybeingdirectedbystepbystepdirections.Userscanrecordtestimonyfromwitnessesandtakephotosatthescene.Moreover,theappprovidesa
√ 2,4
98
directoryformedics,roadsideassistance,taxisandtowingcompanies.
Stop&FriskWatchhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stop-frisk-watch/id583006596?ls=1&mt=8
Quadrant2,Inc.&NewYorkCivilLibertiesUnion
PeoplestoppedinastreetsearchbytheNYPD
Criminal Thisapp,availablebothinEnglishandSpanish,providesuserswiththeabilityforbystandersandaccusedpersonstofullydocumentstopandfriskencounters.Theappallowsuserstofilm,record,andreportpolicemisconductwithasurvey,thatisthenimmediatelysenttheNYCLUtooverseetheNYPDconduct.Theappalsoincludesa“knowyourrights”section“thatinstructspeopleabouttheirrightswhenconfrontedbypoliceandtheirrighttofilmpoliceactivityinpublic”.http://www.nyclu.org/app
√ 1,4,6
StopaStalkerhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stopastalker/id645238415?mt=8
NathanCarey
Victimsofharassmentand/orcriminalstalkingbehaviour
Criminal Thisappallowsusers“toempowerthemselvestostopbeingvictimsandtakeactionagainststalkers”.“Userscancollectinformation,collateitandreporttoauthoritiesinasimpleappmadeforvictimsofstalking.Madeinconjunctionwithleadingcriminologistsandvictimssupportforums,theappallowsuserstodocumenttime,locationandnumberofincidents,etc.”https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/stopastalker/id645238415?mt=8
$0.99 6,7
Sunlighthttp://sunlightfoundation.com/criminaljustice/
SunlightFoundation
Peopleinterestedinthecriminaljusticesystem
Criminal Thisweb-appcollectscriminaljusticedatainall50states,DCandonthefederallevel.Theappseekstounveilhowcriminaljusticecanbebetterstandardizedacrossjurisdictions.Userscannavigatethedatasetinquestionwithasearchtool.
√ 1,7
SupremeCourtofNevadaMobileApphttp://nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Court_Information/Supreme_Court_of_Ne
SupremeCourtofNevada
PeoplelookingforcourtdocumentsandrecordingsfromtheSupremeCourtof
All Thisappprovidesuserswithaccesstothelatestcaseinformation,decisionandnewsfromtheSupremeCourtofNevada.Userscanalsoaccesspastoralargumentrecordingsandwatchlivesteamingoforalargumentsfromthecourtroom.http://nvcourts.gov/Supreme/Co
√ 1
99
vada_Mobile_App/andhttps://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nv-supreme-court/id620025479?ls=1&mt=8
Nevada urt_Information/Supreme_Court_of_Nevada_Mobile_App/
Tapdoxhttp://tapdox.com
TapdoxInc Contractingparties
Contract Userscanexecutecontractsonlineusinge-signatures.
Pricesavailableuponrequest
3,7
TMCCourtWatchhttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.avatarsyndicate.clerkapp
AVATARSyndicate
PeoplelookingtoaccessinformationfromtheToledoMunicipalCourtsystem
All ThisappfeaturesasearchengineforcasesfromtheToledoMunicipalCourtsystemforbothcivilandcriminal/trafficdivision.Resultsincludefulljournalentries,statusofcase,suitamounts,plaintiff/defendantinformation,attorneyinformation,linkstoscanneddocuments,linkstopriors,andtheabilitytomakepaymentsonpayableitems.UserscanalsoviewthecourtschedulefortheToledoMunicipalCourtforboththecivilandcriminal/trafficdivisions.
√ 1,2
TouchTaxCodesandRegshttps://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.blackcatworks.touchtax&hl=en
Com-LabMobile
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
Tax Thisappprovides“offlineaccessto7,700+sectionsofthelatesteditionoftheInternalRevenueCodeof1986,asamended(theCode),theTreasuryRegulationsinTitle26oftheCodeofFederalRegulations(theRegulations),theInternalRevenueBulletinssince2003,Circular230,RevenueProcedures,RevenueRulings,NoticesandAnnouncementssince2003”.“ThegoalistosupplementphysicalcopiesoftheCode,RegulationsandIRBs(Rev.Rul.,Rev.Proc.,T.D.,TemporaryRegulations,etc.)andCircular230withelectronicversionsthatareup-to-date,whilegivinguserssomefrequentlyrequestedadvancedfeaturesmakingiteasytoreadandmanagethelaw”.
$5.52 1
100
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.blackcatworks.touchtax&hl=en
TrademarkNowhttps://www.trademarknow.com
MikaelKolehmainen,KeikkiVesalainenandMattiKokkola
Brands Trademark Userscancheckwhethertheirdesiredbrandnamehasbeentrademarkedandthenallowsuserstotrademarktheirbrandnameonline.Userscanalsooverseeuseoftheirtrademarkinsimilarproductcategoriestoprotecttheirbrand.
Annualsubscriptionfeesavailableuponrequest
1,7
UniCourthttps://unicourt.com
JamesHatcher,PrashanthShenoy,JoshBlandi,YongxinTanandCharlesHemming
Litigants All Thisapporganizescaseanddocketinformation,allowinguserstosearchforcasesbyparty,attorney,judge,docketorcasenumber.Userscanalsosetupnotificationstotrackschedules,anduploaddocumentsandformsforcourtreview.
$99-$199/mo
2
UpCounselhttps://www.upcounsel.com
MatthewFaustman(co-founderandCEO)MasonBlake(Co-founderandCTO)
Smallbusinesseslookingforlegalhelp
CommercialandCorporate
Thisappprovidescustomerswithsmallbusinesslegalneedstheabilitytopostjobsonthewebappforlawyerstobidon.Customerscanalsotracktheirmattersandpayforservicesonthesite.
√ 2
VentureDocshttps://venturedocs.com
VentureDocs,Inc
Smallbusinessesandstartups
All Thisappprovidestemplatesforlegaldocumentscateredtothelegaldemandsofsmallcompaniesandstart-ups.Theseincludecommonstockfinancingdocuments,stockagreements,nondisclosureagreements,serviceprovideragreements,companyformationagreements,etc.
√ 3,7
Viditurehttps://go.viditure.com/beta/
KebronDejene Contractingparties
All Thisappallowscontractingpartiestobindthemselvestolegaldocumentsusingvideosignatures.Userssendelectroniccopiesoflegaldocumentstotheothercontractingpartieswhothenrecordthemselvesagreeingtothetermsoutlinedinthedocument.
Pricesavailableuponrequest
3,7
101
VLASEligibilitySystemhttps://applications.neotalogic.com/a/vlas-eligibility
StudentsatGeorgetownUniversityLawCentreandtheVirginiaLegalAidSociety
LowincomeindividualsinVirginia
All ThisprogramassesseswhetherindividualsinVirginiaqualifyforfreelegalservices(basedonincome)andthenconnectsthemwithlawyersofferingtheseservices.
√ 2,7
WestLawNexthttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/westlaw/id380675076?mt=8
ThomsonReuters
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisappprovides“mobileaccesstoWestlawnextlegalresearchsystem”.UserscanaccessWestlawfeatureslike“WestSearch,Keycite,Folders,History,DocumentNotesandHighlightingandsearchthedatabaseforcontent”.Userscanalso“viewalertsandtrackandfollowCompaniesofInterest”.https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/westlaw/id380675076?mt=8
√(needWestLawsubscription)
1
Wevorcehttps://www.wevorce.com
MichelleCrosby(Co-founderandCEO)
Peoplegettingdivorced
Family Thisappuses“mediationandtechnologytomakedivorcelessadversarialandcostly”.Theappautomatesthemorecommonstepsofthedivorceprocesstothatthe“Wevorcelawyerscanfocusontheuniqueaspectsofthedivorce”.https://www.wevorce.com
$749(percouple)
1,2,3,6
WildAboutTrialhttps://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/wild-about-trial/id530043712?mt=8
WildAboutTrialLLC
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
Criminal Thisappprovides“insiderlegalperspectivesoncriminaltrials”.Userscan“accessthefactsofeachcase,biographiesofthemajorplayersfromjudgestodefendants,documentsdirectlyfromthecourtfile,livefeedsofcourtproceedingswhenavailableandin-depthanalysisfromateamoflegalexperts”.https://itunes.apple.com/ca/app/wild-about-trial/id530043712?mt=8
√ 1
Witnexhttps://www.witnex.com/#/home
Witnex,Inc. Lawyers All Thisisadirectoryofexpertwitnessescategorizedbyfield.
√ 2
WolframLawyer’sProfessionalAssistanthttp://products.wolframalph
WolframGroupLLC
Peopleconductinglegalresearch
All Thisisalegalreferencetoolthatallowsusers“toaccessdetailedreferenceinformationanddatainmajorcontemporarylegalfieldsaswellasbonusresearchinformationsuchas
Pricesavailableuponrequest
1
102
a.com/professionalapps/lawyer.html
demographicsandfinancialcomputations”.http://products.wolframalpha.com/professionalapps/lawyer.html
(dependentonserviceneeds)
xRefhttp://www.xrefonline.com
xRefSoftwareSolutionsLtd
Peoplelookingtoreviewlegaldocuments
All Thisapp“plugsintoMicrosoftWordandautomaticallychecksfordraftingerrors,suchascapitalizedtermsthathavenotbeensetupasdefinedterms,wordsthathavebeensetupasdefinedtermsbutneverused,duplicatedefinitions,etc”.http://www.xrefonline.com
Pricesavailableuponrequest(dependentonserviceneeds)
6,7
ZeekBeekhttps://www.zeekbeek.com
Developernotlocated
Peoplelookingforlegalrepresentation
All Thisisadirectoryofregisteredattorneysorganizedbypracticearea,locationandavailability.
√ 2
103
AppendixE:LawSchoolCourses
CANADA
Institution CourseName BriefDescription&Link
ThompsonRiversUniversity,FacultyofLaw
L21C:21stCenturyLawyers
Invitesstudentsto“engageinasustainedreflectionabouttheirprofessionalandpersonalaspirationsandonengagementwiththechanges,pressuresandnewopportunitiesfacinglawyersofthefuture.”Studentsexplorehowtogenerateopportunitiesinachanginglegalservicesmarket;howtechnology,globalizationandeconomictransformationchangethepracticeoflaw;whetherthelegalprofessionwillmeetthechallengeofprovidingmeaningfulaccesstojusticeforordinaryanddisadvantagedCanadians.Studentsalsopitcha“LegalHack”toapanelofexpertswiththegoalofprovidinglegalservicesanddoing“lawbetter.”Coursesyllabus:http://l21c.trubox.ca/syllabus
YorkUniversity,OsgoodeHallLawSchool
LegalInformationTechnology
Introducesstudentstothelegalmarketplace,emphasizing“thevalueofinformationtechnologyfromadesign(ratherthanfromatechnical)standpoint.”Studentsareinstructedonhowtobuildanddelivernewformsofclient-centeredlegalpracticewhich“improveaccessibility,enhanceproductivityanddemocratizethepracticeoflaw.”Theyalsoengagewithtechnologiesinanexperientialway:onlinedisputeresolution,automateddocumentassembly,forinstance.Thefinalprojectprovidesstudentstheopportunitytodeveloptheirownlegalapp.Coursedescription:http://www.osgoode.yorku.ca/courses-and-seminars/legal-information-technology/
UNITEDSTATESInstitution CourseName BriefDescription&LinkBrighamYoungUniversityLawSchool
Law689Computer-BasedPracticeSystems
On-linecoursethatteachesstudentstodesignpracticesystemsandtoexploretheroleofthesesystemsinlegalservice-delivery.Studentslearnto“developautomateddocumentswithpracticesystemsauthoringprograms”(e.g.,HotDocs,GhostDraft,FormTool).Studentsalsodevelopskillsto“(a)buildpracticesystemstosupporttheirindividualpracticeneeds,(b)analyzetheunderlyinglogicandstructureoflegaldocuments,(c)overseefirmpracticesystemdevelopactivitiesand(d)beeffectiveconsumersofpracticesystemtechnologies.”
Coursedescription:http://www.law.byu.edu/Curriculum2/Course_Descriptions.pdf
Chicago-KentCollegeofLaw:CenterforJusticeandTechnology
JusticeandTechnologyPracticum
Studentshavetheopportunitytodevelopskillsindocumentassemblyandgainexperiencewithautomationtoolsconsideredfundamentalto“providingquality,economicallegalservicesinthisenvironment,whilebuildingdocumentassemblytoolsforusebyself-representedlitigantsnationally.”Coursedescription:http://www.kentlaw.iit.edu/institutes-centers/center-for-access-to-justice-and-technology/justice-and-technology-practicum
Chicago-KentCollegeofLaw
A2JAuthorCourseProject(3separatecourses)
1.TraditionalClinicStudentsdevelopprojectsusefulinacademicclinicswiththeviewofsharingthemwithotherlegalaidorganizations.
2.ProfessionalismCourseStudentslearnbasicprinciplestoethicallawyering;acomponentisdedicatedtodevelopingtechnologicalcompetenciesinprogramslikeA2JAuthor.
3.HybridLegalSkillsSeminar/Practicum
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Studentslearntechnologyskillsatthesametimeastheylearnlegalpracticeskills.
AbouttheClinic:http://a2jclinic.classcaster.net;http://www.a2jauthor.org/content/a2j-clinic-projectSamplesyllabi:http://a2jclinic.classcaster.net/course-information/sample-syllabi/
ColumbiaLawSchool
LawyeringintheDigitalAgeClinic
Studentslearnaboutcontemporarylawyeringthroughdigitaltechnologies;theylearntoimplementtechnologyinmoretraditionalrealmsofpracticeandthereby“acquirethenewskillsthataretransforminglawpractice—knowledgemanagement,electronicfact-gathering,andpresentation.”Coursedescription:http://web.law.columbia.edu/clinics/lawyering-in-the-digital-age-clinic
CornellLawSchool
LLM:Law,TechnologyandEntrepreneurship(firstenrolment:Fall2016;fullyearprogram)
Thisprogramtargetspracticingattorneysandrecentgraduates,“withthespecializedskillsneededtosupportandleadtechnologycompaniesintheincreasinglycomplexanddynamicdigitaleconomy.”Theoneyearprogrambringstogetherlegalprinciples,businessmanagementapps,andestablishedtechnologysectorbusinesses.Programinformation:http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/news-center/Cornell-Tech-and-Cornell-Law-Launch-Innovative-Master-of-Laws-LLM-Degree.cfm
FloridaCostalSchoolofLaw,CenterforLawPracticeTechnology
AccesstoJusticeandLegalTechnology
Examineswhichkindsoftechnologyprovidelegalinformation,adviceorotherservicesandthemethodsbywhichtheydoso.Thecourseemphasizestechnologiesgearedtowardthelegalneedsoflowandmid-incomepeople.Coursedescription:https://fcsl.edu/clpt/course-descriptions
GeorgetownLaw
Technology,Innovation,andLawPractice:AnExperientialSeminar
Exposesstudentstovariouswaysthatcomputertechnologiesshapeandimpactlegalpractice,suchasenhancingaccesstojustice,capturinglegalexpertise,engagingwithclients,andincreasingqualityofservice.Thecourseincludesadesigncompetition(TheGeorgetownIronTechLawyerContest),judgedbyexpertsinthefield.Coursedescription:https://apps.law.georgetown.edu/curriculum/tab_courses.cfm?Status=Course&Detail=2315
HarvardLawSchoolLaw,Science,andTechnologyProgram
CounsellingandLegalStrategyintheDigitalAge
Examinesthechallengesfacedbyentrepreneurs,lawyers,business,technologyadvocates,andnon-profitorganizationsinnavigatinglawandtechnology.Studentsassessthelegalityoftransactionaldocuments(suchascontractsandwebsitetermsofuse).Coursedescription:http://hls.harvard.edu/academics/curriculum/catalog/default.aspx?o=68060
HofstraUniversity,MauriceA.DeaneSchoolofLaw
Law,Logic&TechnologyResearchLaboratory
Clinical(Lab)environmentwithafocusongettingstudentstoproduceis“toolsthatmakelegalpracticeandlegaleducationmoreeffectiveandmoreefficient.”Participantscreatesuchtoolscombining“logicinvestigations”andtechnology;theydeveloptrainingtoolsforlawyersandlaw-makers,academics,andother;finally,theydevelop“managementstructuresforcoordinatingteamsofresearchers,andforensuringthequalityoftheirresearchproducts.”Labdescription:http://www.lltlab.org/about/mission-and-vision/
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MichiganStateLaw
ReinventLawLaboratory
Clinical(Lab)environmentgearedtowardsolvingaccesstojusticeconcernsandotherinefficienciesinthelegalsystem.TheLabisaninterdisciplinarycollaboration(lawfaculty,otherdisciplines,privateandpublicsector)toproposenewservice-deliverymodelsLabdescription:http://reinventlaw.com/Lab/ReInvent.html
NewYorkLawSchoolInnovationCenterforLawandTechnology
CertificatePrograminEntrepreneurshipLaw
Studentsgraduatehavingcompletedspecializedcoursesininnovation,entrepreneurship,andhowthelegalprofessionhasevolvedwithcomputertechnology.Certificatedetails:http://www.nyls.edu/innovation-center-for-law-and-technology/students/certificate-program/
NewYorkUniversityLawSchool
TechnologyLawandPolicyClinic
TheTechnologyLawandPolicyClinicfocusesontherepresentationofindividuals,nonprofits,andconsumergroupswhoareengagedonquestionsrelatedtotechnologicaladvancesfromapublicinterestpoint-of-view.“Itinvolvesamixtureoffieldworkandseminardiscussionrangingfromtechnologylawandpolicytotheethicalchallengesofrepresentingpublicinterestorganizations.”Coursedescription:http://www.law.nyu.edu/academics/clinics/semester/technologylawandpolicy
NorthernKentuckyUniversityCollegeofLawW.BruceLunsfordAcademyforLaw,Business&Technology
TechnologyoftheModernLegalPractice/LawPracticeTechnology
Studentscriticallyengagewithtechnologiesthat“competewiththeservicesthatlawyersprovide”inordertogainamoremeaningfulunderstandingof“howlawyerscandistinguishtheirservicesfromtheseproductstoprovidevaluefortheirclients.”Coursedescription:http://chaselaw.nku.edu/students/registrar/course-catalog/law-practice-tech.html
NorthernKentuckyUniversityCollegeofLawW.BruceLunsfordAcademyforLaw,Business&Technology
LegalAppDevelopment
Workingcollaborativelywithcomputersciencestudents,lawstudentsdevelopalegalapp.Coursedescription:http://chaselaw.nku.edu/students/registrar/course-catalog/legal-app-dev.html
NorthwesternPritzkerSchoolofLaw
Law,Business,andTechnologyProgram
Thisprogramisgearedtowardpreparingstudentstolawyerinthedigitalage.Programdescription:http://www.law.northwestern.edu/academics/curricular-offerings/law-business/
StanfordLawSchool
LegalTechnologyandInformatics
Participantsexploretrendsinlegaltechnology.Coursedescription:https://law.stanford.edu/courses/legal-technology-and-informatics/
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SuffolkUniversityLawSchool,InstituteonLawPracticeTechnology&Innovation
NewMarket:LegalServices
Participantsexploretherangeoftechnologically-basedserviceprovisionoptions,particularcasestudies(LegalZoomandRocketLawyer),consumerrights,andtheimpactoftechnologicallydrivenlegalservicesonvariousstakeholders.CourseDescription:http://www.suffolk.edu/law/academics/degrees/jd/23600.php?CourseID=613)
UniversityofChicagoLawSchool
InnovativeSolutionsforBusiness,Law,andSociety
Studentsdeveloptechnologicalsolutionstolegalandsocialproblems.Coursedescription:http://www.law.uchicago.edu/courses
UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofLaw
ArtificialIntelligenceandLegalReasoningSeminar
Participantsexplorewhethercomputerprogramsthatcanhelpsolvelegalproblems.Coursedescription:http://law.pitt.edu/academics/courses/catalog/5895
VanderbiltLawSchool
TechnologyinLegalPractice
Introductiontoprinciplesoftechnologicalinnovation,trendsinlegalpractice(consumerlawrevolution,crisisinaccesstojustice,unauthorizedpracticeoflaw)andlegalsystemdesign.Thestudentsareevaluatedona“pitch”project,wherebytheypresentalegalinnovationtooltoapanelofexperts.Coursedescription:http://law.vanderbilt.edu/courses/340