Emerging Technology: Trunk Injection as an Environmental Approach to the Management of Destructive Tree Pests Joseph J. Doccola, Eric J. Bristol, Brenda

Emerging Technology: Trunk Emerging Technology: Trunk Injection as an Environmental Injection as an Environmental Approach to the Management Approach to the Management

of Destructive Tree Pestsof Destructive Tree Pests

Joseph J. Doccola, Eric J. Bristol, Brenda Joseph J. Doccola, Eric J. Bristol, Brenda I. Cruz, Peter M. WildI. Cruz, Peter M. Wild

18th USDA Interagency Research Forum on Invasive Species

January 10, 2007January 10, 2007

Annapolis, MDAnnapolis, MD

Touch trees—Touch trees—

Dr. Alex H. ShigoDr. Alex H. Shigo(1930-2006)(1930-2006)

http://www.shigoandtrees.com/image/family.gif

OutlineOutline Exotic Tree Pests—of ecological concernExotic Tree Pests—of ecological concern Emerging Technology: Solutions for Tree Emerging Technology: Solutions for Tree

Protection?Protection?• Arborjet Tree I.V.Arborjet Tree I.V.

• Chemistries and Formulation Attributes Chemistries and Formulation Attributes • Tree anatomy, environment and uptakeTree anatomy, environment and uptake• Modes of Attack, Symptom Expression Modes of Attack, Symptom Expression

and Treatment Timingand Treatment Timing• Studies and efficacy of treatmentsStudies and efficacy of treatments• Tree Injection—an environmental Tree Injection—an environmental

approachapproach

HWA 1951

EHS 1942

HWA 1920

EGW 2005

ALB 1996

SWW 2004EGM 1896

AGM 1991

WM 2002

RGLP 1998

AAB 1974

AAB 1983

AAB 1986

EAB 2002

CAS 1996

EGW 2006

Introduced Exotic Insects of Ecological ConcernIntroduced Exotic Insects of Ecological Concern

EAB 2003

EAB 2004

EAB 2006

ALB 1998

AAB: http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/PPDL/images/AAB3.jpgAAB: http://www.ppdl.purdue.edu/PPDL/images/AAB3.jpgSSW: David R. Lance, USDA APHIS PPQ, SSW: David R. Lance, USDA APHIS PPQ, www.forestryimages.orgwww.forestryimages.orgAGM: http://www.invasive.org/images/3072x2048/1335025.jpgAGM: http://www.invasive.org/images/3072x2048/1335025.jpg

© Copyright, Arborjet Inc. 2004


Emerging Technology: The Arborjet Tree Emerging Technology: The Arborjet Tree I.V. and New ChemistriesI.V. and New Chemistries


Injection sites are located at the base of the Injection sites are located at the base of the tree; an Arborplug is inserted into a small tree; an Arborplug is inserted into a small predrilled hole. The VIPER needle pierces an predrilled hole. The VIPER needle pierces an internal septum to start the injection.internal septum to start the injection.

The bottle is capped and The bottle is capped and pressurized; the lines are then pressurized; the lines are then purged of airpurged of air

Dose is based on tree DBH”. The Dose is based on tree DBH”. The formulation is added to the 1L formulation is added to the 1L Tree I.V. bottleTree I.V. bottle

Injection Interface: VIPER Needle Injection Interface: VIPER Needle and Arborplugand Arborplug

The Arborplug is The Arborplug is inserted into the inserted into the sapwood and is sapwood and is designed with an designed with an internal septum internal septum which is pierced by which is pierced by the VIPER needle the VIPER needle for injectionfor injection

The infusion legs The infusion legs allow flow into the allow flow into the sapwood tissue sapwood tissue

The septum seals The septum seals upon removal of the upon removal of the needle preventing needle preventing formulation leakageformulation leakage

Attributes of Chemistry and Attributes of Chemistry and FormulationFormulation

A.I. must: A.I. must:

1.1. Be toxic to the pest Be toxic to the pest

2.2. Distribute in the treeDistribute in the tree

3.3. Be in high enough Be in high enough concentration for concentration for a.a. tree biomass tree biomass

b.b. residual activity for residual activity for persistent, persistent, multigenerational multigenerational and/or suspect and/or suspect infestationsinfestations

Chemistries used in Tree Injection Chemistries used in Tree Injection FormulationsFormulations

AI ClassAI Class ExampleExample Toxicity/Mode Toxicity/Mode of Action of Action

Target Target Organisms Organisms

CommentsComments

OrganophosphatesOrganophosphates Dicrotophos Dicrotophos (Bidrin) (Bidrin)

85% Technicial 85% Technicial material E-material E-isomer isomer

Highly toxic Highly toxic

(rat 13-25mg/kg), (rat 13-25mg/kg),

RUPRUP

neural toxin, neural toxin, cholinesterase inhibitorcholinesterase inhibitor

Broad Spectrum—Broad Spectrum—sucking, boring sucking, boring and chewing and chewing insects; acaricideinsects; acaricide

Intro 1956; Intro 1956; significance: significance: demonstrated demonstrated efficacy of a small efficacy of a small volume of volume of insecticide for pest insecticide for pest management when management when trunk injected (15)trunk injected (15)

Acephate 97S Acephate 97S (Orthene)(Orthene)

Low toxicity systemic Low toxicity systemic insecticide insecticide

(rat LD50 >850mg/kg); (rat LD50 >850mg/kg);

neural toxin, neural toxin, cholinesterase inhibitorcholinesterase inhibitor

Broad Spectrum—Broad Spectrum—sucking, boring sucking, boring and chewing and chewing insects; acaricideinsects; acaricide

Intro 1973 (16)Intro 1973 (16)

Lower toxicity Lower toxicity alternativealternative

Green Chemistries used in Tree Injection Green Chemistries used in Tree Injection FormulationsFormulations

AI ClassAI Class ExampleExample Mode of Action Mode of Action Target Organisms Target Organisms CommentsComments

Tetranortri-Tetranortri-terpenoidterpenoid

Azadirachtin Azadirachtin Oral LD50 rat > 3,540 Oral LD50 rat > 3,540 - 5,000 mg/kg - 5,000 mg/kg

IGR, antifeedantIGR, antifeedant

whiteflies, aphids, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, caterpillars, fungus gnats, caterpillars, beetles, mealybugs, beetles, mealybugs, leafminers (19)leafminers (19)

Intro 1985 (20)Intro 1985 (20)

NicotinoidNicotinoid ImidaclopridImidacloprid Moderately toxic Moderately toxic

(rat LD50 450mg/kg); (rat LD50 450mg/kg);

selective: selective:

acts upon insects acts upon insects nicotinergic receptors nicotinergic receptors

Excellent activity against Excellent activity against piercing sucking insects; also piercing sucking insects; also borersborers

Intro 1993 (20)Intro 1993 (20)

e.g., Toxic to EAB e.g., Toxic to EAB 0.007ug/EAB 0.007ug/EAB adult (25)adult (25)

Macrocyclic Macrocyclic LactoneLactone

Avermectin Avermectin (Abamectin)(Abamectin)

Highly toxic to insects Highly toxic to insects

(rat LD50 10mg/kg); (rat LD50 10mg/kg);

acts upon chloride acts upon chloride channel of nervous channel of nervous systemsystem

Excellent caterpillar activity; Excellent caterpillar activity; also nematodes and mitesalso nematodes and mites

Intro 2000 (20)Intro 2000 (20)

natural natural fermentation fermentation product of soil product of soil actinomycete actinomycete ((Streptomyces Streptomyces avermitilisavermitilis))

(18)(18)

Understanding the Movement of Injected Understanding the Movement of Injected Chemistries in Trees is CriticalChemistries in Trees is Critical

Translocation of Translocation of injected dye occurs injected dye occurs within the sapwood within the sapwood onlyonly

Quercus rubraQuercus rubra

cambium

heartwood

Systemic Movement of Injected Systemic Movement of Injected Chemicals in TreesChemicals in Trees

Bidirectional movement in the xylem sap:Bidirectional movement in the xylem sap:• Associated with sapwood ageAssociated with sapwood age• Xylem mobile materials injected into trees Xylem mobile materials injected into trees

distribute into stem, leaf and root tissues (35)distribute into stem, leaf and root tissues (35) E.g., efficacy of propiconazole against oak wilt E.g., efficacy of propiconazole against oak wilt

transmission via root grafts(29)transmission via root grafts(29)

• Materials transported into roots, later move Materials transported into roots, later move upward and account for efficacy of fall injected upward and account for efficacy of fall injected materials the following springmaterials the following spring

Biomass and Residual ActivityBiomass and Residual Activity

Conifers may retain needles for 2-7 Conifers may retain needles for 2-7 years (26)years (26)• May account for residual activity May account for residual activity

observed in trunk injection treatments observed in trunk injection treatments (e.g., 3-6 years, depending upon (e.g., 3-6 years, depending upon chemistry) andchemistry) and

• Efficacy of fall injections using Efficacy of fall injections using imidacloprid v. HWAimidacloprid v. HWA

Attributes of Current Chemistries and Timing Attributes of Current Chemistries and Timing of Applicationsof Applications

Chemistry Chemistry Water Water Solubility Solubility

AttributesAttributes Application Application

AcephateAcephate Readily soluble Readily soluble 650,000mg/L 650,000mg/L (16)(16)

Fast uptake; short Fast uptake; short residual; use against residual; use against foliar insects foliar insects

½ Life ~15 days (20)½ Life ~15 days (20)

Hydrolyzes to P & S Hydrolyzes to P & S within plantwithin plant

Apply when insect Apply when insect are actively are actively feeding; pests with feeding; pests with 1 gen/yr1 gen/yr

e.g., WM e.g., WM

ImidaclopridImidacloprid Moderately Moderately soluble soluble 500mg/L (17)500mg/L (17)

Moves slowly, but Moves slowly, but accumulates in canopy; accumulates in canopy; season(s) long activity season(s) long activity (28)(28)

Apply prior to Apply prior to insect activity; insect activity; pests with > 1 pests with > 1 gen/yr gen/yr

e.g., HWA, EGWe.g., HWA, EGW

Label Rates of IMICIDE, MERIT Tree, Label Rates of IMICIDE, MERIT Tree, Pointer, and IMA-jet ComparedPointer, and IMA-jet Compared

Grams Imidacloprid/DBH”Grams Imidacloprid/DBH”

00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9

2-11" 12-23"

24-35"

36-47"

48-59"

60-71"

IMICIDE

MERIT TREE

IMA-jet

Pointer

Taking into accountTree Biomass and Dose

g/D

BH

”

Tree DBH”

Insect Pests & Symptom Expression as Insect Pests & Symptom Expression as Indicators for TreatmentIndicators for Treatment

OrderOrder

(Example)(Example)Example of Example of Damage Damage

Symptom Symptom Expression Expression

Symptoms as Symptoms as Treatment Treatment Indicator?Indicator?

LepidopteraLepidoptera

(Winter Moth)(Winter Moth)DefoliationDefoliation Obvious—trees Obvious—trees

defoliateddefoliatedYesYes

HymenopteraHymenoptera

(Erythrina gall (Erythrina gall wasp)wasp)

Gall formationGall formation Obvious—leaves Obvious—leaves galledgalled

YesYes

HomopteraHomoptera

(Hemlock (Hemlock woolly woolly adelgid)adelgid)

Stippling Stippling needles, needles, stunted stunted growthgrowth

Observable, but Observable, but not obvious—not obvious—Insects are small Insects are small and infestations and infestations often detected lateoften detected late

YesYes

ColeopteraColeoptera

(Emerald ash (Emerald ash borer)borer)

Disruption of Disruption of secondary secondary vascular vascular tissuetissue

Delayed until Delayed until damage is donedamage is done

NoNo

Defoliators: Signs and Symptoms Defoliators: Signs and Symptoms Reliable Indicators for TreatmentReliable Indicators for Treatment

Signs (egg masses) and Signs (egg masses) and symptoms are obvious; symptoms are obvious; response to infestation can response to infestation can occur when damage is occur when damage is early, but:early, but:• First instar larvae of winter First instar larvae of winter

moth feed on the moth feed on the primordial leaves within primordial leaves within the dormant budthe dormant bud

A unique treatment A unique treatment approach is to apply approach is to apply chemistries in the fall, prior chemistries in the fall, prior to their feeding activity to their feeding activity that persist long enough to that persist long enough to effect control effect control

Operophtera brumataOperophtera brumata

http://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/bild1/bild1270.jpghttp://www.schmetterling-raupe.de/bild1/bild1270.jpg

Control

Fall treatment: new chemistry

Winter Moth No Choice TestWinter Moth No Choice Test24H24H

10 WM larvae placed 10 WM larvae placed in petri dish with in petri dish with foliage forced from foliage forced from treatment and control treatment and control trees as follows:trees as follows:1.1. Treatment with new Treatment with new

chemistry at 240 DAT chemistry at 240 DAT (Fall ‘05) (Fall ‘05)

2.2. Treatment with new Treatment with new chemistry at 365 DAT chemistry at 365 DAT (Spring ‘05)(Spring ‘05)

3.3. Treatment with ACE-jet Treatment with ACE-jet at 365 DAT (S ‘05)at 365 DAT (S ‘05)

4.4. Controls (S ’06)Controls (S ’06)

++4

++3

*1

*2

*100% larval mortality

++no larval mortality

24 HR

Gall Formation: Symptoms may be Gall Formation: Symptoms may be used to Prescribe Treatment used to Prescribe Treatment

Quadrastichus erythrinaeQuadrastichus erythrinae

Symptoms of Symptoms of Erythrina gall wasp Erythrina gall wasp are obviousare obvious• EGW larvae induce leaf EGW larvae induce leaf

and twig gallsand twig galls In HI, there may be >7 In HI, there may be >7

generations/yrgenerations/yr Effective treatment Effective treatment

provides sufficient provides sufficient residual activity to residual activity to control multiple control multiple infestationsinfestations

Erythrina on Maui - Kamehameha and Hina (Kahului) / 20050803_000968; Erythrina on Maui - Kamehameha and Hina (Kahului) / 20050803_000968; Philip A. Thomas ([email protected])Philip A. Thomas ([email protected])

http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/npa/npa05-03-EGW.pdfhttp://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/npa/npa05-03-EGW.pdf

Two Methods Compared: UH Study in Tall Two Methods Compared: UH Study in Tall Wiliwili for EGW TreatmentsWiliwili for EGW Treatments

Treatment Treatment Rate Rate *Mean *Mean dose dose (mLs)(mLs)

Mean Mean

Gm Gm A.I./tree A.I./tree

Comparative Comparative A.I. to A.I. to ImicideImicide

30 30 DATDAT

120 120 DATDAT

UntreatedUntreated 55.4a55.4a 17.3a17.3a

Imicide Imicide injection injection (10% (10% imidacloprid)imidacloprid)

4mL/cap4mL/cap

# capsules # capsules DBH”/2DBH”/2

1818 1.8 gm1.8 gm 1.0x1.0x 1.9b1.9b 1.1b1.1b

Merit 2F Merit 2F drench drench (21.4% (21.4% imidacloprid)imidacloprid)

0.2 fl. 0.2 fl. Oz/DBH”Oz/DBH”

(6 mL/DBH”)(6 mL/DBH”)

5151 10.2 10.2 5.5x5.5x 65.1a65.1a 9.4a9.4a

*Based on mean DBH” = 8.5

Means in a column followed by a different letter are significantly different

Piercing Sucking Insects: Discrete, Piercing Sucking Insects: Discrete, Seemingly Innocuous, but DestructiveSeemingly Innocuous, but Destructive

Piercing sucking insects Piercing sucking insects persist and reduce tree persist and reduce tree vitality over timevitality over time• Feeding on carbohydrates Feeding on carbohydrates

results in reduced foliar and results in reduced foliar and twig growth, and ultimately twig growth, and ultimately tree decline and deathtree decline and death

Effective treatments take into Effective treatments take into account tree and pest life account tree and pest life cyclescycles• E.g., in the fall, HWA break E.g., in the fall, HWA break

summer aestivation and summer aestivation and commence feeding; fall commence feeding; fall applications target the insect applications target the insect when it is most susceptible when it is most susceptible andand

• Uptake in hemlock is speedier Uptake in hemlock is speedier when moisture is available when moisture is available and new roots are producedand new roots are produced

Adelges tsugaeAdelges tsugae

Aulacaspis yasumatsuiAulacaspis yasumatsui

Glycapsis brimblecombeiGlycapsis brimblecombei

http://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/photos/coccobiusfulvus.jpghttp://ipm.ifas.ufl.edu/photos/coccobiusfulvus.jpg

http://grounds.stanford.edu/topics/images_pests/redgumpsyllid.jpghttp://grounds.stanford.edu/topics/images_pests/redgumpsyllid.jpg

http://www.arborjet.com/research/images/hwa2.jpghttp://www.arborjet.com/research/images/hwa2.jpg

Hemlock: Mean %HWA mortality & New Hemlock Shoot Hemlock: Mean %HWA mortality & New Hemlock Shoot GrowthGrowth

2003 2004 2005

IMA-jet (n)

Control (n)

IMA-jet (n)

Control (n)

IMA-jet (n)

Control (n)

% HWA mortality

(78) 91.4%a*

(17) 53.3%b

(154) 98.5%a

(238) 20.5%b

(33)98.5%a

(129) 46.8%b

Total HWA/cm

(108) 2.57a (19)3.46a

(549) 0.59a (281)3.04b

(185) 0.20a (134) 4.91b

Shoot growth (cm)

(108) 6.03 a

(19)5.71a

(549) 5.79a (281)4.78b

(185) 6.26a (134) 5.48b

*values followed by a different letter are statistically significant

Wood & Cambium Borers: Studies Wood & Cambium Borers: Studies in Stealthin Stealth

Insecticides need to be Insecticides need to be present when the insects are present when the insects are active and when damage to active and when damage to the plant is yet negligiblethe plant is yet negligible• Adults are exposed to Adults are exposed to

insecticides when:insecticides when: feeding on foliage or when feeding on foliage or when

ovipositingovipositing• Larvae when feeding in the Larvae when feeding in the

vascular tissuevascular tissue

Larval feeding disrupts Larval feeding disrupts vascular tissues but infested vascular tissues but infested trees may be asymptomatic trees may be asymptomatic for several years (2+)for several years (2+)

The challenge is to detect The challenge is to detect insect activity earlyinsect activity early• When symptoms of dieback When symptoms of dieback

occur, damage is advanced, so occur, damage is advanced, so pest monitoring is a key pest monitoring is a key component of treatmentcomponent of treatment

Anoplophora glabripennisAnoplophora glabripennis

Agrilis planipennisAgrilis planipennis

http://www.asian-longhorned-beetle.com/images/ALB-asianlonghornedbeetle.GIFhttp://www.asian-longhorned-beetle.com/images/ALB-asianlonghornedbeetle.GIF

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry Archives, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources - Forestry Archives, www.forestryimages.org www.forestryimages.org

Canopy Dieback is Not a Reliable Indicator Canopy Dieback is Not a Reliable Indicator for Borer Treatmentfor Borer Treatment

East Lansing EAB dataEast Lansing EAB dataF 2006F 2006

EAB Infestation and Canopy Dieback

0

5

10

15

20

25

#EAB/m2

% CanopyDieback

Lag between Infestation and Canopy Response

Q: How do you Q: How do you know when a tree know when a tree is infested? is infested?

Do you wait for Do you wait for visible symptoms visible symptoms of dieback to of dieback to treat?treat?

Tree Response to Tree Response to EAB infestation: EAB infestation: Late SymptomsLate Symptoms


Epicormicsprouting: aresponse to vascular tissuedisruption


A: Because there A: Because there is a delay is a delay between between vascular vascular disruption and disruption and symptom symptom expression, expression, using using symptoms as symptoms as a basis for a basis for treatment is treatment is not not recommendedrecommended

Symptoms of EAB infestation: Symptoms of EAB infestation: Late SymptomsLate Symptoms

When to Treat?When to Treat?

Ash treated Spring 04

Untreated

Photo taken 10-05

Treating asymptomatic trees Treating asymptomatic trees where infestation is nearby is a where infestation is nearby is a preferred approach to preferred approach to managementmanagement

EAB 2004 Study Troy SouthEAB 2004 Study Troy SouthSmitley et al.Smitley et al.

TreatmentTreatment Larvae/Larvae/mm22

Arborjet 5% IMA-jetArborjet 5% IMA-jet 0.0*0.0*

Arborjet 5% IMA-jet + Arborjet 5% IMA-jet + AAD-jetAAD-jet

0.5*0.5*

ACEcapACEcap 2.8*2.8*

Onyx 32 oz trunk & limb x1Onyx 32 oz trunk & limb x1 1.9*1.9*

Onyx 12.8 oz foliar spray x2Onyx 12.8 oz foliar spray x2 3.1*3.1*

Onyx 16 oz trunk & limb x2Onyx 16 oz trunk & limb x2 2.6*2.6*

BotaniGardBotaniGard 4.74.7

Onyx 6.4 oz foliar spray x2Onyx 6.4 oz foliar spray x2 6.16.1

Mauget ImicideMauget Imicide 6.26.2

Onyx 16 oz trunk & limb x1Onyx 16 oz trunk & limb x1 8.78.7

Onyx 32 oz trunk & limb x2Onyx 32 oz trunk & limb x2 8.98.9

Merit Soil DrenchMerit Soil Drench 10.010.0

Untreated ControlUntreated Control 10.110.1

*indicates significant difference from untreated control by Tukey’s LSD at p<0.05

Emerging Chemistry: Efficacy and Emerging Chemistry: Efficacy and DurationDuration

Treatment Treatment DatesDates

Study Study gm A.I./gm A.I./

DBH”DBH”Larvae/Larvae/m2m2

F 2005F 2005

Larvae/Larvae/m2m2

F 2006F 2006

% % DiebackDieback

S 2005S 2005

% % diebackdieback

S 2006S 2006

S 2005S 2005 Therapeutic Therapeutic 0.10.1 0.0a0.0a 0.0a0.0a 17.017.0 16.716.7

0.20.2 0.0a0.0a 0.0a0.0a 25.025.0 26.726.7

0.40.4 0.0a0.0a 0.0a0.0a 31.031.0 28.228.2

0.60.6 0.0a0.0a 0.0a0.0a 42.042.0 34.334.3

ControlsControls 0.00.0 59.2b59.2b X*X* 19.019.0 54.054.0

*controls removed fall ‘06

Troy, MITroy, MINorth Study Site North Study Site

control treated

0.2g/DBH” New Chemistry 0.2g/DBH” New Chemistry photos: 365 DATphotos: 365 DAT

controltreatedcontrol

Troy, MITroy, MINorth Study SiteNorth Study Site

0.4g A.I./DBH” New Chemistry0.4g A.I./DBH” New Chemistryphotos: 365 DATphotos: 365 DAT

Study Design—Treat asymptomatic Study Design—Treat asymptomatic Ash at high risk of EAB infestationAsh at high risk of EAB infestation

Purpose—to compare chemistries for Purpose—to compare chemistries for activity at 2 & 3 years of tree activity at 2 & 3 years of tree protectionprotection

Best Management Practice Studies Best Management Practice Studies for EAB applicationsfor EAB applications

““The Big Bang”The Big Bang”

Potential Outcomes—development Potential Outcomes—development of a method for tree protection of a method for tree protection

a.a. where infestation is suspectwhere infestation is suspect

b.b. to extend the treatment interval (from to extend the treatment interval (from annual applications to 2 or 3 years)annual applications to 2 or 3 years)

c.c. to reduce the number of treatments in to reduce the number of treatments in any given year (e.g., 33-50% of trees)any given year (e.g., 33-50% of trees)

Tree Injection: An Environmental ApproachTree Injection: An Environmental Approach

Tree Injection Tree Injection Foliar Foliar SpraysSprays

Soil Application Soil Application

Chemistries are injected Chemistries are injected directly into the trees vascular directly into the trees vascular tissue, not into environmenttissue, not into environment

Subject to Subject to driftdrift

Potential for runoff Potential for runoff or leachingor leaching

Less active ingredient appliedLess active ingredient applied More active More active ingredient ingredient appliedapplied

More active More active ingredient appliedingredient applied

Fewer applications Fewer applications More More applicationsapplications

Fewer applicationsFewer applications

Reduced risk to non-targetsReduced risk to non-targets Higher Higher potential of potential of non-target non-target kill kill

Higher potential of Higher potential of non-target killnon-target kill

Upton & Hollowell in TX

Grosman, Jorgensen& Krause in ID

Fettig & Dabney in UT

Munson, Fettig & Grosman in UT

University University and USFS and USFS cooperators cooperators are an are an important important component component of testing of testing formulations: formulations: Thank you!Thank you!

ReferencesReferences1.1. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/hwa.shtmlhttp://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/hwa.shtml2.2. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/lambdin.pdfhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/fhp/hwa/pub/2005_proceedings/lambdin.pdf3.3. http://acwm.co.la.ca.us/pdf/RedGumLerppsyllideng_pdf.pdfhttp://acwm.co.la.ca.us/pdf/RedGumLerppsyllideng_pdf.pdf4.4. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN25300.pdfhttp://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN25300.pdf5.5. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/eurogypsymoth.shtmlhttp://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/eurogypsymoth.shtml6.6. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/fs_phasiangm.pdfhttp://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/plant_health/content/printable_version/fs_phasiangm.pdf7.7. http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/defoliators/wm_bio_project_05.pdfhttp://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/defoliators/wm_bio_project_05.pdf8.8. http://www.na.fs.fed.us/ra/SpecialInitiatives/sirex/sib06_sirex.htmhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/ra/SpecialInitiatives/sirex/sib06_sirex.htm9.9. http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/npa/npa05-03-EGW.pdfhttp://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/npa/npa05-03-EGW.pdf10.10. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/gallwasp.htmlhttp://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/gallwasp.html11.11. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/asianbeetle.shtmlhttp://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/asianbeetle.shtml12.12. http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/eab.shtmlhttp://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/animals/eab.shtml13.13. http://www.emeraldashborer.info/index.cfmhttp://www.emeraldashborer.info/index.cfm14.14. http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/asian_ambrosia_beetle.htmhttp://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/trees/asian_ambrosia_beetle.htm15.15. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/dicrotop.htmhttp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/dicrotop.htm16.16. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/acephate.htmhttp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/acephate.htm17.17. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/imidaclo.htmhttp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/imidaclo.htm18.18. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/abamecti.htmhttp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/abamecti.htm19.19. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/azadirac.htmhttp://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/azadirac.htm20.20. http://www.epa.gov/http://www.epa.gov/21.21. http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/it_lectures/chemistry/mom/ddt/ddt.htmlhttp://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/it_lectures/chemistry/mom/ddt/ddt.html22.22. http://www.invasive.org/eab/eab2005.pdfhttp://www.invasive.org/eab/eab2005.pdf23.23. http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/cwlb/labels/Merit2F.pdfhttp://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/cwlb/labels/Merit2F.pdf24.24. http://greenbook.net/docs/Label/L77318.PDFhttp://greenbook.net/docs/Label/L77318.PDF25.25. http://www.mauget.com/uhegwstudy.pdfhttp://www.mauget.com/uhegwstudy.pdf26.26. The Gymnosperm Database www.conifers.orgThe Gymnosperm Database www.conifers.org27.27. www.mauget.comwww.mauget.com

ReferencesReferences28.28. Cregg, B. M., D. Mota Sanchez, D. G. McCullough, T. Poland, and R. Hollingworth. 2005. Cregg, B. M., D. Mota Sanchez, D. G. McCullough, T. Poland, and R. Hollingworth. 2005.

Distribution of 14C-Imidacloprid in Fraxinus spp. and effects of imidacloprid on emerald ash Distribution of 14C-Imidacloprid in Fraxinus spp. and effects of imidacloprid on emerald ash borerborer

29.29. Eggers, J., J. Juzwik, S. Bernick and L. Mordaunt. 2005. Evaluation of Propiconazole operational Eggers, J., J. Juzwik, S. Bernick and L. Mordaunt. 2005. Evaluation of Propiconazole operational treatments of oaks for oak wilt control. USDA Forest Service. Research Note NC-390.treatments of oaks for oak wilt control. USDA Forest Service. Research Note NC-390.

30.30. Pearce, R.B. 2000. Decay development and its restriction in trees, Journal of Arboriculture. 26: 1-Pearce, R.B. 2000. Decay development and its restriction in trees, Journal of Arboriculture. 26: 1-11.11.

31.31. Sanchez-Zamora, M.A. and R. fernandez-Escobar. 2004. Uptake and distribution of trunk Sanchez-Zamora, M.A. and R. fernandez-Escobar. 2004. Uptake and distribution of trunk injections in conifers. Journal of Arboriculture. 30: 73-79.injections in conifers. Journal of Arboriculture. 30: 73-79.

32.32. Shigo, A.L. 1977. Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees. Agricultural Information Bulletin No. Shigo, A.L. 1977. Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees. Agricultural Information Bulletin No. 405. USDA Forest Service. 405. USDA Forest Service.

33.33. Shigo, A.L. 1979. Tree Decay: An Expanded Concept. Agricultural Information Bulletin No. 419. Shigo, A.L. 1979. Tree Decay: An Expanded Concept. Agricultural Information Bulletin No. 419. USDA Forest Service.USDA Forest Service.

34.34. Suchail et al. 1999. Characteristics of Imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies. Suchail et al. 1999. Characteristics of Imidacloprid toxicity in two Apis mellifera subspecies. Environmental Toxicity and Chemistry. 19: 1901-1905Environmental Toxicity and Chemistry. 19: 1901-1905

35.35. Tattar, T.A., and S.J. Tattar. 1999. Evidence for the downward movement of materials injected Tattar, T.A., and S.J. Tattar. 1999. Evidence for the downward movement of materials injected into trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 25:325-332.into trees. Journal of Arboriculture, 25:325-332.

36.36. Tipping, P.W. and T.D. Center. 2002. Evaluating acephate for insecticide exclusion of Oxyops Tipping, P.W. and T.D. Center. 2002. Evaluating acephate for insecticide exclusion of Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Melaleuca quinquenervia. USDA-ARS, Invasive Plant vitiosa (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Melaleuca quinquenervia. USDA-ARS, Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, FL.Research Laboratory, FL.

37.37. Xu, T., C. M. Jacobsen, I. K. Cho, A. H. Hara, and Q. X. Li. 2006. Application of an Enzyme-linked Xu, T., C. M. Jacobsen, I. K. Cho, A. H. Hara, and Q. X. Li. 2006. Application of an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for the analysis of imidacloprid in Wiliwili tree, Erythrina sandwichiensis Immunosorbent Assay for the analysis of imidacloprid in Wiliwili tree, Erythrina sandwichiensis O. Deg, for control of the wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae. Jornal of Agricultural and Food O. Deg, for control of the wasp Quadrastichus erythrinae. Jornal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Chemistry.

38.38. Zufall et al. 1989. The insecticide Avermectin B1a activates a chloride channel in crayfish Zufall et al. 1989. The insecticide Avermectin B1a activates a chloride channel in crayfish muscle membrane. Journal of Experimental Biology. 142: 191-205muscle membrane. Journal of Experimental Biology. 142: 191-205

39.39. http://www.rainbowscivance.com/pdf/lm_MSDS.pdfhttp://www.rainbowscivance.com/pdf/lm_MSDS.pdf40.40. http://www.igin.com/Close-Up_Profile/alexshigo.htmlhttp://www.igin.com/Close-Up_Profile/alexshigo.html

RecommendationsRecommendations

Chemistry Chemistry Water Solubility Water Solubility AttributesAttributes Application as Application as Tree Injection Tree Injection

Dicrotophos Dicrotophos (Bidrin) (Bidrin)

e.g., Inject-A-Cide e.g., Inject-A-Cide BB

MiscibleMiscible Fast uptake;Fast uptake;

short residualshort residualInject when Inject when insects appear or insects appear or when infestation is when infestation is evident; evident;

Use against pests Use against pests with 1 gen/yr (e.g., with 1 gen/yr (e.g., Winter Moth; EAB Winter Moth; EAB adults )adults )

AcephateAcephate

e.g., ACE-jete.g., ACE-jetReadily soluble Readily soluble 650,000mg/L (16)650,000mg/L (16)

RecommendationsRecommendations

Chemistry Chemistry Water Water Solubility Solubility

AttributesAttributes Application as Application as Tree InjectionTree Injection

ImidaclopridImidacloprid

e.g., IMA-jete.g., IMA-jetModerately Moderately soluble soluble 500mg/L (17)500mg/L (17)

Moves slowly, but Moves slowly, but accumulates in canopy; accumulates in canopy; season(s) long activityseason(s) long activity

Apply prior to Apply prior to insect activity, insect activity, spring to fall; post spring to fall; post bloombloom

Also for pests with Also for pests with > 1 gen/yr (e.g., > 1 gen/yr (e.g., piercing sucking piercing sucking insects, gall wasps)insects, gall wasps)

AvermectinAvermectin

e.g., Abacide e.g., Abacide 22

InsolubleInsoluble

24mg/L (18)24mg/L (18)Moves very slowly, but Moves very slowly, but accumulates in trunk, accumulates in trunk, canopy canopy

Apply prior to Apply prior to insect activity, insect activity, spring to fall; post spring to fall; post bloom (e.g., gypsy bloom (e.g., gypsy moth) moth)

Documents

Emerging Technology: Trunk Injection as an Environmental Approach to the Management of Destructive Tree Pests Joseph J. Doccola, Eric J. Bristol, Brenda