Emily, Claire, Krum, Maud

The Kashmir Conflict

August 1947- India and Pakistan gain independence from Britain

September- Muslims are killed in Jammu and thousands flee

October- Kashmir chooses to merge with India, Pakistan becomes enragedPakistan attacks Kashmir- overrules majority of

stateIndia sends in troops to Kashmir but Pakistan

has captured a large area of the state, but India keeping a larger area

History-1947

1948- India takes the issue to the United Nations Security Council

January 1948 - India and Pakistan finally agree to withdraw all troops behind a mutually agreed ceasefire line (Line of Control)

October 1949- Indian Constituent Assembly adopts Article 370 of the constitution, giving special status and internal autonomy for Kashmir.

1951- First post-independence elections take place in Kashmir. Sheikh Abdullah, the leader of the National Conference, Kashmir’s largest party, wins.

1952- Sheikh Abdullah changes stance (endorsing accession to India) to self-determination for Kashmiris

1948-1952

1965- India and Pakistan go to war after Pakistan launches Operation Gibraltar in August, sending armed infiltrators across the ceasefire line.

1966- Pakistan and India agree to revert to pre-1965 positions.

1972-India and Pakistan sign the Simla Agreement, which declares that the issue will be settled in the future and both sides shall respect the ceasefire line

1982- Sheikh Abdullah dies. His son, Farooq Abdullah, takes over the National Conference.

1965-1984

1987- Farooq Abdullah wins election1988- Anti-India protests begin by Pakistan citizens 1989-1990- Armed movement against India begins-

Pakistan accuses India of arming their fighters100 killed when India fires at unarmed protesters

1996-1998- India and Pakistan engage in low level dialogue discussing peace agreements1999- Insurgents infiltrate vacant mountain peaks2000-2010- border tensions, resuming ties, civil disobedience, unrest

1987-1999

Pashtans and Poonch rebels invade KashmirMaharaja of Kashmir turns to India for helpsigns instrument of accession acceding 75% of

the region to India1947 Pakistan declares accession as illegal and

invades1949 UN intervention results in ceasefireLeaves India in control of most of Kashmir while

Pakistan gains Azad Kashmir

Event 1: Split of Kashmir

Map of Kashmir

United Nations Commissions for India and Pakistan resolution states that the accession of Jammu And Kashmir will be declared through a plebiscite.

Both countries agree, and withdraw their troops

Fail to arrive at a truce1956 – President of India declares the state of

Jammu and Kashmir a part of India

Event 2:Plebiscite Dillema(1949-1957)

Religious conflict Holy Relic is missing from a Shrine in KashmirPakistan invade Kashmir againWar results in another ceasefire Pakistan funds Kashmiri rebels (Jammu and

Kashmir National Liberation Font)Countless failed efforts from India and Pakistan

to reach a truce.By 1987 India gains even more of Kashmir

Event 3: Rise of Kashmiri Nationalism (1963- 1987)

Kashmir goes through tons of different leadersVery unstablePakistani soldiers invade onto Indian territory ->

start of Kargil warSeen as very dangerous because of Nuclear

weaponsNone were usedResults in 1000 soldiers and hundreds of civilians

dead

Event 4:Kargil War (1999)

Manmohan Singh- Prime Minister of India

 Pervez Musharraf- Former president of Pakistan, ex-chief of Pakistan military

Influential People

Yasin Malik- leader of one faction of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

Sheikh Abdullah- Leader of the National Conference (Kashmir’s largest political party)

Influential People