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EMOTION HOW DO THE PIECES FIT TOGETHER? Commonly recognized emotions: Joy Sorrow Love Fear Hate AROUSAL BEHAVIOR THOUGHTS FEELINGS

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DEFINING EMOTION Emotion Relatively brief episode of synchronized evaluative physiological, behavioral, and subjective responses Distinguished from: Feeling subjective experience associated with an emotion Mood emotional state that is general and extended in time Emotion functions to: Regulate arousal Increase or Decrease Direct perception and attention Influence learning and memory Organize and motivate behavior Communicate with others

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EMOTIONAL RESPONSE Mixture of : Physiological arousal Heart pounding Expressive behavior Turning steering wheel Conscious thought Oncoming car is in wrong lane Feeling Sense of fear James-Lange Theory William James & Carl Lange Physiological response comes first As we observe response, we experience emotion Arousal (heart pounding) Fear (emotion) Smile Happy

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THEORIES OF EMOTION Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon & Philip Bard Bodys responses not distinct enough to result in different emotions Does racing heart signal fear, anger, or love? Physiological arousal and emotion triggered simultaneously Stimulus routed to brains cortex and sympathetic nervous system simultaneously Heart begins pounding as you experience fear Arousal (pounding heart) Fear (emotion)

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THEORIES OF EMOTION Singer-Schachters Two Factor Theory Jerome Singer & Stanley Schacter Physiology and cognitions (perceptions, memories, etc.) create emotion Emotion is result of physical arousal and cognitive label Emotional experience requires conscious interpretation of arousal Arousal (pounding heart) Cognitive label Im afraid Fear (emotion)

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EXAMPLE Christine is holding her 8-month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the babys face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, then notices that her heart is banging in her chest and shes broken out in a cold sweat. How would this experience be explained by each of the following theories? James-LangeCannon-BardTwo-factor theory

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SIX BASIC EMOTIONS EMOTIONFACIAL DESCRIPTION ANGER Lowering eyebrows, tightening and narrowing lips, glaring eyes, tightening lower eyelids HAPPINESS Smiling, or pulling up the corners of the mouth and contracting the large orbital muscles around eyes SADNESS Lowering of mouth corners, raise inner portion of brows SURPRISE Brows arch, eyes open wide to expose more white, jaw drops slightly FEAR Brows raised, eyes open, mouth opens slightly DISGUST Brows lowered, lips pressed firmly, nose wrinkled

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SIX BASIC EMOTIONS

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MOTIVATION What motivates us?

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BIOLOGICAL MOTIVATIONS Some things are instinctual Behavior that is patterned throughout a species, and is unlearned William James humans have instincts such as cleanliness, curiosity, and sympathy Instincts label behavior does not explain

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DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY Pushed by a need Physiological need creates aroused state Drive to reduce need Physiological need leads to psychological need Pulled by an incentive Positive or negative stimuli may lure or repel us Importance of homeostasis

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COGNITIVE THEORY WHY DO WE ENGAGE IN CERTAIN ACTIVITIES? Intrinsic motivation Personally rewarding Fulfills beliefs or expectations Example: Study for hours to get a good grades because you want to be a good student Extrinsic motivation Reduce biological needs Obtain incentives or external rewards Example: Study for hours to get a good grades to get money/car

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HIERARCHY OF MOTIVES Abraham Maslow

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Process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges

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MYTHS ABOUT STRESS Myth 1 Stress is the same for everybody Myth2 Stress is always bad for you Myth 3 Stress is everywhere, so you cant do anything about it Myth 4 No symptoms, no stress Myth 5- Only major symptoms of stress require attention

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STRESS APPRAISAL Stressful event (Tough math test) Threat (Yikes!!!) Challenge (Ive got this) Stressed to distraction Aroused, focused

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STRESS RESPONSE Fight or Flight Appraise situation as physically or psychologically threatening Sympathetic Nervous System goes into action Heart rate and respiration increase Blood pressure increases Blood sugar levels increase Excitatory hormones secreted (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Muscles tense

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STRESS RESPONSE General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) 3 stages in bodys stress reaction Alarm Body mobilizes fight or flight defenses Become alert and extra sensitive to surroundings Resistance Person finds means to cope with stressor May experience some psychosomatic symptoms Exhaustion Result of prolonged exposure to stressor Adrenal and other glands are taxed to limit Disorientation, delusions, collapse

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REACTIONS TO STRESS Personality Differences Type A Impatient, angry, irritable, competitive, overbearing Type B Patient, relaxed, do not become easily angered Perceived Control Over Stress We prefer predictable stress to unpredictable stress Social Support Emotional Concerned listening Appraisal Understanding, Sorting, Planning Informational Evaluate response to stressor Instrumental Money, spare room

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COPING STRATEGIES Problem-focused copingEmotion-focused coping Addressing stressors directly Used when we feel a sense of control over a situation and think we can change the circumstances or change ourselves Trying to reduce the negative emotional responses associated with stress Embarrassment, fear, anxiety, depression, excitement, or frustration Used when we cannot, or believe we cannot, change a situation Source of stress is outside persons control

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COPING STRATEGIES Planning, information seeking Suppression of competing activities Seeking social support Acceptance Turning to religion Venting of emotions Denial Humor Adjusting expectations Staying busy to take your mind off an issue Ignoring problem in hopes that it will go away Exercise Get plenty of sleep Eat healthy, well-balanced meals Taking control Evaluating pros and cons Relaxation