EMPIRESEMPIRESPart I:Part I:

Great Britain Turns to North America

Types of ColoniesTypes of Colonies

Corporate Colonies• Joint-stock companies

– Jamestown (Virginia Company)

Royal Colonies• Under direct authority of king’s government

– Virginia after 1624

Proprietary Colonies• Under authority of individuals granted charters of

ownership by the king, usually as gifts for support– Proprietors have almost total power– Maryland, Pennsylvania

Great Britain: Great Britain: The Turn to North AmericaThe Turn to North America

• Puritan forces execute Charles I in 1649• Oliver Cromwell (“England’s Protector”) leads

until his death in 1658• Followed by son, who cannot control the

country, Parliament calls king’s son out of exile to rule

• 1660, Charles II restored to the throne, rewards supporters with colonies– Has no heir, brother James (Duke of York) inherits

throne in 1685, rules as James II• Restoration Colonies

– Despite unrest, continuous and increased influence and expansion in North America

Settlement of the Coast: CarolinaSettlement of the Coast: Carolina

Carolina (1663)• Proprietary Title given to supporters for all land

between Florida and Virginia, west to the “sea”– No one really knew where that was

• Proprietors needed to attract settlers– Many from Virginia settled in the North– Displaced planters from Barbados settled further

south, bringing slaves• What will be South Carolina began with a system of black

chattel labor

– Why might this be important to understand?

Carolina: ContributionsCarolina: Contributions

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina (1669)– Attempt to establish an almost feudal hierarchy to the

colony, but attract settlers

It did…

Provide for Grand Council (court + executive)

Provide for an elected assembly

Provide for voting by secret ballot

Contain policies for religious toleration

It did not…

Provide for any kind of local government like other colonies

Never go into full effect—grew much more slowly than anticipated

FUN FACT: John Locke was a secretary to one of the proprietors at the time!

Carolina: DevelopmentCarolina: Development

• Divisions began to develop between the southern and northern provinces

Albemarle North Carolina

• Timber, livestock and tobacco

• No major port, sold through Virginia

• Much less slavery

South Carolina• Develop major port at

Charles Town– 1st planned city in

North America

• Trade in timber, livestock, rice

• By 1708, population is majority black slaves

• Formally split in 1721• Become Royal Colonies

Settlement of the Coast: New Settlement of the Coast: New York York

(don’t tell the Dutch!)(don’t tell the Dutch!)

• Charles gives James all land between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers

• Produces conflict with New Netherland and New Sweden– Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam in

1664– All other outposts follow

• James doesn’t want elected assembly, but is forced to agree– Only lasts from 1683-87, when he becomes

king

New JerseysNew Jerseys

• James gives the area between the Hudson to Delaware to a couple of followers, Carteret and Berkeley– Didn’t tell New

York’s governor. Let the games begin…

•NY Governor gives some land to pesty

Puritans from New England

Carteret takes over East New Jersey alone

Carteret dies, heirs sell off land

to surveyors, who sell off land

without reliable surveys

Berkeley sells to Quakers—West New Jersey

Moral of the story: New Jersey has always been a mess.

• Consolidated into one Royal Colony in 1702

Settlement of PennsylvaniaSettlement of Pennsylvania

• William Penn’s family owed a large debt from the British Crown. Given a land grant in 1681. Becomes Pennsylvania (Penn’s woods)

• Becomes a haven for Quakers, who do not believe in any religious authority and are persecuted in England– Refused to kneel, bow, use titles, engage in war– On occasion, acted outrageously

• Penn governs in the colony, unusual for a proprietor• Parliament had learned from past colonial conflicts, and

placed some restrictions on Penn– Had to follow Parliament's trade laws, keep an agent in England– Had to allow customs officials, and permit appeals to British courts– Had to send transcripts of all laws to England for review

Pennsylvania: The Holy Pennsylvania: The Holy ExperimentExperiment

• Frame of Government (1682)– Included elected assembly that could reject laws that he

proposed• Charter of Liberties (complete freedom of worship,

open immigration), fair treatment of Native Americans

• Advertised in Europe, promising land & freedoms– Population would include Swedes, Finns, Welsh and

Irish settlers– Came for liberty and land

• 50 acres to settlers, and to their freed servants

• Plans Philadelphia to be a decentralized, “wholesome” town– Symmetry, green space, plain street names supported

Quaker ideals

• Expansion through 1685

Unrest on the frontiersUnrest on the frontiers

• Increased expansion brought new conflict with Native mericans

• Roger Williams, William Penn among those who thought Indians deserved to be treated with respect, but were in the minority of the time period– Penn actually purchased lands that the king

had “given” him from Native Americans

King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War

• Relative peace between Plymouth Colony and Wampanoag Indians from 1621-1675

• In 1662, Metacom (King Philip) accepted agreement that subjugated his people to the English Crown

• Attacks town of Swansea on June 20, 1675

• Fighting will last over a year, kill thousands of settlers and Indians

• What caused this, and how did it change life in the colonies?

King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War

Possible Causes• Plymouth started to fine

Indians• Colonists pasturing

animals on Indian lands• Incidents of colonists

hanging Indians accused of murder

• Constant threat and spread of disease

Effects• Fighting spread across

colonies and tribes• Some tribes neutral, or

even joined colonists– So-called “praying” Indians

sent to internment in Boston Harbor

• Indian population decimated, some tribes virtually eliminated

• Many Indians sold into slavery, sent to Bermuda

Berkeley vs. Bacon in Berkeley vs. Bacon in VirginiaVirginia

• Governor Berkeley, Royal Governor of Virginia adopted policies that – favored large planters, – failed to protect smaller

farmers that were pushed inland, along with Native Americans

– Fun Fact: Brother of the New Jersey Berkeley

• Frontier farmers worried after news of King Philip’s war

• In 1676, recruit Nathaniel Bacon to lead them in attacking Indians

• Berkeley sends 300 troops to stop him

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

• Berkeley arrests Bacon when he is elected to the assembly– Bacon apologizes, is

released

• Berkeley declares Bacon & followers rebels against the king– Bacon moves troops to

Jamestown, burns it, harasses the governor Bacon briefly gains control of the government, dies on October 26, 1676

Effects:• Importance to people of

right to keep and bear arms• Importance of local

governments to the people• Highlights class differences,

reactions to perceived corruption

• Colonial resistance to Royal control

Trade takes Center StageTrade takes Center Stage

• England jealous of the trading power, worldwide influence of the Dutch

Acts of Trade and Navigation (1650-1673)• Mercantilism• Trade only on English or colonial ships• All goods must first travel to English ports• Specified goods from colonies could only

be exported to England (eventually includes most goods)

Effects of MercantilismEffects of MercantilismPOSITIVES• N.E. shipbuilding

prospers• England prosperous,

grants some colonies more rights, self gov’t

• Protection of British military forces

NEGATIVES• Manufacturing limited• Chesapeake farmers

get low prices with no competition

• High prices on manufactured goods from England

• Increased bureaucracy, resentment

British government often lax in enforcement, corruption was rampant

““Triangular Trade”Triangular Trade”

Trend toward CentralizationTrend toward Centralization

• Throughout 1660s more colonies coming under royal control– James II comes to power in 1685, increases

the trend

• Dominion of New England– Combines New Hampshire, Massachusetts,

Plymouth, Rhode Island and Connecticut– Governor, council, no elected assembly– New York and New Jersey added in 1688

The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious Revolution

• James II becomes deeply unpopular, angering everyone– English with Catholic leanings– colonists with increased royal control over the colonies– Going around Parliament on financial matters

• The Glorious Revolution ousts James II as king, replaced with William and Mary– Creation of a “limited monarchy”– Supremacy of the House of Commons

• William and Mary dismantle the Dominion of New England, but kept Massachusetts a royal colony– Establishes elected assemblies as essential to

government– Colonies regain historic identities, but still increased

presence of the crown

EMPIRESEMPIRESPart II:Part II:

Competition Among the Europeans in North America

FranceFrance

• New France small, relied on trade, missionary activity

• Fighting among the Huron (traded with French) and Iroquois (traded with Dutch and English) nearly bankrupted them

• Louis XIV takes direct control• Expand throughout Great Lakes region, mostly

by establishing trading posts• By early 1700s, had claimed and established

forts at the mouth of the Mississippi– Biloxi (1699), New Orleans (1722)

““Imperial Iroquois”Imperial Iroquois”

• Identified selves with words meaning “long house”• Primarily agricultural society, “matrilocal”

– Men went to live with wives’ families, elder women held power to determine which men headed their villages

• Form Great League of Peace between the different Iroquois people, Iroquois Confederation as a result of conflict with French over trade– Not “governments” in the European model, but

Europeans treated negotiations that way

– How might that cause problems down the line?

European EntanglementsEuropean Entanglements

• War between Britain and France in the late 168090s (surprise, surprise) – “War of the League of Augsburg” in Europe– “King William’s War” in British America

• Iroquois (Five Nations) side with the British, Abenaki (NH/Maine) side with French– Fighting marked by burning down villages, killing

livestock, taking men hostage– British villages destroyed, heavy casualties on both

sdies

• French turn to fight Iroquois– Lose ¼ to ½ of fighting men– Impact on alliances for the future

SpainSpain

• Held fort at St. Augustine (since 1565) on the Atlantic, Built Pensacola on the Gulf in 1698– Have control over the Gulf of Mexico– Since Carlos II died and naed Louis XIV’s grandson

heir, French allowed to develop New Orleans• Yes, European history can also be learned by watching “One

Tree Hill” on the CW

• Concentrated on New Mexico– Much resentment among native populations:

• Tributes to encomenderos, relied on coerced Indian labor, regularly sold Indians into slavery

– Frequent rebellions by Indians

Rain on Spain in the American Rain on Spain in the American PlainsPlains

Popé’s Rebellion (1680)– Pueblo uprising—most

successful in North American history

• Pueblo Indians had largely been converted, subjugated to Spanish– Drought, attacks by

Apache and Navajo cause turn back to their traditional gods

– Spanish hang, whip Pueblo leaders

• Pueblo unite behind Popé– Attack farms, ranches, – Kill over 400 colonists,

including Catholic missionaries

– Destroy Cathlolic imagery

• Revolt spreads across region– Spanish fail to regain total

control

• Whose fault is it?– The devil, of course!The devil, of course!– Explanation will be used in

New England as well…

Pueblo, Apache, Navajo

Iroquois

New Orleans

Major Ideas to RememberMajor Ideas to Remember

• Similarities and Differences in the British colonies– Including impact of developments in

democratic ideas

• Short- and Long-Term impact of Europeans’ views/treatment of Native Americans

• Impact of European competition in the New World