Empowering Visually Impaired Students Through ICT The term ‘visual impairment’ covers a wide variety of conditions – some present since birth, some resulting

Empowering Visually Impaired Empowering Visually Impaired Students Through ICTStudents Through ICT

The term ‘visual impairment’ covers a wide The term ‘visual impairment’ covers a wide variety of conditions – some present since birth, variety of conditions – some present since birth, some resulting from gradual deterioration of sight.some resulting from gradual deterioration of sight.

The vast majority of sight-impaired people have The vast majority of sight-impaired people have some useful sight, although the degree of sight some useful sight, although the degree of sight can vary greatly. can vary greatly.

Some are able to read newsprint, whilst others Some are able to read newsprint, whilst others need large print of varying sizes. need large print of varying sizes.

A minority relies on non-sighted methods of A minority relies on non-sighted methods of reading and writing, such as Braille & touch-reading and writing, such as Braille & touch-typing. typing.

Only 7% of blind people use Braille.Only 7% of blind people use Braille.


The type of partial sight from which a learner The type of partial sight from which a learner may suffer is extremely varied, reflecting the may suffer is extremely varied, reflecting the scores of different eye complaints which exist. scores of different eye complaints which exist.

It is therefore essential, before designing any It is therefore essential, before designing any ICT programme, to establish degree of useful ICT programme, to establish degree of useful vision.vision.

A key issue in the assessment process is the A key issue in the assessment process is the stability of the condition. stability of the condition.

If it is felt that the condition may alter, it is If it is felt that the condition may alter, it is essential that reassessment of the programme essential that reassessment of the programme is built in to the review cycle.is built in to the review cycle.


The literacy and numeracy problems The literacy and numeracy problems experienced by visually impaired people are experienced by visually impaired people are likely to include:likely to include:

• • a lack of reading, writing and numeracy a lack of reading, writing and numeracy practicepractice

• • difficulty in scanning pages, or even wordsdifficulty in scanning pages, or even words

• • a cumulative ‘falling behind’ in education.a cumulative ‘falling behind’ in education.

Typically, a child will write phonetically, or have Typically, a child will write phonetically, or have spelling problems because of an imperfect spelling problems because of an imperfect memory of the shape and length of words. memory of the shape and length of words.

There are similar difficulties with numeracy.There are similar difficulties with numeracy.


For many VI or blind students, computers can For many VI or blind students, computers can enable access to the curriculum by providing enable access to the curriculum by providing alternative methods of reading and recording alternative methods of reading and recording work. work.

Not all learners require large print, but high-Not all learners require large print, but high-contrast print is easier for many learners to see contrast print is easier for many learners to see than their own hand-written work. than their own hand-written work.

For these students, a word processor with suitably For these students, a word processor with suitably sized fonts on screen may prove useful, especially sized fonts on screen may prove useful, especially if the computer screen allows for good contrast, if the computer screen allows for good contrast, with high-quality resolution and picture steadiness.with high-quality resolution and picture steadiness.


GENERAL SOFTWARE FEATURESGENERAL SOFTWARE FEATURES BRIGHTNESS:BRIGHTNESS: The light behind text on screen often The light behind text on screen often

makes it easier for someone with VI to read text on makes it easier for someone with VI to read text on screen, rather than on the printed page.screen, rather than on the printed page.

COLOUR COMBINATIONS:COLOUR COMBINATIONS: Some colour Some colour combinations are easier to read for particular sight combinations are easier to read for particular sight conditions, and VI users find it beneficial to be able conditions, and VI users find it beneficial to be able to change either the text or the background colour, to change either the text or the background colour, or both. or both.

FONTS:FONTS: Many VI students find it useful to be able to Many VI students find it useful to be able to choose a particular font and to avoid fixed-space choose a particular font and to avoid fixed-space fonts, which may be more difficult to read. A plain fonts, which may be more difficult to read. A plain font, with sans serif letters or certain letter shapes, font, with sans serif letters or certain letter shapes, is easier to read.is easier to read.


PRINT SIZE:PRINT SIZE: Large print is often helpful to VI Large print is often helpful to VI students, whether it be on screen or on printed-out students, whether it be on screen or on printed-out documents. On screen, for instance, it can be documents. On screen, for instance, it can be helpful to make the text of a whole document helpful to make the text of a whole document larger.larger.

Printing in large fonts is useful for students to print Printing in large fonts is useful for students to print out their own work, with perhaps a smaller version out their own work, with perhaps a smaller version for their teacher, and for teachers to print out for their teacher, and for teachers to print out teaching materials for the visually impaired. teaching materials for the visually impaired.

If wishing to set large print for printing out rather If wishing to set large print for printing out rather than for viewing on screen this is generally set at than for viewing on screen this is generally set at the print command stage. the print command stage.

Inkjet or laser printers are popular for their clear Inkjet or laser printers are popular for their clear crisp print.crisp print.


SOUND EFFECTS:SOUND EFFECTS: Many systems have a Many systems have a range of sounds which can alert blind users range of sounds which can alert blind users when they maximise a window, for example. when they maximise a window, for example. (In Windows, for instance, these are under (In Windows, for instance, these are under ‘Settings/Control Panels/Sounds’).‘Settings/Control Panels/Sounds’).

MOUSE POINTERS:MOUSE POINTERS: It is usually possible to It is usually possible to change the shape and size of a mouse change the shape and size of a mouse pointer, and show mouse trails to make it pointer, and show mouse trails to make it easier to locate the cursor on screen. (Within easier to locate the cursor on screen. (Within ‘Settings/ Control Panel/Mouse’ in Windows).‘Settings/ Control Panel/Mouse’ in Windows).


INPUT/OUTPUT OPTIONS:INPUT/OUTPUT OPTIONS:

BRAILLE:BRAILLE: For learners inputting in Braille, Braille For learners inputting in Braille, Braille translation software can produce a text version translation software can produce a text version of the learner’s work for their teacher to read. of the learner’s work for their teacher to read.

HIGH CONTRAST KEY LABELS:HIGH CONTRAST KEY LABELS: It can be very It can be very helpful for learners to have their keyboard helpful for learners to have their keyboard labelling altered. Some learners may prefer labelling altered. Some learners may prefer large letters, others may like labels in a variety large letters, others may like labels in a variety of textures or colours for frequently used keys. of textures or colours for frequently used keys.


OVERLAY KEYBOARDS:OVERLAY KEYBOARDS: An overlay An overlay keyboard can be very helpful: being a flat keyboard can be very helpful: being a flat ‘tablet’ on which an appropriate overlay ‘tablet’ on which an appropriate overlay is placed showing, for instance, a is placed showing, for instance, a replication of the screen from which an replication of the screen from which an option can be pressed.option can be pressed.

SCANNERS:SCANNERS: Text can be scanned in and Text can be scanned in and then enlarged on screen or converted to then enlarged on screen or converted to Braille, or ‘read’ aloud by a speech Braille, or ‘read’ aloud by a speech synthesiser attached to the computer.synthesiser attached to the computer.


SPEECH RECOGNITION:SPEECH RECOGNITION: Voice input has Voice input has considerable benefits for VI pupils who can considerable benefits for VI pupils who can speak to their computer and produce correctly speak to their computer and produce correctly spelt documents, but there are issues with the spelt documents, but there are issues with the use of sound in the mainstream classroom.use of sound in the mainstream classroom.

TOUCH SCREENS:TOUCH SCREENS: The use of touch screens for The use of touch screens for the Blind has shown that pupils can often see the Blind has shown that pupils can often see more, partly because some eye conditions more, partly because some eye conditions affect the ability to focus. Visual tracking is affect the ability to focus. Visual tracking is much improved when pupils do not constantly much improved when pupils do not constantly have to look from screen to keyboard and back have to look from screen to keyboard and back again.again.


SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT:SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: In the longer run, VI pupils need to develop In the longer run, VI pupils need to develop

touch-typing skills. touch-typing skills.

Abroad, softwares are available like, Abroad, softwares are available like, Touch TypeTouch Type, , where you see the letter, hear it and type it, and where you see the letter, hear it and type it, and Touch-type, Read and SpellTouch-type, Read and Spell, which has feedback , which has feedback and a scoring system which motivates children.and a scoring system which motivates children.

In UK, a pilot project using In UK, a pilot project using Touch-type, Read and Touch-type, Read and SpellSpell reported that VI pupils showed a marked reported that VI pupils showed a marked improvement in listening skills and spelling, as improvement in listening skills and spelling, as well as learning to be accurate typists.well as learning to be accurate typists.


The increasing use of images as well as text, in The increasing use of images as well as text, in particular on CD-ROMs and in other multimedia particular on CD-ROMs and in other multimedia materials, can increase the difficulties faced by materials, can increase the difficulties faced by students with VI. students with VI.

Software that enlarges areas of the screen or Software that enlarges areas of the screen or converts text into speech can help, but not converts text into speech can help, but not always. always.

However, software displaying bright attractive However, software displaying bright attractive moving images can provide valuable visual moving images can provide valuable visual stimulation, encouraging children with VI to use stimulation, encouraging children with VI to use their vision and improve their tracking skillstheir vision and improve their tracking skills


Access to the Internet can be difficult, as Access to the Internet can be difficult, as not all sites have built-in accessibility for not all sites have built-in accessibility for users with VI.users with VI.

Although some specialist Web browsers Although some specialist Web browsers enlarge text and speak the contents of a enlarge text and speak the contents of a Web page. Web page.

There are still problems, however, with There are still problems, however, with text in magazine or column format, as the text in magazine or column format, as the screen reader will read from left to right screen reader will read from left to right across the columns. across the columns.


This can be overcome by using the text-to-This can be overcome by using the text-to-speech Internet enhancer, BETSIE, from the speech Internet enhancer, BETSIE, from the BBC: BBC:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/betsiehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/education/betsie

It reorganises Web pages into a more logical It reorganises Web pages into a more logical format, removing all the images and the format, removing all the images and the unnecessary formatting. unnecessary formatting.

This makes it easier for screen readers to read This makes it easier for screen readers to read the page to an on-line user. the page to an on-line user.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/betsie


Software can be installed on the PC of the visually Software can be installed on the PC of the visually impaired person. impaired person.

PwWebspeak PwWebspeak software is a talking Web browser software is a talking Web browser that orders information from a Webpage into an that orders information from a Webpage into an understandable layout and reads it in synthesised understandable layout and reads it in synthesised speech. speech.

Further information at: Further information at: http://www.soundlinks.comhttp://www.soundlinks.com . .

Information on a project using Information on a project using pwWebspeak pwWebspeak with with visually impaired children is available in print at: visually impaired children is available in print at:

http://www.rnib.org.uk/technology/iprsummary.htmhttp://www.rnib.org.uk/technology/iprsummary.htm ..

http://www.soundlinks.com/

http://www.rnib.org.uk/technology/iprsummary.htm


PDF FILES:PDF FILES: Conversion of PDF files is possible via the Conversion of PDF files is possible via the

Internet using the e-mail facility explained by Internet using the e-mail facility explained by Adobe at: Adobe at: www.access.adobe.com/access_email.htmlwww.access.adobe.com/access_email.html . .

This Web page gives e-mail options to convert This Web page gives e-mail options to convert PDF files to plain text or HTML format to make PDF files to plain text or HTML format to make them more accessible to screen-reading them more accessible to screen-reading software.software.

http://www.access.adobe.com/access_email.html


DIGITAL SPEECH DEVICES:DIGITAL SPEECH DEVICES:

The digital recording devices can be invaluable The digital recording devices can be invaluable portable means of recording information for VI portable means of recording information for VI pupils from their own class notes and personal pupils from their own class notes and personal letters to instructions and lessons, and for listening letters to instructions and lessons, and for listening to audio books.to audio books.

Digital speech can be recorded via a microphone Digital speech can be recorded via a microphone and attached to words and pictures. and attached to words and pictures.

Calculators, thermometers and electronic Calculators, thermometers and electronic dictionaries, all with in-built speech, may also be dictionaries, all with in-built speech, may also be useful.useful.


TECHNOLOGY IMPLIMENTATION AREAS:TECHNOLOGY IMPLIMENTATION AREAS:

Support may be needed to design a screen Support may be needed to design a screen layout to meet individual requirements, so that layout to meet individual requirements, so that a student can load software and files of his own a student can load software and files of his own and edit and save his/her work. and edit and save his/her work.

Technology such as quality printers and Technology such as quality printers and enlarging photocopiers can be used to produce enlarging photocopiers can be used to produce large-print versions of work materials.large-print versions of work materials.

The use of copyholders and angled work The use of copyholders and angled work surfaces may be helpful.surfaces may be helpful.


Magnifiers and additional lighting may be Magnifiers and additional lighting may be required, taking care not to allow too much required, taking care not to allow too much light to interfere with the screen display. light to interfere with the screen display.

Screen glare can be alleviated by the use of Screen glare can be alleviated by the use of anti-glare filters or by adjusting the on-screen anti-glare filters or by adjusting the on-screen colours. colours.

Consider ambient lighting conditions in order Consider ambient lighting conditions in order that the learner can make effective use of his that the learner can make effective use of his vision.vision.


It is important that the provision of equipment It is important that the provision of equipment is seen as integral to the development of the is seen as integral to the development of the strategies required for the user to access the strategies required for the user to access the curriculum effectively. curriculum effectively.

It is important to build regular access to the It is important to build regular access to the technology into the curriculum, as experience technology into the curriculum, as experience has shown that without continuity of contact it has shown that without continuity of contact it is difficult for students to retain a mental map is difficult for students to retain a mental map of the system.of the system.


Websites for Visually Impaired:Websites for Visually Impaired:

http://newsindex.comhttp://newsindex.com A news search engine with a VI facility.A news search engine with a VI facility.

http://www.nlbuk.org/http://www.nlbuk.org/ National Library for the Blind: his site has a National Library for the Blind: his site has a virtual reference library, a ‘what's on’ section, virtual reference library, a ‘what's on’ section, professional support, and an access helpline professional support, and an access helpline with information on Braille, Moon, Audio and with information on Braille, Moon, Audio and adaptive ICT, including accessible Web site adaptive ICT, including accessible Web site design.design.

http://newsindex.com/

http://www.nlbuk.org/


http://www.nyise.org/access.htmhttp://www.nyise.org/access.htm Blindness Resource Center: It covers the latest Blindness Resource Center: It covers the latest technological advances available for the VI. It technological advances available for the VI. It gives guidance and product information on gives guidance and product information on designing accessible Web sites and access designing accessible Web sites and access resources such as talking Web browsers.resources such as talking Web browsers.

http://www.winguide.co.ukhttp://www.winguide.co.uk Winguide: Windows Concepts Training and Winguide: Windows Concepts Training and Documentation Guides and courses, for users Documentation Guides and courses, for users and trainers, on Windows for blind and visually and trainers, on Windows for blind and visually impaired users and other professionals.impaired users and other professionals.

http://www.nyise.org/access.htm

http://www.winguide.co.uk/


http://www.deafblind.co.ukhttp://www.deafblind.co.uk

This Web resource for the deafblind gives This Web resource for the deafblind gives information covering Internet resources, information covering Internet resources, conferences and courses, equipment, service conferences and courses, equipment, service providers and so on. It also has a bibliography.providers and so on. It also has a bibliography.

http://www.deafblind.comhttp://www.deafblind.com

An A-Z of Deafness & Blindness. A Web site in An A-Z of Deafness & Blindness. A Web site in several languages, giving information ranging several languages, giving information ranging from resources on the Internet to organisations, from resources on the Internet to organisations, courses and equipment suppliers. courses and equipment suppliers.

http://www.deafblind.co.uk/

http://www.deafblind.com/

THANKSTHANKS

TALWANT SINGHTALWANT SINGHAD&SJ: DELHIAD&SJ: DELHI

For any suggestions/questions,For any suggestions/questions,

Please contact:Please contact:

[email protected]@gmail.com

mailto:[email protected]

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Empowering Visually Impaired Students Through ICT The term ‘visual impairment’ covers a wide variety of conditions – some present since birth, some resulting