EMS Long Fibre Reinforced Polyamides

7/27/2019 EMS Long Fibre Reinforced Polyamides

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Long fibre reinforced polyamides

Materials with spine


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2Contents

3 Introduction

4 Product portfolio / Nomenclature / Manufacturing process

5 Characteristics and properties of long fi bre reinforced polyamides

7 Properties Grivory HT8 Properties Grivory GV12 Properties Grilamid L / Grilamid TR14 Properties Grilon16 Special properties

19 Design data Short-term behaviour21 Design data Long-term behaviour23 Heat ageing / Products reinforced with long carbon fi bres25 Hybrid-reinforced LFT products

26 Resistance to chemicals

29 Flame behaviour / Storage and drying30 Processing - Injection moulding32 Mould design34 Processing parameters36 Processing - Post-treatment39 Customer services and technical support40 Make use of our test laboratories41 Quality standards42 EMS-GRIVORY products43 Delivery form


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Long fibre reinforced polyamides Materials with spineLong fi bre reinforced polyamides from EMS-GRIVORY

make metal replacement possible in new and challen-ging fi elds of application.

The long reinforcement fi bres form a fi bre web insidethe injection-moulded components which provides sus-tainably improved thermo-technical properties. Stressesare transferred more or less directly to the fi bres whichare interlinked with each other. In this way, changes inproperty values in dependence of temperature, mois-ture or deformation speed are reduced and utilisationlimits are pushed higher.

Long fi bre reinforced polyamides from EMS-GRIVORYare based on the well-known high-performance materi-als in the range of product families including:

Grivory HT1High-temperature polyamides based on PPA(polyphthalamide)

Grivory GVPartially crystalline polyamides with aromaticshares

Grilamid LPolyamide12

Grilamid TRAmorphous / transparent polyamides

Grilon TSPolyamide 66+6 grades

Glass or carbon fi bres are used as reinforcement. Pro-duct grades differ in the type and composition of thepolyamides used as well as the kind and amount offi bres used.

Long fi bre reinforced polyamides from EMS-GRIVORYare used in the production of challenging technicalcomponents which have special requirements with re-

gard to the following material properties:

good mechanical properties above the glass transi-tion temperature

low creep

high strength values under very rapid deformation

improved notched impact strength without loss ofstiffness

low warpage

Typical polyamide properties such as good resistanceto chemicals, good surface quality and extremely effi ci-ent manufacture of even complex components, remainunchanged in the long fi bre reinforced grades.

Due to the special properties of long fi bre reinforcedpolyamides, this group of materials is predestinated foruse in high-quality and challenging metal-replacementapplications.

Compared to products reinforced with short fi bres,the long fi bre structure allows a component to exhibithigher property values at the same temperature or the

same property values at temperatures which are 20 to30C higher. This allows light-weight structural designsfor components with lower wall thicknesses or loweramounts of fi bre reinforcement (lower density) to beachieved.

Long fi bre reinforced polyamides are just as physiolo-gically harmless as the basic polymers. Products appro-ved for use in contact with foodstuffs are also available.

Introduction


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4

The product portfolio of long fibre reinforcedpolyamides

Grivory HTVLlong glass fi bre reinforced Grivory HT1 products

Grivory GVLlong glass fi bre reinforced Grivory GV products

Grivory GCLlong carbon fi bre reinforced Grivory GV products

Grivory GXLhybrid long fi bre reinforced (GF+CF) Grivory GVproducts

Grilamid LVLlong glass fi bre reinforced Grilamid L products

Grilamid LCLlong carbon fi bre reinforced Grilamid L products

Grilamid TRVLlong glass fi bre reinforced amorphous Grilamid TRproducts

Grilon TSGLlong glass fi bre reinforced Grilon TS products

Grilon TSGL FAlong glass fi bre reinforced Grilon TS products,approved for use in contact with foodstuffs

Grilon TSXLhybrid long fi bre reinforced (GF+CF) Grilon TSproducts

The XE designation is used for products in the marketintroduction phase.

Nomenclature

Product portfolio / Nomenclature / Manufacturing process

Manufacture of LFT productsThe long fi bre reinforced polyamides from EMS-GRIVORY are manufactured using a special process.

The basic raw materials for this are quasi endless glassor carbon fi bres which are delivered wound on reels.

These fi bres are pre-treated in a specially developedimpregnation nozzle assembly where the single fi bresare separated and impregnated with a polyamide melt.This melt contains a series of additives (colours, heatstabilisers, fl ame protection, processing aids) and com-plete the long reinforcing fi bres into a process-readymaterial.

Each pellet of fi nished product contains between 4,000and 24,000 reinforcing fi bres, all of exactly the same

length as the granule itself - typically 10 mm. The fi bresare not coated in a bundle, but are impregnated sepa-rately and brought together again in the pellets.

The fi nished products are delivered as dry pellets readyfor processing and packed in 25 kg bags (laminatedwith aluminium) or in octabins.

Grivory G V L - 6 H black 9915 (reinforced example)

Colour heat stabilised reinforcement = 60% long fi bre reinforcement glass fi bre reinforcement partially aromatic

polyamide


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Grade Product Characteristics and properties Application segment

Grivory HT LFT

Basicgrades

HT1VL-50XHT1VL-60X

Injection-moulding grades with a balanced property profile,50% and 60% long glass fibre reinforcement

High stiffness components with high wor-king temperatures, increased requirementson creep and absorption of energy

Grivory GV LFT

Basi

c

grades

GVL-3H

GVL-4HGVL-5HGVL-6H

Injection-moulding grades with a balanced property profile,

30% to 60% long glass fibre reinforcement

Stiff, dimensionally accurate components

with high requirements on strength andenergy absorption, significantly reducedcreep, replacement of die-cast metal alloys

Highperformance

grades

GVL-5H HPGVL-6H HP

Injection-moulding grades with further increased property valu-es, 50% and 60% reinforcement with special fibres

Stiff, dimensionally accurate componentswith high requirements on strength andenergy absorption, strength values above300 MPa

Fla

me

resis

tant GVL-4H V0

GVL-5H V0GVL-6H V0

Injection-moulding grades with fl ame-retardant additives, UL

94 V-0 and 5VA from 1.6 mm, 40% to 60% long glass fibrereinforcement

Flame-resistant components with special

requirements on mechanical properties, im-pact resistance, creep

Reinforcedwith

carbonfibres GCL-3H

GCL-4HInjection-moulding grades with very high stiffness, strength andenergy absorption, 30% to 40% long carbon fibre reinforce-ment

Components with very high requirementson mechanical performance and minimumcomponent weight

Reinforcedwith

hybrid

fibres

GXL-40 DBGXL-45 DBGXL-50 DB

Injection-moulding grades with hybrid fibre reinforcement (glassand carbon) 40% to 50%

Components with electro-static conductivityin combination with good mechanical pro-perties

Characteristics and properties of long

fibre reinforced polyamides


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6Characteristics and properties of long fibrereinforced polyamidesGrade Product Characteristics and properties Application segment

Grilamid L LFT

Basicgrades LVL-5H

LVL-6HInjection-moulding grades with a balanced propertyprofile, 50% to 60% long glass fibre reinforcement

High stiffness components with increasedrequirements on creep and absorption ofenergy, highest dimensional stability andresistance to chemicals

Reinforcedwith

carbon

fibres

LCL-3HLCL-4H

Injection-moulding grades with very high stiffness,strength an energy absorption, 30% to 40% longcarbon fibre reinforcement

Very light-weight components with highrequirements on mechanical performance,especially in the field of sport articles

Grilamid TR LFT

Basic

g

rades

TRVL-50X9 HP Amorphous injection-moulding grade with a balan-ced property profile, 50% long glass fibre reinforce-ment

Components with very little warpage, verygood surface quality, highest dimensionalstability

Grilon TS LFT

Basicgrades TSGL-30/4

TSGL-40/4TSGL-50/4TSGL-60/4

Injection-moulding grades with a balanced propertyprofile, 30% to 60% long glass fibre reinforcement

Stiff components with high requirements onstrength and energy absorption, significant-ly reduced creep, replacement of die-castmetal alloys

Flam

e

resist

ant

TSGL-30/4 V0TSGL-40/4 V0

TSGL-50/4 V0

Injection-moulding grades with fl ame-retardant addi-tives, UL 94 V-0 and 5VA from 1.6 mm, 30% to 50%

long glass fibre reinforcement

Flame-resistant components with specialrequirements on mechanical properties, im-

pact strength, creep

Reinforcedwith

hybridfibres

TSXL-40/4 DBTSXL-50/4 DB

Injection-moulding grades with hybrid fibre reinforce-ment (glass and carbon) 40% to 50%

Components with electro-static conductivityin combination with good mechanical pro-perties.


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Mechanical Properties HT1VL-50Xblack 9839

HT1VL-60Xblack 9839

Tensile modulus of elasticity ISO 527 MPadry 19500 24500

cond. 19000 24000

Stress at break ISO 527 MPadry 275 265

cond. 270 260

Elongation at break ISO 527 %dry 1.9 1.5

cond. 1.9 1.5

Impact strength 23C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2dry 75 75

cond. 75 75

Impact strength -30C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2 dry 75 75cond. 75 75

Notched impact strength 23C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2dry 30 30

cond. 30 30

Notched impact strength -30C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2dry 30 30

cond. 30 30

Ball indentation hardness ISO 2039-1 MPadry 350 360

cond. 350 360

Thermal properties

Melting point ISO 11357 C dry 325 325

Heat distortion temperature HDT/A ISO 75 A C dry > 290 > 300

Heat distortion temperature HDT/C ISO 75 C C dry 250 270

Electrical properties

Comparative tracking index IEC 60112 dry 600 600

Specific surface resistivity IEC 60093 dry 1012 1012

cond. 1012 1012

General properties

Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 dry 1.65 1.78

Flammability (UL 94), 1.6mm ISO 1210 Step dry HB HB

Water absorption ISO 62 % dry 3.0 2.8

Moisture absorption ISO 62 % dry 1.3 1.2

Linear mould shrinkage long. ISO 294 % dry 0.10 0.10

Linear mould shrinkage trans. ISO 294 % dry 0.20 0.15

Properties

Grivory HT


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8PropertiesGrivory GVMechanical properties GVL-4H

naturalGVL-4H black

9915


cond. 13000 13500


cond. 205 200


cond. 2.6 2.4


cond. 80 75



cond. 30 30


cond. 30 25


cond. 230 250

Thermal properties


Heat distortion temperature HDT/A ISO 75 A C dry 255 250




Specific surface resistivity IEC 60093 dry 1010

1010

cond. 1010 1010

General properties








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VL-4H V0 black9915

GVL-5Hnatural

GVL-5H HPnatural

GVL-5H black9839

GVL-5H black9915

GVL-5H V0 black9915

14500 17500 17500 17500 17500 17500

13500 16500 16800 16500 16500 16500

200 270 290 265 260 235

180 230 265 230 230 210

2.3 2.5 2.6 2.4 2.2 2.2

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2

70 105 115 105 90 90

65 100 110 100 85 85

70 90 100 90 85 8560 90 100 90 80 80

25 35 40 35 30 30

25 35 40 35 30 30

25 35 40 35 30 30

25 35 40 35 30 30

260 275 275 275 290 290

245 260 260 260 270 270

260 260 260 260 260 260

250 255 255 255 255 255

210 220 220 220 220 220

600 600 600 600 600 600

1010

1010

1010

1010

1010

1010

1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010

1.52 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.59

V0/5VA HB HB HB HB V0/5VA

4.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.7

1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2

0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10

0.30 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25


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10Mechanical properties GVL-6H

naturalGVL-6H HP

natural


cond. 21000 21500


cond. 255 275


cond. 2.1 2.3


cond. 115 120



cond. 40 45


cond. 40 45


cond. 285 285

Thermal properties


Heat distortion temperature HDT/A ISO 75 A C dry 255 255




Specific surface resistivity IEC 60093 dry 1010

1010

cond. 1010 1010

General properties







Properties

Grivory GV


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GVL-6Hblack 9839

GVL-6Hblack 9915

GCL-3Hanthracite

GCL-3H black9915

GCL-4Hanthracite

GXL-40 DBblack 9915

GXL-45 DBblack 9915

22500 23000 22500 23000 29500 22500 24000

21000 21500 21500 22000 26500 20500 21500

280 280 315 310 335 285 280

250 240 270 270 300 230 230

2.1 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7

2.1 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.7

110 100 55 55 65 60 70

105 100 65 65 75 60 70

90 85 55 55 65 70 7590 85 65 65 75 70 75

40 35 16 15 18 17 20

40 35 16 15 18 17 20

40 35 20 19 20 20 23

40 35 20 19 20 20 23

310 315 320 330 340 320 340

285 290 285 295 310 300 310

260 260 260 260 260 260 260

255 255 255 255 255 255 255

225 225 240 240 240 225 235

600 600 - - - - -

1010

1010


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12Mechanical properties

Tensile modulus of elasticity ISO 527 MPa cond.

Stress at break ISO 527 MPa cond.

Elongation at break ISO 527 % cond.

Impact strength 23C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2 cond.

Impact strength -30C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2 cond.

Notched impact strength 23C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2 cond.

Notched impact strength -30C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2 cond.

Ball indentation hardness ISO 2039-1 MPa cond.

Thermal properties

Melting point ISO 11357 C dry

Heat distortion temperature HDT/A ISO 75 A C dry

Heat distortion temperature HDT/C ISO 75 C C dry


Comparative tracking index IEC 60112 dry

Specific surface resistivity IEC 60093 dry

cond.

General properties

Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 dry

Flammability (UL 94), 1.6mm ISO 1210 Step dry

Water absorption ISO 62 % dry

Moisture absorption ISO 62 % dry

Linear mould shrinkage long. ISO 294 % dry

Linear mould shrinkage trans. ISO 294 % dry

Properties

Grilamid L / Grilamid TR


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LVL-5Hnatural

LVL-6Hnatural

LCL-3Hanthracite

LCL-4Hanthracite

TRVL-50X9 HPnatural

13500 17000 19000 24000 15500

200 215 250 260 215

2.5 2.3 1.7 1.6 2.3

100 100 70 75 95

100 100 70 75 95

45 45 28 30 35

45 45 28 30 35

195 210 200 220 220

178 178 178 178 -

175 175 170 170 140

155 160 160 160 125

600 600 - - 600

1012 1012


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14PropertiesGrilonMechanical properties

TSGL-30/4

black 9833

TSGL-40/4

natural

TSGL-40/4

black 9833

Tensile modulus of elasticity ISO 527 MPadry 10000 13000 13500

cond. 7400 9500 10000

Stress at break ISO 527 MPadry 190 230 220

cond. 135 165 160

Elongation at break ISO 527 %dry 2.3 2.6 2.0

cond. 2.6 2.8 2.5

Impact strength 23C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2dry 55 85 75

cond. 60 85 80

Impact strength -30C ISO 179/2-1eU kJ/m2dry 55 65 60

cond. 60 65 65

Notched impact strength 23C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2dry 20 30 30

cond. 25 30 30

Notched impact strength -30C ISO 179/2-1eA kJ/m2dry 20 30 30

cond. 25 30 30

Ball indentation hardness ISO 2039-1 MPadry 240 280 280

cond. 165 180 180

Thermal properties

Melting point ISO 11357 C dry 260 260 260

Heat distortion temperature HDT/A ISO 75 A C dry 245 250 250

Heat distortion temperature HDT/C ISO 75 C C dry 195 230 230


Comparative tracking index IEC 60112 dry 600 600 600

Specific surface resistivity IEC 60093 dry 1012 1012 1012

cond. 1011 1011 1011

General properties

Density ISO 1183 g/cm3 dry 1.35 1.45 1.45

Flammability (UL 94), 1.6mm ISO 1210 Step dry HB HB HB

Water absorption ISO 62 % dry 5.5 5.0 5.0

Moisture absorption ISO 62 % dry 2.1 1.8 1.8

Linear mould shrinkage long. ISO 294 % dry 0.20 0.15 0.15

Linear mould shrinkage trans. ISO 294 % dry 0.45 0.35 0.35


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SGL-40/4FA black

9840

TSGL-50/4

natural

TSGL-50/4

black 9839

TSGL-50/4

black 9833

TSGL-60/4

natural

TSGL-60/4

black 9839

TSGL-60/4

black 9833TSXL-40 DB TSXL-50 DB

13500 17500 17500 17800 22000 22000 22500 14000 17500

10000 12500 12500 12500 16500 16500 17000 10500 13500

220 265 260 255 275 275 270 225 240

160 180 180 180 200 200 200 165 185

2.0 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0

2.5 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.4

75 100 100 95 110 110 100 55 80

80 105 105 100 110 110 110 65 75

60 95 95 85 105 105 95 55 75

65 75 75 80 95 95 90 65 75

30 40 40 35 40 40 35 20 30

30 45 45 40 45 45 40 25 30

30 40 40 35 40 40 35 20 30

30 45 45 40 40 45 40 25 30

280 310 310 315 350 340 350 290 320

180 200 200 200 230 230 240 215 265

260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260

250 250 250 250 255 255 255 255 255

230 230 230 230 235 235 235 230 235

600 600 600 600 600 600 600 - -

1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012 1012


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16

Special properties of EMS-GRIVORYLFT polyamidesThe fi bre-web structure created inside the component is

responsible for a whole series of improved thermome-chanical properties. This means, that LFT polyamidesbelong in the property range of fi bre composites.

LFT polyamides show signifi cantly improved propertyvalues, especially in the areas of:

creep

notched impact strength / energy absorption

behaviour under high deformation speeds

behaviour at high temperatures

behaviour at very low temperatures

fatigue strength

This is due to a more direct transfer of stress in the com-ponents between the fi bres and widens the range ofpossible uses, par ticularly in the fi eld of challengingmetal replacement applications.

Behaviour under tensile loadAll EMS-GRIVORY LFT products, independent of theirbasic polyamide, show clearly more linear behaviour

in tensile tests and greater elasticity to change shape.This results in generally higher strengths throughout thetemperature range. Higher stiffness values are also

achieved above the glass transition point.

The improved strength and stiffness values of LFT gra-des are clearly visible at higher temperatures. Usingpartially aromatic Grivory GVL with 60% glass-fi brereinforcement the behaviour of the long glass fi bre re-inforced material is practically the same at 120C asthe standard grade at only 80C. This also offers theopportunity of using around 10% less long glass fi b-res to achieve properties similar to those of a standardcompound and in doing so, achieving a componentwith less density and therefore, lighter in weight.

A similar effect can be achieved regarding stiffnessdepending on temperature. Up to glass transition tem-peratures, LFT products show similar values to those ofstandard compounds. At temperatures above the glasstransition point, they exhibit signifi cantly higher valu-es for the modulus of elasticity. Due to the long-fi brestructure, the components are less yielding and havea higher capacity for reversible deformation, makingit possible to use lower amounts of reinforcing fi bres toachieve the necessary E-modulus values.

Special properties

Tensile tests as per ISO 527 / dry

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

23C

23C

80C

80C

120C

120C

Stress[MPa]

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Grivory GVL-6H Grivory GV-6H

Elongation [%]

20.000

18.000

16.000

14.000

12.000

10.000

8.000

6.000

4.000

2.000

0

Modulusofelasticity[MPa]

-50 0 50 100 150 200

Grivory GV-5H blackGrivory GVL-5H black

Temperature [C]


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This signifi cantly higher notched impact strengths (or ingeneral, energy absorption) is not achieved however,

through a loss in stiffness. LFT polyamides combine anunchanged high modulus of elasticity with excellent not-ched impact strength values.

Notched impact strength ISO 179 / dry

Higher notched impact strength, no compromisesThe long-fi bre structure also provides 20% to 30% hig-her stiffness at temperatures above room temperature.In this way, using around 10% less reinforcing fi bre, a

compound is created with similar E-modulus values tothose of a standard product containing higher quanti-ties of short reinforcing fi bres. From the diagram it canalso be clearly seen that the same stiffness values canbe achieved at much higher temperatures. This tempe-rature advantage is maintained to a correspondinglyhigh heat distortion temperature.

Notched impact strength / Energy absorptionAll long fi bre reinforced polyamides exhibit clearly hig-her notched impact strength values compared to normalcompounds. Here also, the explanation is based on the

fi bre-web structure which provides higher crack propa-gation resistance and allows the component to absorbtwo to three times as much energy before it breaks.

Notchedimpactstrength

Stiffness (Modulus of elasticity)

PA-GF

impactmodified

PA-LFT

PA-GF

These values remain practically constant over a verywide temperature range and no brittleness occurs, evenat very low temperatures. LFT polyamides have practi-cally the same notched impact strength values at -40Cas at 23C.

In penetration tests, LFT products also show a differentkind of breakage structure. The components do not splitor form fragments, breakage occurs after around 3-foldenergy absorption levels with a hinge break.

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Grivory

HTVGrivory

GVGrilamid

LVGrilamid

TRVGrilonTSG

Standard LFT LFT HP


18/4418

18

Resistance to creepSignifi cantly lower deformation due to creep isachieved using the long fi bre reinforced polyami-

des from EMS-GRIVORY. Here also, the reason isthe special fi bre matrix inside the injection-moul-ded parts. The fi bres support each other and pre-vent yield. Well-known for its lowest creep values,

Special properties

0.70

0.60

0.60

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00

Elongation[%]

0 1 10 100 1000 10000

Grivory HTV-5H1, 23C; cond.

Grivory HTVL-50X LFT, 23C; cond.

Time [h]

80 MPa

40 MPa

Processingshrinkage[%]

Longitudinal shrinkage

Transverse shrinkage

0,45

0,40

0,35

0,30

0,25

0,20

0,15

0,10

0,05

0,00 Grivory GV-5H Grivory GVL-5H Grivory GVX-5H

Heatdistort

iontemperatureHDT/C[C]

TSG-5

0/4

TSGL-50/4

GV-5

H

GVL-5H

HTV-5

H1

HT1VL-50

LV-5

H

LVL-5H

300

250

200

150

100

50

0Grilon Grivory Grivory Grilamid

Grivory HTV-5H1, can have its performance propertyvalues improved once again through use of long glassfi bres. Grivory HT1VL-50 exhibits clearly reduced creepvalues, especially under high stress, and has a muchlonger period of time until deformation can be seen.

Heat distortion temperature

Similar to key mechanical values, higher values canalso be seen for heat distortion temperatures of long

fi bre reinforced polyamides. The fi bre structure delaysyield of the material to much higher temperatures for allproduct families.

Shrinkage and warpageLong fi bres are not as strongly oriented in injection-moul-ded components as short reinforcement fi bres in stan-dard compounds. Overall, this gives the componentsfewer direction-dependant properties and therefore, lo-wer warpage during injection-moulding processes. Inthe main direction of fl ow, LFT polyamides exhibit slight-ly more shrinkage, transversely however, signifi cantlyless shrinkage can be seen. This statement also appliesto the coeffi cient of thermal elongation and mechanicalproperties.

Shrinkage itself is dependent, among otherthings, on melt temperature, the holding phase,pressure loss in the cavity and the mould temperature.

Stress 8 MPa


19/4419

Design data Short-term behaviour

Stress-strain curves LFT polyamides, 50% long glass fibre reinforcement

Stress[MPa]

300

250

200

150

100

50

00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

60C

23C

80C

160C

120C

200C

Grivory HT1VL-50

Elongation [%]

Stress[MPa]

300

250

200

150

100

50

00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

60C

23C

80C

160C

120C

200C

Grivory GVL-5H

Elongation [%]

Stre

ss[MPa]

300

250

200

150

100

50

00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

60C

23C

80C

160C

120C

200C

Grilon TSGL-50/4

Elongation [%]

Stre

ss[MPa]

250

200

150

100

50

00.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

60C

23C

80C

120C

Grilamid LVL-5H

Elongation [%]


20/4420

20

Tensile modulus LFT polyamides, 50% long glass fibre reinforcement

Design data Short-term behaviour

Tensilemodulus[MPa]

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

00 50 100 150 200

Temperature [C]

Grivory HT1VL-50

Tensilemodulus[MPa]

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

00 50 100 150 200

Temperature [C]

Grilon TSGL-50/4

Tensilemodulus[MPa]

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

00 50 100 150 200

Temperature [C]

Grivory GVL-5H

Tensilemodulus[MPa]

20000

15000

10000

5000

00 50 100 150 200

Temperature [C]

Grilamid LVL-5H


21/4421

Design data Long-term behaviour

Creep curves LFT polyamides, 50% long glass fibre reinforcement (conditioned)

Elongation[%]

0.75

0.50

0.25

00 10 100 1000 10000

Time [h]

80 MPa

40 MPa

Grivory GVL-5H

Elongation[%]

0.75

0.50

0.25

00 10 100 1000 10000

Time [h]

80 MPa

40 MPa

Grivory HTVL-50X

Elong

ation[%]

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

00.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Time [h]

80 MPa

40 MPa

Grilamid LVL-5H

Elong

ation[%]

1.25

1.00

0.75

0.50

0.25

00 10 100 1000 10000

Time [h]

80 MPa

40 MPa

Grilon TSGL-50/4


22/4422

22

BiegeStress[MPa]

250

200

150

100

50

01000 100000 10000000

Number of cycles [n]

80C

23C

Grivory GVL-5H

Bendingstress[MPa]

100 100000 10000000


Grivory HT1VL-50X

80C

23C

Grilamid LVL-5H

Bendingstr

ess[MPa]

250

200

150

100

50

01000 100000 10000000


23C

Grilon TSGL-50/4

Bendingstr

ess[MPa]

250

200

150

100

50

01000 100000 10000000


80C

23C

Flexural fatigue strength (Whler curves) LFT polyamides, 50% long glass fibre reinforcement (cond.)

Design data Long-term behaviour

250

200

150

100

50

0


23/4423

Heat ageingLong fi bre reinforced products show excellent resistanceto long-term heat ageing. The fi bre structure, which de-

termines decisively the thermo-mechanical properties,is not affected by ageing of the matrix polymer. Thismeans that the excellent property values remain practi-cally unchanged even after many hours of use in hot air.Naturally, a range of specifi cally stabilised productssupplements the basic grades.

Products reinforced with long carbon fibresDue to the higher mechanical differences between car-bon fi bres and polymers and the diffi cult chemical inter-linking of these fi bres to thermoplastic materials, the pro-perty advantages of long fi bre reinforced polyamidesare even more pronounced. Even with a low amountof fi bre reinforcement, very high thermo-mechanicalproperty values are achieved and form the basis for awhole series of light-weight construction components forsports articles or also in automotive construction.

Heat ageing / Products reinforced with long carbon fibres

Heatdis

tortiontemperature[ISO

75C,C]

300

250

200

150

100

50

00 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000

Tensile modulus of elasticity [MPa]

GrilamidLCL-4

Grilamid LCL-3

Grivory GCL-3GrivoryGCL-4

Grilamid LC-3

GrivoryGC-4

Stressatbreak[MP

a]

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

00 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Time [h]

Storage at 200C in Air

Grivory HT1VL-50X

Grilon TSGL-50/4 W

Heat ageing of LFT polyamidesNotchedimpactstrength[kJ/m2]

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

00 100 200 300

Stress at break [MPa]

Grilamid LCL-4Grilamid LCL-3

GrivoryGCL-3

GrivoryGCL-4

Grilamid LC-3Grivory GC-4

Properties of carbon-fibre reinforced polyamides

Properties of carbon-fibre reinforced polyamides


24/4424

24Products reinforced with long carbon fibres

0 50 100 150 200

Tensilemodulus[MPa]

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

Temperature [C]

Tensile modulus Grivory GCL-3H

Stress[MPa]

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Elongation [%]

60C

80C

23C

Stress-strain diagrams Grivory GCL-3H

Bendingstress[MPa]

400

350300

250

200

150

100

50

0100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000

Number of load cycles [n]

Whler curve Grivory GCL-4HThe interlinked fi bre structure also causes a signifi cantincrease in strength, stiffness, notched impact strengthand heat distortion temperature of long carbon fi bre

reinforced polyamides. This effect is also achieved withproducts having a density of only 1.15 g/cm (LCL-3H) to 1.34 g/cm (GCL-4H). The advantage of largerelastic reversible deformation behaviour is maintained,and the tensile modulus shows a lower drop with incre-asing deformation or temperature.


25/4425

GRILON GRIVORY

FE 6312

TSXL-40/4 DB

black 9833

FE 6314

TSXL-50/4 DB

black 9833

XE 5103

GXL-40H DB

black 9915

FE 6341

GXL-40H DB V0

black 9915

FE6305

GXL-45H DB

black 9915

FE 16108

GXL-50H DB

black 9915

Tensile modulusdry 14000 17500 22500 16500 24000 19500

cond. 10500 13500 20500 14500 21500 18500

Stress at breakdry 225 240 285 195 280 255

cond. 165 185 230 165 230 220

Elongation at breakdry 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.8

cond. 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.8

Impact strength 23C

dry 55 80 60 55 70 70

cond. 60 75 60 60 70 70

Notched impact strength23C

dry 20 30 18 18 20 25

cond. 25 30 20 18 20 25

Melting temperature dry 260 260 260 260 260 260

HDT C 8 MPa dry 225 235 225 225 235 230

Volume resistivity cond. < 108 < 107 < 103 < 108 < 103 < 108

Surface resistivity cond. < 109 < 108 < 103 < 108 < 103 < 108

Density dry 1.45 1.53 1.40 1.48 1.41 1.55Flammability 1,6 mm dry HB HB HB V0 HB HB

Hybrid-reinforced LFT productsEMS-GRIVORY has developed a series of hybrid-rein-forced LFT polyamides. These products are reinforced

with two different kinds of long fi bres: along with glassfi bres, these products also contain carbon fi bres as anadditional functional material.On the one hand, this creates products which havehightest strength and stiffness values with lower density,suitable for lightweight applications. On the other hand,

these products can be used as structural materials madeelectro-statically conductible without loss of mechanical

property values. Surface resistivity is less than 1 Mega-Ohm and allows use of lightweight polymer materialsin explosion-protected environments (mining, chemicalindustry).

Hybrid-reinforced LFT products


26/4426

26

Acetic acid

Acetone

Aluminium saltsAmmoniac

Aniline

Antifreeze

Benzene

Benzyl alcohol

Bromide

Butane

Butanol

Calcium chloride sat.

Carbon tetrachloride

Caustic potash 50%

Chlorine

Chlorobenzene

Chloroform

Citric acid

Copper sulphate

Cresol

Crude oil

Diesel

Diethyl ether

Engine oil

Ethanol

Ethylene oxide

Fats

Media Resistance

Grilon Grilamid Grilamid TR Grivory GV Grivory HT

Resistance to chemicals

Resistance to chemicalsThe LFT polyamides are chemically identical to standardgrades. In general, LFT products are resistant to a large

number of organic solvents and alkalis. Fuels, oils andgreases have practically no effect on these products.Exposure to concentrated acids, especially at high tem-peratures, may cause hydrolytic decomposition. Dilutedorganic acids, on the other hand, do not damage LFT

products during short-term contact. Concentrated mine-ral acids, phenols, methanolic calcium chloride solu-tions and halogenated acetic acid may dissolve poly-

amides. Glycols and alcohols may attack the materialsafter long-term exposure at high temperatures.


27/4427

Fluorine

Formaldehyde

Formic acid

Freon liquid F12

Freon liquid F22

Glycerine

Heptane

Hydraulic oil

Hydrochloric acid 1%

Hydrochloric acid 10%

Hydrogen peroxide 20%

Hydrogen sulphideIodine tincture alcoholic

Isooctane

Kerosene

Lactic acid

Magnesium chloride sat.

Methane

Methanol

Mineral oil

Nitric acid

Nitrobenzene

Oleum

Oxalic acid

Ozone

Perchlorethylene

Petrol

Petroleum ether

Phenole

Potassium carbonate sat.

Potassium permang. 5%

Propane

Salicylic acid

Sea water

Silicon oil

Soap solution

Media Resistance



28/4428

28

Media Resistance


Resistance to chemicals

resistant; no or only slight, reversible changes in weight anddimension, e.g. for Grilon in aqueous and alcoholic media, no damage.

limited resistance; appreciable changes in dimension and possible irreversiblechanges in property values occur after longer periods of exposure. Consultationadvisable before use.

not resistant - may be used under certain conditions (short exposure time)

soluble or already strongly attacked after only a short exposure time.

Sodium chloride sat.

Sodium sulphate sat.

Styrene

Sulphur

Sulphuric acid 10%

Sulphuric acid, conc.

Tartaric acid

Terpentine

Tetralin

Toluol

Transformer oil

TrichlorethaneTrichlorethylene

Urea

Uric acid

Vinegar

Water (23C)

Xylole

Zinc chloride


29/4429

Drying and storageAll LFT polyamides are delivered dried and ready foruse in air-tight bags. (Bag size 25 kg, octabins with

1000kg). Pre-drying is not necessary if the material ishandled and stored correctly. Sealed and undamagedcontainers, in particular bags, can be stored for years ifsheltered from the weather. A dry room where bags areprotected from damage is recommended as storagespace. At cold storage temperatures it is recommendedthat material is stored for around one day at processingtemperature to prevent condensation forming on the sur-face of the pellets when the bags are opened. Dama-ged bags should be resealed as soon as possible or thematerial transferred to air-tight containers.

If further drying becomes necessary due to damagedpackaging or to the material being stored in contactwith the air for too long, this should be carried out usingdry-air oven or vacuum system. Circulating air ovensare not recommended as they tend to cause moisteningof the pellets at a high ambient temperature and withhigh air humidity.

Recommended drying conditions

Type of drier Drying temperature Drying time

Dessicant 70 - 80C 4 - 12 hours

Vacuum max. 100C 4 - 12 hours

The drying time is dependent to a great degree on theoutset moisture content. In case of doubt, drying shouldbe carried out for 8 to12 hours. Drying temperaturesabove 80C in desiccant dryers should be avoided inorder to prevent yellowing of the pellets.

Flame behaviour / Storage and Drying

Flame resistant standard productsAll LFT products from EMS-GRIVORY fulfi l requirementsaccording to FMVSS 302 from wall thicknesses of

1 mm. The following products are listed in the fl amma-bility class UL 94 HB under the reference number EMS-CHEMIE E 53898 :

Grivory GVL-5H

Grilon TSGL-50/4

Grilon TSGL-40/4

Flame retardant, self-extinguishing productsThe fl ame-retardant, long fi bre reinforced products con-

tain no halogens or red phosphorous. They are self-ex-tinguishing and correspond to the classifi cation UL 94V-0 and 5VA. The Yellow Cards show the propertieslisted by UL and can be found under the reference num-ber EMS-CHEMIE E 53898:

Grivory XE 5106 / Grivory GVL-4H V0 / 5VA

Grivory XE 5107 / Grivory GVL-5H V0 / 5VA

RoHS:All fl ame retardant LFT polyamides from EMS-GRIVORYsatisfy the RoHS requirements (2002/95/EG and

2011/65/EU, Restriction of Hazardous Substances)

WEEE:Parts manufactured from fl ame-retardant LFT polyami-des made by EMS-GRIVORY are exempt from require-ments concerning selective recycling according to the2002/96/EC governing recycling of electrical andold appliances.

FMVSS:All LFT products from EMS-GRIVORY satisfy the require-ments of FMVSS 302 (ISO 3795, DIN 75200) from

wall thicknesses of 1 mm. Burning rates determined inplate fl aming tests are substantially lower than the stan-dard requirements 100 mm/min at around 20 30mm/min.


30/4430

30Processing - Injection moulding

Injection mouldingLong fi bre reinforced polyamides can be processedusing conventional injection-moulding machines and

need no specialised equipment.

A few general rules should be followed however, to en-sure that the best possible result can be achieved duringprocessing.

Transport of pelletsLong-fi bre pellets can be transported without problemusing pneumatic transport systems. It should be notedthat due to their length, the pellets are around threetimes heavier than conventional compounds. To preventunnecessary damage to transport systems, the vacu-

um pressure should be adjusted so that the pellets aretransported effi ciently but are not accelerated to highspeeds. Feed hopper necks should be designed at anangle and not directly head-on. Feed lines and pipeswith a diameter of 50 mm have proven suitable.

Screw geometryLong fi bre reinforced polyamides from EMS-GRIVORYcan be processed using standard screw designs.Screw diameters are today in the range from 20 mmup to 170 mm; most often, screws with a diameter of30 to 90 mm are used. It is recommended that screwswith an extended feed zone (approx. 60% of the total

length) are used, which have been used for processingengineering plastics for many years now. The effi cientscrew length should be between 18 and 22 D. Short-compression screws, screws with degassing sections ormixing sections and shear elements must be avoided.Screws with a compression ratio of 2:1 to 2.5:1have proved very suitable. Low-cut screws, especiallyin the area of the discharge zone may also increasethe average length of the reinforcing fi bres inside thecomponent.

It is decisive that the pellets have a temperature above

that of the melting point at the start of the compressionzone as they themselves already have a very high heatdistortion temperature.

Heating through shear should avoided as far as pos-sible in order to exactly control the melt temperatureand prevent local over-heating. The choice of screwdiameter should correspond to the shot volume of themould. Around 30 to 70% of the maximum meteringstroke should be made use of.

A non-return valve is necessary to prevent the melt fl ow-ing back into the cylinder during mould fi lling and in thepost-pressure phase. A ball retaining valve should notbe used for processing of LFT polyamides.

Tip Pin Stop ring Pressure ring

LE= Feed zone (60%)

LK= Compression zone (20%)

LA= Discharge zone (20%)

s = Flight pitch 0.8 - 1.0 Dh = Flight depth (E = feed, A = discharge)L = Screw lengthD = Screw diameter


31/4431

Free-fl owing, open nozzle Open nozzle with long bore to

delay exit of the melt.

Disadvantage: Higher fl ow

resistance

NozzleAs with all thermoplastic materials, an open nozzle withrounded internal contours should be used to prevent

unnecessary shearing and deposits. The minimum dia-meter of the bore should be kept as short as possible tokeep pressure loss low.

Hydraulically controlled needle valve nozzles have also

proved suitable in use. Spring-closing nozzles shouldbe avoided as they cause high shear and allow onlyinadequate control of the post-pressure phase.

WearLong fi bre reinforced polyamides do not cause high-er wear compared to conventional compounds as the

number of abrasive fi bre ends is signifi cantly lower. Itshould be ensured that the grade of steel used for ma-chinery and mould has suffi cient resistance to corrosionas polyamides, like many performance polymers, mayextract unprotected steel of carbon.

Mould designMoulds for use with long fi bre reinforced polyamidesfollow the same rules as for standard materials. For cal-culation of the necessary clamping strength of injectionmoulding machines, a medium-range pressure of 800bar is recommended.

Runner and gate systemsIn order to avoid high pressure loss, insuffi cient controlof the post-pressure phase and damage to the fi bres,we recommend use of as large runner cross-sections aspossible.The simplest way is to use a direct sprue gate, as nearas possible to the maximum wall thickness of the shapedpart. Tunnel and fi lm gates are also suitable and oftenused. The following dimensions are recommended:

Runner: > 1.4 x max. wall thickness of shaped part

Gate diameter: > 0.8 x max. wall thickness ofshaped part

Minimum tunnel gate for LFT: 1.5 mm

3-plate moulds are not suitable for processing of LFTpolyamides as a wide enough tunnel cross-section ofthe runner has such high strength, that as a rule, the partremains blocked in the cavity.

Example of a hydraulically controlled needle valve nozzle


32/4432

32

KH: Conical sleeve

ZH: cyl. sleeve

Hot runner systemsHot runner systems are excellently suited for processingof long fi bre reinforced polyamides. Open, externally

heated systems should be used where the nozzle tiptemperature can be closely and accurately controlledand overall, an even temperature distribution can beachieved without local heat loss.Piston valve systems have shown to be more reliablethan needle valve nozzles and subject the melt to signi-fi cantly less shear. The hot runner should only maintainthe mass temperature in the cylinder without further hea-ting the melt itself. This determines the following recom-mended temperature ranges for hot runner systems:

Grilamid LVL/LCL: 270 - 290C

Grivory GVL/GCL: 290 - 305C Grivory HTVL: 335 - 345C

Grilon TSGL: 285 - 305C

6 Golden Rules for positioning the gating forLFT polyamides

1. If possible, a direct sprue gate on the part shouldbe used

2. The gate should be positioned near the maximum

wall thickness of the part3. The gate should not be located in the areas of

maximum stress of the part

4. A cold slug collector should always be used in or-der to catch cold material from the machine nozzle

5. The wall thickness of the runner must be signifi cant-ly higher than the maximum thickness of the shapedpart.

6. Formation of a free jet of material at the gatingshould be avoided.

Mould design

Draft angleDraft angles should always be calculated generouslyand help to achieve short cycle times. The deeper the

surface structure chosen, the larger the minimum draftangle required. The larger the draft angle, the lower thenecessary ejection forces.

( ) B = FKHFZH

Ratio of demoulding forces from conicalsleeve to cylinder


33/4433

VentilationVentilation must be ensured during the mould fi lling pro-cess to allow air in the mould cavity to escape. Insuf-

fi cient ventilation may lead to too high fi lling pressure,local burning spots on the polymer and poor weld lines.With an increase in temperature, longer cooling timesmay even become necessary.

Ventilation can be ensured through ejection pins withand without function or thin slits in the mould partingsurfaces. Long fi bre reinforced polyamides tend to ex-hibit less fl ashing as the impregnated fi bres retain thepolymers.Ejection pins are designed with H7/G6 clearances,ventilation slits in the parting surfaces may be up to

0.15 mm high. These degassing openings should bethin for a relatively short distance (1.5 to 2.5 mm) andthen have a generous cross-section.

Recommended draft angles for different surface struc-tures:

Mould surface Erosion testingstandard VDI3400 class

Depth ofroughness mm

Draftangle

Rmax

Ra

Blasted 18 5.0 0.851

21 8.3 1.12

Fine erosion 24 12.0 1.602

Medium erosion 27 19.0 2.50

30 26.5 3.203

33 39.0 4.50

Coarse erosion 36 53.0 6.30 539 70.0 9.00

Rmax

= max. depth of roughnessR

a= average depth of roughness

H1- H

2= 0.01 to 0.02 mm, H

1- H

3= 1 - 3 mm,

L = 0.8 - 1.5 mm, W = 2 - 5 mm

W

H3

H1

H2 L

(

)

B=

FKH

FZH

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

01 2 3 4 5

Conicity a in degrees

= 1.0= 0.6

= 0.4

= 0.3

= 0.2

= 0.15

= 0.1

=Coe

ffic

ien

to

fst

icking

friction


34/4434

34

Mould coolingMould cooling systems suitable for processing of LFTpolyamides must correspond to the same rules as forstandard polyamides. Possible ejection temperaturesare around 10 to 20C higher as LFT components havehigher heat distortion temperatures.

Melt temperatureThe melt temperature is dependent not only on the se-lected cylinder temperature, but also on other processparameters such as:

screw speed (revolutions)

back pressure

dwell time

melt viscosity

clearance between screw and cylinder and in thenon-return valve

high shear in gate / sprue

D1- D

2= 0.01 - 0.02 mm, D

2- D

3= 1 - 2 mm,

L1= 2 - 4 mm, L

2= 3 - 5 mm

It should be generally avoided increasing the melt tempe-rature in an uncontrolled manner due to too high screwspeed, high pressure or too rapid injection. Long fi bre re-

inforced polyamides from EMS-GRIVORY have excellenttemperature stability and should be processed at hightemperatures. This lowers fi lling pressures and inherentstresses, shear is reduced and in this way, the fi bres sufferless damage. As long fi bre reinforced polyamides havesignifi cantly higher thermo-mechanical properties, it mustbe ensured that the pellets are above melt temperaturewhen they enter the compression zone. In particular,when using larger dosing volumes larger than the screwdiameter it is recommended that a fl at or even decliningtemperature profi le is used. The hopper fl ange should notbe cooled excessively, but should be about the same tem-

perature as the drier (approx. 80C) in order not to wasteenergy.

Recommended mould temperatures when processing LFTpolyamides are the same as for standard polyamides.

The following basic machine settings are recommendedfor processing LFT polyamides with 50% glass-fi bre rein-forcement:

Processing parameters

Grivory GVLDosage volume (to screw diameter)

= 2 d

Hopperflange

80C - 100C 80C - 100C 80C - 100C

Feed zone 290C 300C 310C

Compressionzone

300C 300C 305C

Dischargezone

310C 300C 300C

Nozzle 300C 300C 300C

Mould temp. 80C - 120C 80C - 120C 80C - 120C

Melt temp. 290C - 310C 290C - 310C 290C - 310C

D3

L2

L1

D1

D2


35/4435

Products containing larger quantities of fi bre reinforce-ment should be correspondingly processed at tempera-tures around 5 to 10C higher, with less reinforcement,

at temperatures 5 to 10C lower (cylinder and melttemperature); mould temperatures do not change.

PlasticisingPreferably, low screw speeds (revolutions) and backpressures should be used for dosage and melting of LFTpolyamides. Make use of the whole cooling time fordosage and reduce the back pressure as far as possib-le. The screw should, however, be pushed back by themelt without jerking.

Mould filling and post-pressure

The mould should be fi lled carefully to avoid shear hea-ting of the melt and unnecessary breakage of the fi bres.The mould fi lling time depends greatly on the part to bemade and can vary from anywhere between 0.5 se-conds (small component, a few grams heavy) up to ne-arly 10 seconds (15 kg shot weight). Mold Flow Ana-lysis can help to determine the optimum fi lling time. Theswitch-over to post-pressure should not take place untilstatic fi lling of the cavity is complete (component is 95%fi lled without post-pressure). The time and amount ofpost-pressure applied should be adjusted by determina-tion of the sealing point. The switch-over point, amountand duration of post-pressure are decisive for consistent

component weight and, therefore, for the componentproperties.

Cooling timeThe post-pressure and cooling period take up the largestpart of the whole cycle time. While the post-pressureensures a consistent component weight, the coolingtime ensures the most important component dimensionsand no damage during demoulding. In general, longfi bre reinforced polyamides can be processed rapidlyand demoulding can take place at high temperatures.The following formula can be taken as rule of thumb:

Total cooling time = (1.5 to 2) x (wall thickness in mm)2

[in seconds]

GrivoryHT1VL

Dosage volume (to screw diameter)

= 2 d

Hopper

flange80C - 120C 80C - 120C 80C - 120C


Compressionzone

345C 345C 350C

Dischargezone

350C 345C 345C


Mould 140C - 170C 140C - 170C 140C - 170C

Melt 340C - 350C 340C - 350C 340C - 350C

Grivory LVLDosage volume (to screw diameter)

= 2 d

Hopperflange

80C - 100C 80C - 100C 80C - 100C


Compressionzone

280C 280C 285C

Dischargezone

285C 280C 280C


Mould 60C - 120C 60C - 120C 60C - 120C

Melt 280C - 290C 280C - 290C 280C - 290C

Grivory TSGLDosage volume (to screw diameter)

= 2 d

Hopperflange

80C - 100C 80C - 100C 80C - 100C


Compressionzone

300C 300C 305C

Dischargezone

310C 300C 300C


Mould 80C - 120C 80C - 120C 80C - 120C

Melt 290C - 310C 290C - 310C 290C - 310C


36/4436

36

Golden rules for the processing of long fibrereinforced polyamides

1. Make sure that the pellets are at least at melt tem-perature at the start of the compression zone.

2. Use a fl at or declining temperature profi le if thedosage volume is larger than the screw diameter.

3. Work generally at the high end of the recommen-ded temperature range (especially with long fl owpaths) in order to avoid unnecessary shear fromearly solidifi cation of the edge layers.

4. Compared to standard polyamides, wear andabrasion is relatively low if the products are pro-cessed at suffi ciently high temperatures, as the

number of fi bre ends is smaller.5. Mould temperatures should be kept in the higher

range in order to improve surface quality and toachieve lower fi lling pressures. As a rule, this doesnot have an infl uence on the cycle time.

6. The gate system should be positioned near themaximum wall thickness of the part to avoid sinkmarks, but not in the areas of maximum componentstress.

7. Use suffi ciently large gate and sprue cross-sectionsin order to avoid unnecessary shear and to allow

the post-pressure phase to be controlled well.8. The mould should be fi lled slowly to avoid heating

from friction.

9. The mould cavity should have suffi cient ventilation.

10. Optimise the post-pressure phase (pressure andtime) in order to achieve consistent componentweights.

Further information is given in the processing brochurefor LFT polyamides from EMS-CHEMIE AG.

Post-treatmentLong fi bre reinforced polyamides can be given thesame kinds of post-treatment as standard products. The

recommendations for each individual product familyshould be followed.

BondingDue to their basic chemistry, polyamides can be rela-tively easily bonded using a range of adhesives. Thepartially aromatic Grivory grades as well as the poly-amide 12 products, which have very good resistanceto chemicals, may require further methods of pre-treat-ment if very high bonding strength is required.

General

notes / pre-treatment

Surfaces to be bonded should be

clean, dry and degreased Demoulding media (sprays or powder)

should not be used during processing

Pre-treatment: Grinding / brushing /sand-blasting / corona discharge /plasma pre-treatment

Flaming

Application of a primer

Adhesives Grilon / Grivory / Grilamid: Single-component adhesives such as cyanac-

rylate, methacrylate Two-component adhesives such as

polyurethane, epoxy resins

Grilamid: Hot melt adhesives

The choice of a suitable adhesive system is dependentto a great extent on the component, the bond line geo-metry and the requirements on the bond (strength, tem-perature, moisture in the environment). Please contactthe application development centre at Domat/Ems formore information about suitable bonding systems.

Processing - Post-treatment


37/4437

WeldingAll welding methods used for thermoplastic reinforcedmaterials are also suitable for use with long fi bre rein-

forced polyamides.

Generalnotes / pre-treatment

Areas to be welded must be clean, dryand degreased.

Demoulding media (sprays or powder)should not be used during processing.

Weldingmethods

Grilon / Grivory / Grilamid:

Heated element welding (large-areacomponents)

Ultrasonic welding (small components)

Spin welding (round, smooth parts)

Vibration welding (smooth components)

Diode laser welding (complex parts)

Screw fastening


Not necessary, stud holes must beadjusted to suit the correspondinggeometries

Screwfastening /riveting /beading

Grilon / Grivory / Grilamid: Metalthread inserts can be easily embedded

using ultrasonic welding. Riveting andbeading can be carried out usingultrasound as well as heated mouldingelements.

Self-tapping (thread forming) screwsachieve very high strengths in LFT com-ponents. We recommend use of DeltaPT screws from the EJOT company.

Direct threads in LFT components shouldbe injection-moulded and not cut in or-der to ensure good fibre-reinforcementof the thread grooves.

PaintingDue to their excellent resistance to chemicals and theirhydrophilic character, Grilon and Grivory LFT products

can be very successfully painted with one or two coats.As a rule, complex pre-treatment is not necessary. Im-proved paint adhesion can be achieved with suitablepre-treatment methods for Grilamid grades.


Surfaces to be painted should beclean, dry and degreased.

Demoulding media (sprays or powder)should not be used during processing

For Grilamid grades, improved paintadhesion can be achieved using

fl aming, corona discharge or plasmatreatment or through mechanical roug-hening of the surface.

Paint systems One and two-component polyurethanepaints

No or only very small property changesthrough painting of LFT polyamides.

Post-treatment


38/4438

38

Metal platingAll LFT polyamides can be successfully metal-platedusing high-vacuum methods.

Generalnotes / Pre-treatment

Surfaces to be metal-plated must beclean, dry and degreased.

Demoulding media (sprays or powder)should not be used during processing.

Platingsystems

Grilon / Grivory / Grilamid: High-vacuum, galvanic metal-plating withcorresponding pre-treatement.

MachiningNormally, post-treatment involving machining of an in-jection-moulded part should be unnecessary. If it cannot

be avoided however, we recommend the following cutsettings:

Method

Unit Turning Milling Sawing Drilling

Clearanceangle

- 5-10 3-15 15-30 5-10

Rake angle - 2-10 5-15 3-6 6-15

Cutting speed m/min 200-400

300-800

200-500

50-120

Rate of feed mm/U 0.1-0.5 0.1-0.5 - 0.1-0.5

Point angle - - - - 90-120

Circular pitch mm - 2-8 - -

As LFT polyamides are generally very hard materialswith a high amount of reinforcement, the use of dia-mond-tipped tools is recommended for mechanical ma-chining.

Post-treatment


39/4439

We offer advisory services and know-how to our cus-tomers, starting from development and continuing rightthrough to serial manufacture of a part. Our customer

services provide quality, reliability and technical sup-port.

We draw up and discuss with you a range ofvaried designs for your application in order to fi ndan optimum solution from both a technical andeconomical point of view.

As a material specialist, we provide you with amaterial recommendation that fi ts. To achievethis we compare and analyse possible materials,thereby ensuring that we recommend the materialwhich is best suited to your application.

We also provide support in identifying and carry-ing out tests suited to your application. Our moderntest laboratories can offer a wide and varied ran-ge of mechanical, thermal, chemical and electricaltests.

Are you experiencing problems with materialsampling or the start of production? With ourapplication engineering know-how, we can offer

you expert advice for process and mould optimisa-tion, and our technical customer services can alsoprovide on-site support.

CAEUsing computer-aided simulation calculation systems,the application development centre of EMS-GRIVORYis capable of providing customers with optimal moulddesign support. The CAE systems used allow the moul-ded parts to be designed using Finite Element (FE) pro-grammes. The fi lling process is then described by rheo-logical simulation.

An FE analysis provides information about mechanicalloading and stresses on the moulded part. Based on

this calculated stress distribution, specifi c modifi cationscan be implemented and tested directly with a new FEcalculation.

As soon as satisfactory structural properties have beenachieved using FE analysis, rheological simulation canbe used to evaluate the optimal sprue position and to

provide qualitative statements about fi bre alignment,shrinkage and warpage of the parts.

Through use of modern FE and rheological simulationtools, the EMS-GRIVORY team of experts is able to pro-vide customers with optimal mould design support usingvirtual 3D data.

Prototype moulds and Selective Laser Sinte-ring (SLS)Quick realisation and rapid implementation of a goodidea is the key to success. With construction of prototy-

pe moulds, EMS-GRIVORY helps minimise the risk, savevaluable time and reduce costs.

Prototypes of moulded parts can also be optimisedthrough use of FE analysis and rheological simulation.The prototype moulds can then be used to manufacturea small series of moulded parts at minimum expense,thus allowing practical tests to be carried out before theserial production is started. This preparation work redu-ces outlay and helps avoid expensive modifi cations tomanufacturing moulds.

Customer services and technical support


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40Make use of our test laboratories

Material testing and quality controlThe Business Unit EMS-GRIVORY has state of the artequipped laboratories at its disposal in the material tes-

ting and quality control departments.

Our equipment infrastructure allows us not only to de-termine the conventional mechanical, thermal and elec-trical properties of our construction materials for datasheets and homologation, but also to carry out researchand development work and to support application de-velopment work with practical tests.

The mechanical testing laboratory is equipped withuniversal testing machines, impact testing appara-tus (both automated and instrumented pendulum) as

well as equipment to measure the creep behaviourof polymer materials in air and liquids.

We also have pneumatic fl exible bending testapparatus and dynamic mechanical test equipmentto measure dynamic short and long-term stressbehaviour of long fi bre reinforced materials.

The rheology laboratory of material testing is capa-ble of providing key index material index fi guresnecessary for simulation of injection-mouldingprocesses.

Tests to determine the resistance to chemicals, heat

and weathering provide us with information aboutapplication possibilities for our materials underextreme conditions.

Chemical and processing-technical tests allow usto check the quality of our products and to ensureconsistent quality levels.

In addition, our materials testing department also hasspecial equipment at its disposal such as the EMS P-Tester (determination of permeation behaviour of fuel

system components), a fuel circulation unit (test of thelife expectancy of polymer petrol lines under extremeconditions), a hot-air pressure threshold tester (testingof extrusion blow-moulding components under practicalconditions) and many others.

With these services we offer our customers active sup-port in the choice of material and material developmentas well as in component design and part testing.


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Quality standards

The worldwide production sites of EMS-GRIVORY followthe rules of our common quality management systembased on the international standards ISO9001:2008

and ISO/TS 16949:2009.

All production lines for LFT products are certifi ed by theSwiss Association for Quality & Management Systems(SQS).

The regulations of ISO/TS 16949 are more far-re-aching and stricter. Our management system is process-oriented towards the primary goal of customer satisfac-tion. Our efforts are concentrated on conformance withquality requirements and appropriate use of resources.

The quality planning cycle starts with market researchand ends with customer services. Our quality systemalso includes research and manufacturing teams andextends right up to technical service during serial pro-duction.Development projects are tackled by interdepartmentalteams working according to processes of simultaneousengineering, where team members are not limited tothinking and acting solely within the categories of theirown departments, but work towards a mutual objecti-ve. During this work, up-to-date technologies (such asstatistical experimental design) and preventive methods(such as failure mode and effect analysis, FMEA) play

a central role. The guiding principle of project manage-ment is to avoid faults before solving them!

Statistical process control is used to monitor and impro-ve our manufacturing processes. The accuracy of ourequipment is monitored in measurement system analy-

ses.

Continuous improvement of our LFT products, servicesand productivity as well as adjustment of new productsto suit market and customer requirements, is the coreelement of an offi cial improvement programme to whichall EMS employees are committed.


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42EMS-GRIVORY products

Product familiesAll LFT polyamides are based on the product familiesmanufactured by EMS-GRIVORY, successful in the mar-

ket for many years. These are:

Grivory HTEnhanced performance at high temperature

Grivory is the trade name for a group of enginee-ring polymers. Grivory HT, manufactured and sold byEMS-GRIVORY, is a construction material based onpolyphthalamide (copolyamide PA6T6I, PA6T/66,PA10T/X).

Grivory GV

The proven material for metal replacementGrivory GV is the trade name for a group of engi-neering polymers manufactured and sold by EMS-GRIVORY. Grivory GV is based on a combination ofsemi-crystalline and partially aromatic polyamide. Gri-vory is available in granulate form for processing usinginjection-moulding methods.

GrilonPremium polyamide

Grilon is the trade name for engineering polymers

from EMS-GRIVORY based on polyamide 6, polyamide66 and polyamide 66/6 alloys. The construction mate-rials in this product family are semi-crystalline polyami-des and are characterised by many ground-breakingproperties.

GrilamidTechnical polymers for highest demands

Grilamid is the brand name given by EMS-GRIVORYto its polyamide 12 products. These engineering plas-tics have been successfully tried and tested for more

than 30 years in a wide variety of challenging appli-cations.

Grilamid TRTransparent polymers for highest requirements

The trade name Grilamid TR designates transparentpolyamides manufactured by EMS-GRIVORY. GrilamidTR grades are transparent, thermoplastically processa-ble polyamides based on aliphatic and cyclo-aliphaticcomponents

DisclaimerThe information contained in this publication is basedon our present knowledge and experience. The fi guresand data given are guidance values and do not repre-sent binding material specifi cations. No warranties ofany kind, either express or implied, including warranties

of merchantability or fi tness for a particular purpose,are given regarding products, design, data and infor-mation. The customer is not released from his obligationto investigate the products fi tness and the suitability forthe intended application, compliance with legal requi-rements and intellectual property rights. We reserve theright to change the in-formation at any time and withoutprior notice. The in-formation in this publication is not tobe considered a contractual obligation and any liabilitywhatsoever is expressly declined. For further questionsabout our products please contact our experts.

Note: EMS-GRIVORY cannot assess possible future

health risks which may result from direct contact of itsproducts with blood or tissue. For this reason, EMS-GRIVORY cannot promote medical applications whichinvolve long-term contact of plastic with blood or tissue -

Domat/Ems, October 2013


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Delivery form

Delivery formGrivory is delivered as dry, cylindrical pellets. Standardpackaging is 25 kg bags or octabins with 1000 kg

capacity. Other packaging sizes on request.

Recycling of packaging materialThe disposal markings on our packaging materialsprovide a criterion for sorting and ensure segregateddisposal

LFT linkFurther information about long fi bre reinforced polyami-des can be found on our website:

www.emsgrivory.com


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44

EMS-G

RIVORY

EMS-GRIVORY worldwidewww.emsgrivory.com

EMS-GRIVORY EuropeSwitzerlandEMS-CHEMIE AG

Business Unit EMS-GRIVORY EuropeVia Innovativa 17013 Domat/EmsSwitzerlandPhone +41 81 632 78 88Fax +41 81 632 76 [email protected]

GermanyEMS-CHEMIE (Deutschland) GmbHWarthweg 1464823 Gross-Umstadt

DeutschlandPhone +49 6078 783 0Fax +49 6078 783 [email protected]

FranceEMS-CHEMIE (France) S.A.73-77, Rue de SvresBote postale 5292105 Boulogne-Billancourt CedexFrancePhone +33 1 41 10 06 10Fax +33 1 48 25 56 07

[email protected]

Great BritainEMS-CHEMIE (UK) Ltd.Darfin House, Priestly CourtStaffordshire Technology ParkStafford ST18 0ARGreat BritainPhone +44 1785 283 739Fax +44 1785 283 [email protected]

ItalyEMS-CHEMIE (Italia) S.r.l.Viale Innocenzo XI n. 77

22100 Como (CO)ItaliaPhone +41 81 632 75 25Fax +41 81 632 74 [email protected]

EMS-GRIVORY AsiaChinaEMS-CHEMIE (China) Ltd.227 Songbei RoadSuzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou City 215126

Jiangsu ProvinceP.R. ChinaPhone +86 512 8666 8180Fax +86 512 8666 [email protected]

EMS-CHEMIE (Suzhou) Ltd.227 Songbei RoadSuzhou Industrial ParkSuzhou City 215126Jiangsu ProvinceP.R. ChinaPhone +86 512 8666 8181

Fax +86 512 8666 [email protected]

TaiwanEMS-CHEMIE (Taiwan) Ltd.36, Kwang Fu South RoadHsin Chu Industrial ParkFu Kou HsiangHsin Chu Hsien 30351Taiwan, R.O.C.Phone +886 3 598 5335Fax +886 3 598 5345

KoreaEMS-CHEMIE (Korea) Ltd.#817, Seo-Gwan,

Doosan Venturedigm,126-1, Pyeongchon-dong,Dongan-gu, Anyang-si,Gyeonggi-do, 431-070Republic of KoreaPhone +82 31 478 3159Fax +82 31 478 [email protected]

JapanEMS-CHEMIE (Japan) Ltd.EMS Building

2-11-20 Higashi-koujiyaOta-ku, Tokyo 144-0033JapanPhone +81 3 5735 0611Fax +81 3 5735 [email protected]

EMS-GRIVORY AmericaUnited States of AmericaEMS-CHEMIE (North America) Inc.2060 Corporate WayP.O. Box 1717Sumter, SC 29151

USAPhone +1 803 481 61 71Fax +1 803 481 61 [email protected]

EMS-GRIVORY - The leading manufacturer of high-performance polyamidesEMS-GRIVORY is the leading manufacturer of high-performance polyamides and the supplier with the widest range of po-lyamide materials. Our products are well-known throughout the world under the trademarks Grilamid, Grivory and Grilon.

We offer our customers a comprehensive package of high-capacity and high-quality products along with segment-specifi cadvisory competence in distribution and application development. We maintain our market leadership through continualproduct and application development in all segments.

Documents

EMS Long Fibre Reinforced Polyamides