1/31/2011 1

Angelo Baggini*, Franco Bua** * Università degli Studi di Bergamo, angelo.baggini@unibg.it

** ECD Engineering Consulting and Design, Pavia, franco.bua@ecd.it

Standard EN 50464-1 European standardisation for transformer losses reduction

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Standardisation evolution

1992 CENELEC: HD 428, HD 538

1998 CEI 14-13 + dry type

2001 CE mandate to CENELEC

2005 (25.1) CENELEC TC 14 WG21

2006 positive vote EN50464-1

2007 CEI EN 50464-1 (CEI 14-34)

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3 approx Reduced CEI 14-13 Normal CEI 14-13

Evolution – HD428

Rated power (kVA) No load losses (W) Load losses (W)

A’ B’ C’ A B C

100 320 260 210 1.750 2.150 1.475

160 460 375 300 2.350 3.100 2.000

250 650 530 425 3.250 4.200 2.750

400 930 750 610 4.600 6.000 3.850

630 (4%) 1.300 1.030 860 6.500 8.400 5.400

630 (6%) 1.200 940 800 6.750 8.700 5.600

1000 1.700 1.400 1.100 10.500 13.000 9.500

1600 2.600 2.200 1.700 17.000 20.000 14.000

2500 3.800 3.200 2.500 26.500 32.000 22.000

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Evolution – HD428

NO Load losses - National standards

Rated power (kVA)

No

loa

d losses (

W)

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Evolution – HD428

No load losses – National standards

Rated power (kVA)

No

lo

ad

lo

sse

s (

W)

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Evolution – HD428

load losses – National standards

Rated power (kVA)

loa

d losses (

W)

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Evolution – HD428

load losses – National standards

Rated power (kVA)

loa

d losses (

W)

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HD538 Vn(kV) Sn (kVA) Load losses (W) No load losses (W) Vcc (%)

12,0

100 2000 440

4

160 2700 610

250 3500 820

400 4900 1150

630 7300 1500

630 7600 1370

6 1000 10000 2000

1600 14000 2800

2500 21000 4300

24,0

250 3800 880

6

400 5500 1200

630 7800 1650

1000 11000 2300

1600 16000 3100

2500 23000 5000

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HD538

Rated

voltage

(kV)

Rated power

(kVA)

Load losses

(W), thermal

class A

Load losses

(W), Thermal

class E

Load losses

(W), Thermal

class B

Load losses

(W), Thermal

class F

Load losses

(W), Thermal

class H

No load

losses (W) Vcc (%)

12,0

100 1700 1800 1850 1950 2100 340

4

160 2300 2450 2500 2650 2800 460

250 3000 3200 3250 3450 3700 620

400 4300 4600 4650 4900 5250 880

630 6400 6800 6900 7300 7800 1150

1000 8800 9300 9500 10000 10700 1560

6 1600 12700 13400 13600 14300 15300 2200

2500 19000 20000 20200 21200 22700 3300

24,0

250 3300 3500 3550 3800 4050 670

6

400 4800 5100 5200 5500 5900 940

630 6900 7350 7450 7850 8400 1270

1000 9600 10200 10350 10900 11700 1750

1600 14000 14800 15000 15800 16900 2400

2500 20000 21000 21300 22400 24000 3800

German standard DIN 42523

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EN 50464-1

Loss reduction

Alignement with energy label

“mobile” classes

Sound levels indipendent from

no load losses

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Sn (kVA) No load losses (W)

Vcc (%) E0 D0 C0 B0 A0

50 190 145 125 110 90

4

100 320 260 210 180 145

160 460 375 300 260 210

250 650 530 425 360 300

315 770 630 520 440 360

400 930 750 610 520 430

500 1100 880 720 610 510

630 1300 1030 860 730 600

630 1200 940 800 680 560

6

800 1400 1150 930 800 650

1000 1700 1400 1100 940 770

1250 2100 1750 1350 1150 950

1600 2600 2200 1700 1450 1200

2000 3100 2700 2100 1800 1450

2500 3500 3200 2500 2150 1750 EN

50

46

4-1

A’ B’ C’

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Sn (kVA)

Load losses (W)

Vcc (%) Dk Ck BK Ak

50 1350 1100 875 750

4

100 2150 1750 1475 1250

160 3100 2350 2000 1700

250 4200 3250 2750 2350

315 5000 3900 3250 2800

400 6000 4600 3850 3250

500 7200 5500 4600 3900

630 8400 6500 5400 4600

630 8700 6750 5600 4800

6

800 10500 8400 7000 6000

1000 13000 10500 9000 7600

1250 16000 13500 11000 9500

1600 20000 17000 14000 12000

2000 26000 21000 18000 15000

2500 32000 26500 22000 18500 EN

50

46

4-1

A B C

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Energy optimisation: selection criteria

2 strategies:

Minimum total losses

Working point with best efficiency *

* Usually load factor equal to 40–50%

)( 20 kr

r

PxPxP

xP

rx

10

2 PPx k 0/ PPr k

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Economic optimum

Present cost of:

the installed transformer (transformer cost and

installation costs)

No load and load losses

EN

50

46

4-1

kTl PBPACC 0

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Economic optimum

c

r

Le F

S

ShCB

2

ced FCCA 876012

where:

Cd is the pu cost of demanded power (€/kW)

Ce is the energy cost (€/kWh)

Fc actualization factor

SL is the apparent power of load (kVA)

Sr is the rated power of the transformer (kVA)

h are the equivalent hours at the power SL

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Cod. Annual consumption

(kWh)

Maximum power

(kW)

Number of hours

per year

Ic 160.000 100 1.600

Id 1.250.000 500 2.500

Ie 2.000.000 500 4.000

If 10.000.000 2.500 4.000

Ig 24.000.000 4.000 6.000

Ih 50.000.000 10.000 5.000

Ii 70.000.000 10.000 7.000

Standard industrial users - Eurostat

Economic optimum

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Standard consumer

Maximum demand (kW)

N° of transformers

Rated power (kVA)

Ic 100 1,00 160

Id 500 1,00 630

Ie 500 1,00 630

If 2500 3,00 1000

Ig 4000 2,00 2500

Ih 10000 5,00 2500

Ii 10000 5,00 2500

NOTES:

- 9,0cos at maximum demand

- oversized by 20%

Economic optimum - Hypotesis

• Energy cost: EUROSTAT excluding VAT

• demanded power according with the Italian tarif

• Foreseen life 10 years

• PF = 0,9

• oversizing 20%

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A e B

For different industrial users

Economic optimum

Eurostat code A (€/kW) B (€/kW)

Ic 9113,56 785,43

Id 8452,79 1832,27

Ie 8182,79 2835,76

If 7515,78 2873,30

Ig 6684,48 3522,17

Ih 6350,54 2784,54

Ii 6030,81 3696,49

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Economic optimum - Hypothesis

Ref. case:

E0DK (ex “Normal Losses” CEI 14-13 - A’A HD 428)

Alterantives:

Oversized E0DK

D0BK (approx. ex “Reduced losses” CEI 14-13 - B’C HD 428)

Oversized D0BK

C0BK (ex C’C HD 428)

B0AK

A0AK

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E0DK (ex “perdite normali” A’A)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii

Purchasing cost Capitalised cost of losses

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oversized E0DK *

-10.000,00

0,00

10.000,00

20.000,00

30.000,00

40.000,00

50.000,00

Ic Id Ie If

€

Total Ow ning Cost normal losses Total Ow ning Cost oversized Savings

E0DK base Savings

(* e

x pe

rdite

nor

mal

i ove

rsiz

ed A

’A)

TO

C (

€)

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D0BK *

E0DK base Savings

*circ

a ex

“pe

rdite

rid

otte

” C

EI 1

4-13

- B

’C H

D 4

28

TO

C (

€)

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D0BK *

*app

rox.

ex

“per

dite

rid

otte

” C

EI 1

4-13

- B

’C H

D 4

28

-25000,00

-20000,00

-15000,00

-10000,00

-5000,00

0,00

5000,00

Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii

€

Purchase cost increase Capitalised cost of losses savings TOC savings

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oversized D0BK *

E0DK base Savings

*app

rox

ex

“per

dite

rid

otte

” C

EI 1

4-13

- B

’C H

D 4

28 o

vers

ized

-20.000,00

0,00

20.000,00

40.000,00

60.000,00

Ic Id Ie If

€

Total Owning Cost "normal losses"

Total Owning Cost "reduced losses" + oversizing

Savings

TO

C (

€)

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C0BK *

E0DK base Savings

*ex

C’C

HD

428

-50.000,00

0,00

50.000,00

100.000,00

150.000,00

Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii

€

Total Owning Cost "normal losses" Total Owning Cost C-C' Savings

TO

C (

€)

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-100.000,00

-50.000,00

0,00

50.000,00

100.000,00

150.000,00

Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii

€

Total Owning Cost "normal losses" Total Owning Cost D-D' Savings

B0AK

E0DK base Savings

TO

C (

€)

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A0AK

-100.000,00

-50.000,00

0,00

50.000,00

100.000,00

150.000,00

Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii

€

Total Owning Cost "normal losses" Total Owning Cost A0-Ak Savings

TO

C (

€)

Savings E0DK base

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TOC saving comparison

-30,0%

-25,0%

-20,0%

-15,0%

-10,0%

-5,0%

0,0%

5,0%

10,0%

15,0%

20,0%

Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii

TOC savings using a " reduced losses transformer TOC savings using a C0-Bk t ransf ormer TOC savings using a B0-Ak transformer TOC savings using a Ao-Ak transformerE0DK base D0BK C0BK B0AK A0AK

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Payback comparisons

D0BK C0BK B0AK A0AK

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

Ic Id Ie If Ig Ih Ii

years

Reduced losses Co-Bk Bo-Ak Ao-Ak