ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air The energy Consumption is a Consequence of the Industrial Development 1860188019001920194019601980 0.0 1.0

ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air

The energy Consumption is a Consequence of the Industrial Development

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 19800.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Year

An

nu

al E

ner

gy C

onsu

mp

tion

(10

12W

atts

)


Energy Production

TW/year %

Solid (coal, wood)

Petroleum

Gas

Hydro-electricity

Nuclear

3,6

4,1

2,3

0,3

0,6

33

38

21

3

5

Total 10,9 100


Increase of the Pollution Levels


Global Warming

Acid Rain

Photo-oxidant formation

Air Toxicity

SO2

NOx

VOC

CO2Carbon dioxide

Sulfur Oxides

Nitrogen Oxides

Hydrocarbons

Main Emissions produced by the Fossil Fuels


Agricultural Production:

Pollution Effects

Human Health:

19861987198819891990Mean 86-88Mean 89-90

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.00 20 40 60 80 100 120

Ozone [ppb]

Ozone impact on the yield of the wheat grain

Rel

ativ

e Y

ield

0 100 200 300 400

Change in PM10 daily concentrations [g.m-3]

0.0

5

10

15

20

% c

hang

e in

hea

lth

effe

cts

indi

cato

rs

Asthma symptomsHospital admissionsMortality


Other Effects

• Buildings deterioration

• Visibility deteriorationDenver (US)

“Clean“Atmosphere Photochemical Episode


Pollution Characteristics: - winter episodes, (cold and humid),

- sulfur Oxides (SOx), acids (H2SO4), particulates matter (PM)4

Sources Characteristics: - bad fuels and combustion,

- emissions produced by the industries and the heating.

Before WWII

SMOG (Smoke + Fog)


Pollution Characteristics : - Summer episodes, (warm and sunny),

- photo-oxidants (O3, PAN), acids (HNO3), fine particulates matter.

Sources Characteristics : - better fuels and combustion,

- emissions produced by the traffic (mainly) and the industries.

After WWII

Photochemical SMOG


Traffic

HeatingsIndustries

EMISSIONS DISPERSION (transport and turbulence)

TRANSFORMATION (chemistry)

DEPOSITION

EFFECTS

VOC

NOxCO

Heavy metalsParticles

SO2

Primary Pollutants

H2SO4Photooxidants

O3, PAN

Particles

Secondary Pollutants

SOURCES

Human and animal health

Vegetation growth

HNO3

Biogenics

CO2

sun

humidity

rain


1. The physical and chemical processes are non-linear

2. The socio-economical problems are global

The problems due to the atmospheric pollution are more and more complex


Nit

roge

n ox

ides

: NO

x Hydrocarbons: VOC

High

Low

HighLow

Ozone isopleths

A

BNOx + VOC O3

The Ozone Formation


[km]

[km

]

60

40

20

604020

Thr

ElePen

Spa

Aig

Hel

LioLyk

Mar PerNRo Pat

Dem

Geo LyHRen

PirNSm

Photosmog <90ppb

Photosmog > 90 ppb

September 12: 16h00

Geostrophical wind

September 14: 16h00

Geostrophical wind

O3 over ATHENS


Human Activities

Technical Feasibility

Economical Developments

Social Pressures

Environmental Impacts

Decision Choice of strategies

Technical Innovations

Emission Distributions

Pollutant Distributions

Complex physical and chemical

processes

Air Quality Management


CO2 Emissions


CO2 Emissions


CO2 Emissions


1950 1960 1970 1980 19900

100

200

300

400

500

600 Gross World ProductVehicle Fleet

Fossil Energy Consumption

Population

Years

Inde

x (1

950=

100)

World Trends


Species Global Emissions [megaton's/year]

Anthropic Natural

NOx 89-125 23-131

VOC (NMHC) 100 1100

SO2 142-166 14-20

World Emissions Sources

NOx Global Emissions [megaton's/year]

Fossile fuels combustion 19.9

Fires 12.0

Soils 8.0

Lightings 8.0

Ocean surface 1

Injection from the stratosphere 0.5

NH3 oxidation uncertain


Natural and Anthropic Emissions Repartition of the Anthropic Emissions

Emissions Sources in Switzerland


Emissions Evolution

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 20000

20

40

60

80

100

120 Industries

Transport

Household

Agriculture and forest

Ton

’s p

er y

ear

Emissions SO2

Objectives for the EmissionReduction (level of 1950)

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 20000

20

40

60

80

140

160

180

Industries

Transport

Household

Agriculture and forests

Ton

’s p

er y

ear

NOX Emissions

100

120

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 20000

50

100

150

200

250

300

350 Industries

Transport

Household

Agriculture and forests

Ton

’s p

er y

ear

VOC Emissions (without the methane)




Evolution of the Transport

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994

AirRoadGross National ProductTrain

Inde

x (1

970=

100)

Freight Transport in Switzerland

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1995

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

AirPrivate VehiclesTrain

Ter

ajou

les

per

year

Energy Consumption in the Swiss Transport


Reduction Strategies

• Objectives: Long term strategy (target values)

Alert strategy (threshold values).

• Means: Incite to renew the technologies: - the fuels, - the material (vehicles, industrial equipments) Improve the transport management : - truck vs. rail, - public transport, - car pool, - road traffic fluidity, - reduce the vehicles circulation.


Phenomenon Causes Effects

Input OutputModel


Methods based on Data collected in the Past

Solar Radiation

Win

d

120

94 122

115110

92

130

90

82

65

?

Ozone in ppb

Solar RadiationE

mis

sion

s

94

122115

110

13090

8265

?

Ozone in ppb


Deterministic Methods

Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry

Meteo

Input OutputModel

Emi.

Terrain

Pollu

tant

Con

c.

Phenomenon Causes Effects


Solar Radiation

Win

d

120

94 122

115110

92

130

90

82

65

120

Ozone in ppb

Solar RadiationE

mis

sion

s

94

122

110

13090

8265

?

Ozone in ppb

120

Documents

ENAC-SSIE Laboratoire de Pollution de l'Air The energy Consumption is a Consequence of the Industrial Development 1860188019001920194019601980 0.0 1.0