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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ENAE 791 Course Overview• Course goals • Web-based content • Syllabus • Policies • Project content • Challenges of launch and entry
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© 2020 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Space Launch - The Physics
• Minimum orbital altitude is ~200 km
• Circular orbital velocity there is 7784 m/sec
• Total energy per kg in orbit
Potential Energy
kg in orbit= � µ
rorbit+
µ
rE= 1.9⇥ 106 J
kg
Kinetic Energy
kg in orbit=
12
µ
r2orbit
= 30� 106 J
kg
Total Energy
kg in orbit= KE + PE = 32� 106 J
kg
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Theoretical Cost to Orbit• Convert to usual energy units
• Domestic energy costs are ~$0.11/kWhr
!Theoretical cost to orbit $1/kg
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Total Energy
kg in orbit
= 32⇥ 106J
kg
= 8.9kWhrs
kg
Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Actual Cost to Orbit• SpaceX Falcon 9
– 22,800 kg to LEO – $62 M per flight – Lowest cost system currently flying
• $2720/kg of payload • Factor of 2700x higher than
theoretical energy costs!
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
What About Airplanes?
• For an aircraft in level flight,
• Energy = force x distance, so
• For an airliner (L/D=25) to equal orbital energy, d=81,000 km (2 roundtrips NY-Sydney)
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Total Energykg
=thrust� distance
mass=
Td
m=
gd
L/D
WeightThrust
=LiftDrag
, ormg
T=
L
D
Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Equivalent Airline Costs?
• Average economy ticket NY-Sydney round-round-trip (Travelocity 1/27/14) ~$1500
• Average passenger (+ luggage) ~100 kg • Two round trips = $30/kg
– Factor of 30x more than electrical energy costs – Factor of 90x less than current launch costs
• But… you get to refuel at each stop!
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Equivalence to Air Transport
• 81,000 km ~ twice around the world
• Voyager - one of two aircraft to ever circle the world non-stop, non-refueled - once!
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Orbital Entry - The Physics• 32 MJ/kg dissipated by friction with atmosphere
over ~8 min = 66kW/kg • Pure graphite (carbon) high-temperature material:
cp=709 J/kg°K
• Orbital energy would cause temperature gain of 45,000°K!
• Thus proving the comment about space travel, “It’s utter bilge!” (Sir Richard Wooley, Astronomer Royal of Great Britain, 1956)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
The Vision
“Once you make it to low Earth orbit, you’re halfway to anywhere!” - Robert A. Heinlein
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Goals of ENAE 791• Learn the underlying physics (orbital mechanics, flight mechanics, aerothermodynamics) which constrain and define launch and entry vehicles
• Develop the tools for preliminary design synthesis, including the fundamentals of systems analysis
• Provide an introduction to engineering economics, with a focus on the parameters affecting cost of launch and entry vehicles, such as reusability
• Examine specific challenges in the underlying design disciplines, such as thermal protection and structural dynamics
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Contact Information
Dr. Dave Akin Space Systems Laboratory
Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility/Room 2100D 301-405-1138 [email protected] http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Web-based Course Content
• Data web site at http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu – Course information – Syllabus – Lecture notes – Problems and solutions
• Interactive web site at http://elms.umd.edu – Communications for team projects (forums, wiki, blogs) – Surveys for course feedback – Videos of lectures
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Schedule Overview (1)• Fundamentals of Launch and Entry Design
– Orbital mechanics – Basic rocket performance
• Entry flight mechanics – Ballistic entry – Lifting entry
• Aerothermodynamics • Thermal Protection System (TPS) analysis • Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) systems
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Schedule Overview (2)• Launch flight mechanics
– Gravity turn – Targeted trajectories – Optimal trajectories – Airbreathing trajectories
• Launch vehicle systems – Propulsion systems – Structures and structural dynamics analysis – Avionics – Payload accommodations – Ground launch processing
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Schedule Overview (3)• Systems Analysis
– Cost estimation – Engineering economics – Reliability issues – Safety design concerns – Fleet resiliency – Reusability – Multidisciplinary optimization
• Case studies • Design project
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Grading Policies• Grade Distribution
– 15% Problems – 20% Midterm Exam – 35% Term Project – 30% Final Exam
• Late Policy – On time: Full credit – Before solutions: 70% credit – After solutions: 20% credit
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
A Word on Homework Submissions...• Good methods of handing in homework
– Hard copy in class (best!) – Electronic or scanned copies via e-mail
(please put “ENAE791”in the subject line!!!)
• Methods that don’t work so well – Leaving it in my mailbox (particularly in EGR) – Leaving it in my office – Uncommented spreadsheets or .m files – Handing it to me in random locations – Handing it to Dr. Bowden
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
A Word about Homework Grading• Homework is graded via a discrete filter
– ✓ for homework problems which are essentially correct (10 pts)
– ✓- for homework with significant problems (7 pts) – ✓-- for homework with major problems (4 pts) – ✓+ for homework demonstrating extra effort (12 pts) – 0 for missing homework
• A detailed solution document is posted for each problem after the due date, which you should review to ensure you understand the techniques used
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Delta II 7925
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Space Transportation System – NASA
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Atlas V 401
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Atlas V 551
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Atlas V N22 (Starliner)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Delta IV
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Delta IV Heavy (Parker Solar Probe)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Space Launch System – NASA
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Antares Launch Vehicle – Orbital ATK
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Antares Launch Vehicle – Orbital ATK
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Falcon 9 v1.1 – SpaceX
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Falcon 9 First Stage Landing
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Falcon Heavy – SpaceX (2018)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Blue Origin New Glenn
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
ULA Vulcan-Centaur
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Stratolaunch Concept (Paul Allen)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Soyuz Rocket Being Transported to Pad
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Soyuz Rocket on Launch Pad
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Soyuz Spacecraft
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Dragon Cargo Spacecraft – SpaceX
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Dragon 2 Spacecraft – SpaceX
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
SpaceX Dragon 2 Demo Mission 1
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Dragon 2 Pad and In-flight Abort Tests
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
CST100/Starliner – Boeing
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Boeing Starliner on Atlas V (2020)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Orion Spacecraft – NASA
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Commercial Crew Size Comparison
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Dream Chaser – Sierra Nevada Corp.
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Dream Chaser Cargo Version
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Blue Origins Biconic Spacecraft
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
New Shepard (Blue Origin)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
New Shepard Landing (Blue Origin)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Spaceship Two - Virgin Galactic
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Lynx Suborbital Vehicle – XCOR
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Shuttle in Gliding Landing
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
SpaceX Propulsive Landing Tests
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Mars Pathfinder/MER Landing Bags
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
MSL Skycrane Mars Landing System
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Mars Colonial Transport – SpaceX
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
SpaceX Starship Pathfinder (2019)
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Starship Landing at Moon Base
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Starships at Mars Base
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Term Project - Cislunar Transportation• Design a system to allow the transport of humans
and cargo between Earth surface, Earth orbit, and the lunar surface – Launch vehicle – Crew launch and entry vehicle – Lunar lander/crew ascent vehicle
• Challenges – Propellant selection – Crew/cargo compatibility – Reusable/expendable – Mission applications of vehicles
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Course Overview ENAE 791 - Launch and Entry Vehicle Design
U N I V E R S I T Y O FMARYLAND
Term Project• Split into teams of 2-3 people (your choice) • Design an architecture to support cislunar cargo/
crew operations in the most cost effective manner possible
• All vehicles will be conceptually designed from scratch (no “catalog engineering”!)
• Parametric design parameters will be provided for human spacecraft systems not ENAE791-relevant
• Design process should proceed throughout the term • Formal design presentations at end of term
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