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Encoding, Framing, Error Detecton Complied by JUN JIE, NG JUN JIE, NG

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Page 1: Encoding, Framing, Error Detectonngjj.weebly.com/uploads/2/3/5/8/2358979/ccn1-personal...3 Kinds of Protocols 1. Byte Oriented Protocols >Sentinel‐Based Approach > BISYNC frame format

Encoding, Framing, Error Detecton

Complied by

JUN JIE, NGJUN JIE, NG

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Direct Link NetworksDirect Link Networks

Five important issues to note:

1. Encoding (Not to be tested)g ( )

2. Framing

3. Error Detection

4. Reliable Delivery (Next Lecture)

5. Access Mediation (Next Lecture)

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 2

( )

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FramingFraming

Bits flow between adaptor frames between hosts

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 3

Bits flow between adaptor, frames between hosts.

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3 Kinds of Protocols3 Kinds of Protocols

1. Byte Oriented Protocols>Sentinel‐Based Approach

> BISYNC frame format> PPP frame format (recent)

>Byte‐Counting Approach

2. Bit Oriented Protocol (HLDC)

3. Counted Based Framing (SONET)

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 4

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3 Kinds of Protocols3 Kinds of Protocols

1A. Sentinel‐Based Approach: BISYNC frame format

SYN – synchronisation charactersSTX t t f t tSTX – start of textETX – end of textSOH – start of header

li d d h kCRC – cyclic redundancy check

The problem with sentinel‐based approach is that ETX character might appear in 

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 5

the data portion (body) of the frame. BISYNC overcomes this by “escaping” the ETX characters – know as character stuffing.

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3 Kinds of Protocols3 Kinds of Protocols

1B. Sentinel‐Based Approach: PPP frame format (recent)

Flag – start of text characters e.g 01111110Add d f lt lAddress – default valueControl – default valueProtocol – used for demultiplexing; 

id ifi hi h l l l iidentifies high level protocols i.e IP or xIPPayload size – default 1500 bytes but can be changedChecksum – either 2 or 4 bytes long

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 6

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3 Kinds of Protocols3 Kinds of Protocols

1C. Byte Counting Approach: DDCMP frame format 

Count – specifies how many bytes that is contained i th f B din the frame Body

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 7

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3 Kinds of Protocols3 Kinds of Protocols

2. Bit Oriented Approach: HDLC frame format

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 8

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3 Kinds of Protocols3 Kinds of Protocols

3. Clock Based Framing (SONET)‐Synchronous Optical Network‐As with other frame format, SONET has special ways to tell the heading and ending‐No bit stuffing used‐Frame’s length does not depend on the data being sent

9 f 90 b t h‐9 rows of 90 bytes each‐First three bytes of each row are overhead‐First two frames contains 

‐Receiver looks for special bit pattern, hoping to see it once every 810 bytes

special bit pattern: to determine where frame start

every 810 bytes

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 9

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Error DetectionError Detection

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 10

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Error DetectionError Detection

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

We think of sender and receiver exchanging polynomials.

Sender and receiver to agree on a divisor call “C(x)”. 

C(x) is a polynomial of degree K Eg) x3 + x2 + 1 –> K=3C(x) is a polynomial of degree K. Eg) x3 + x2 + 1 –> K=3.

We use different degree (or K values) in different situations. See previous’ slide table information on CRC typesslide table information on CRC types.

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 11

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Error DetectionError Detection

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) : The Mathematics…

Let the message to be transmitted be P(x).

IF: P(x) / C(x) = no remainder (or means: exactly divisible) – No ERROR!

IF: P(x) / C(x) = has remainder – There are ERRORs!IF: P(x) / C(x) = has remainder – There are ERRORs!

Note: Special class of polynomial arithmetic to be used here called: Polynomial arithmetic modulo 2 systemPolynomial arithmetic modulo‐2 system. 

However, if is better we learn this via an example! 

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 12

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Error DetectionError Detection

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 13

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Error DetectionError Detection

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) : The Mathematics…Approach:

CCN Lecture 218 September 2011 14

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18 September 2011 ELISS NIQC 15

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Error DetectionError Detection

18 September 2011 ELISS NIQC 16