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Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology
Ursula Schmidt-ErfurthThomas KohnenEditors
Encyclopedia ofOphthalmology
With 453 Figures and 34 Tables
Editors
Ursula Schmidt-ErfurthDepartment of Ophthalmology andOptometryMedical University ViennaVienna, AustriaThomas KohnenDepartment of OphthalmologyGoethe University of Frankfurt am MainFrankfurt am Main, Germany
ISBN 978-3-540-68292-9 ISBN 978-3-540-69000-9 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-540-69001-6 (print and electronic bundle)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69000-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017954881
# Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral withregard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by Springer NatureThe registered company is Springer-Verlag GmbH, DEThe registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany
Preface
Encompassed with comprehensive and focused information, accompanied by
high-quality images, detailed tables, and graphics on all relevant ophthalmictopics, the Encyclopedia of Ophthalmology is a valuable resource for practic-ing ophthalmologists from the various ophthalmic subspecialties. This com-prehensive source of ophthalmological expertise will also be of interest tooptometrists, orthoptists, opticians, low vision specialists, researchers, resi-dents, medical students, nurse practitioners, and all other eye care profes-sionals who deal with the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eye.The reader will benefit from the knowledge of leading experts in the rapidlychanging field of ophthalmology with an easy reference, geared to providedetailed, timely, and relevant information about the rapid advances that con-tinuously influence the field of ophthalmology. Intended as a user-friendlyreference, available in hardcopy and electronic format and continuouslyupdated. We hope that this encyclopedia facilitates easy reference and clinicaluse.
v
Acknowledgment
We would like to extend our thanks to the many authors who devoted an
extensive amount of time in contributing to the development of this compre-hensive coverage of current state-of-the-art knowledge in ophthalmology. Wewould also like to thank the consultants at Springer Nature for their commit-ment to publishing this book.vii
List of Topics
External Diseases and Cornea Chlorpromazine, Cornea Verticillata
Section Editor: Shameema Sikder
Actinic KeratosisAcute Hemorrhagic ConjunctivitisAdenoviral KeratoconjunctivitisAllergic ConjunctivitisAmniotic Membrane Transplantation
NonpharmacotherapyAmorphous Corneal Dystrophy, Posterior DiseaseAtopic DermatitisBlepharitisBlepharoconjunctivitisBlue NevusBlue ScleraBullaBurnsCalcific Band KeratopathyCanaliculitisCandida Keratitis/Ocular InfectionCarcinoma In Situ, of ConjunctivaCarpenter SyndromeCat Scratch DiseaseCatarrhal (Marginal Corneal) InfiltratesCellulitis, Preseptal, Haemophilus CausingChalazionChandler SyndromeChelation Therapy, for Calcific Band KeratopathyChemical Injury (Burns)ChemosisChlamydiaChloroquine Toxicity, Cornea Verticillata
Chocolate CystChoristomasChrysiasis, Corneal PigmentationClimatic Droplet Keratopathy (Spheroidal
Degeneration)Coats’ White RingCogan SyndromeComputerized Corneal TopographyConcretions, ConjunctivalConcussive TraumaCongenital Hereditary Endothelial DystrophyCongenital Hereditary Stromal DystrophyConjunctivaConjunctival AutograftConjunctival DegenerationsConjunctival FlapsConjunctival Inclusion CystsConjunctival TumorsConjunctivitisConjunctivochalasisConnective Tissue Disorder of the CorneaContact DermatoblepharitisCornea FarinataCornea PlanaCornea VerticillataCorneal ArcusCorneal DegenerationsCorneal GuttataCorneal Intraepithelial NeoplasiaCorneal PatchingCorneal Pigmentations
ix
x List of Topics
Corneal TattooCorneal UlcersCorneoretinal Dystrophy, Bietti’s CrystallineCorneoscleral LacerationCryptophthalmosCryptophthalmos-Syndactyly (Fraser) SyndromeCrystalline DystrophyCrystalline Keratopathy, InfectiousCyanoacrylate AdhesiveDacryoadenitisDacryoadenomaDacryocystitisDarier Disease (Keratosis Follicularis)Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty (DALK)Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty (DLEK)DellenDermatitisDescemetoceleDesquamating Skin ConditionsDisciform Keratitis, Herpes Simplex Virus
CausingDistichiasis: DefinitionDry Eye: DefinitionEctasia, CornealEctodermal DysplasiaEctrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasial-Clefting
(EEC) SyndromeEczema, of EyelidEhlers-Danlos Syndrome, Gene Linkage of
DiseaseEndothelial DegenerationsEndothelial DystrophiesEndothelial FailureEndothelial Graft RejectionEphelis (Freckle), Conjunctival DiseaseEpibulbar TumorEpidermisEpidermoid CystsEpiscleritis: OverviewEpithelial DefectsEpithelial DystrophiesEpithelial ErosionsEpithelial Inclusion CystsEpitheliopathyExposure Keratitis/KeratopathyExposure Staining, Keratoconjunctivitis SiccaExternal Hordeolum (Stye)
Eye Bank Association of AmericaEye BankingEyelid Weights, for Exposure KeratopathyFornicesFrançois, Central Cloudy DystrophyFuchs Superficial Marginal KeratitisFuchs’ Dystrophy DiseaseFurrow Degeneration, SenileGiant Papillary (Contact Lens-Induced)
Conjunctivitis DiseaseGoblet Cells, Mucin Tear Secretion byGonococcal ConjunctivitisGraft-Versus-Host Disease: OverviewGram-Negative BacteriaGram-Positive BacteriaGroenouw Dystrophy Type 1 DiseaseHaemophilus influenzae, ConjunctivitisHansen’s DiseaseHeerfordt’s SyndromeHemochromatosisHereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (Osler-
Weber-Rendu Disease)Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Neurotrophic
KeratopathyHerpes Zoster OphthalmicusHolmium YAG Laser, ThermokeratoplastyHordeolumHorner-Trantas DotsHudson-Stähli LineHuman Herpes VirusHuman Papilloma Viruses, Ocular InfectionHurler-Scheie SyndromeHurricane (Vortex) KeratopathyHyaluronic Acid, for Dry EyeHydrops, KeratoconusHypercalcemia: Corneal ChangesHyperemia, ConjunctivalInterstitial KeratitisIron Lines, PterygiumIron, Corneal Deposits ofIron, Corneal Intraocular Foreign Body ofJuvenile Epithelial Dystrophy (Meesmann
Dystrophy)Kayser-Fleischer RingKeloids: Corneal and CongenitalKeratinocytes: OverviewKeratinoid (Spheroidal) Degeneration
List of Topics xi
Keratoconjunctivitis, Sicca: DefinitionKeratoconjunctivitis: OverviewKeratoglobus Basic ScienceKeratolysis (Corneal Melting), Marginal,
Systemic Immune-Mediated DiseaseKeratomalacia, Vitamin A DeficiencyKeratopathy Actinic (Labrador Keratopathy/
Spheroidal Degeneration)KeratoprosthesisKhodadoust LineKrukenberg SpindlesLagophthalmosLamellar KeratoplastyLattice DystrophyLattice LinesLigneous ConjunctivitisLimbal Autograft/Allograft (Limbal
Transplantation)Limbal Stem CellsLimbal Transplantation for Chemical InjuryLimbal Vernal Conjunctivitis/
KeratoconjunctivitisLipemia RetinalisLipid KeratopathyLithiasis, ConjunctivalLymphoma: DefinitionMap-Dot-Fingerprint Dystrophy (Epithelial/
Anterior Membrane Dystrophy)Maroteaux-Lamy SyndromeMcCannel TechniqueMegalocorneaMeibomian Gland DysfunctionMelanocytosisMelanokeratosis, StriateMelanomas, ConjunctivalMelanosisMeretoja SyndromeMicrocorneaMicrocystic EpitheliopathyMicropannusMicrophthalmos (Microphthalmia), AnteriorMolluscum Contagiosum: OverviewMooren UlcerMorquio SyndromeMosaic Degeneration (Anterior Crocodile
Shagreen)Mucopolysaccharidosis
Mucus Fishing SyndromeNd:YSGG Laser, for Intrastromal
PhotodisruptionNecrotizing KeratitisNecrotizing ScleritisNeurotrophic KeratopathyNonnecrotizing KeratitisOcular LiceOculodentoosseous DysplasiaOculoglandular Syndrome, ParinaudOculomandibulofacial Dyscephaly (Hallermann-
Streiff Syndrome)OncocytomaOnychoosteodysplasia (Nail-Patella Syndrome)Osteogenesis Imperfecta, Blue ScleraPachymetry (Pachometry)Palpebral ConjunctivaPalpebral Vernal Conjunctivitis/
KeratoconjunctivitisPannus/MicropannusPapillae: OverviewPapillomas, ConjunctivalParasitesPediculosis (Lice), Ocular InfectionPellucid Marginal DegenerationPemphigoid, CicatricialPenetrating InjuriesPeripheral Corneal Guttata (Hassall-Henle
Bodies/Warts)Peripheral KeratitisPhlyctenulesPhotokeratoscopyPhotomicroscopy, SpecularPhthirus Pubis (Crab/Pubic Louse), Ocular
InfectionPigmented Lesions of the ConjunctivaPingueculaPort-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus)Posterior Polymorphous Corneal DystrophyPostherpetic NeuralgiaPrecorneal Tear FilmPrimary Endothelial Failure, After Penetrating
KeratoplastyPseudo-Hurler PolydystrophyPseudoguttatae: Inflammatory DiseasePseudomembrane, ConjunctivalPterygium
xii List of Topics
Punctate Epithelial Defects/ErosionsPyogenic GranulomaRecurrent Corneal ErosionReis-Bücklers DystrophyRiley-Day Syndrome (Familial Dysautonomia)Rosacea: OverviewRust Ring, Iron Foreign Body CausingSalzmann Nodular DegenerationSarcoidosisSattler’s Veil (Central Epithelial Edema)Scanning Confocal MicroscopeSchirmer TestsSchnyder Crystalline Dystrophy SyndromeScleritisSclerocorneaSclerokeratitisScleromalacia: OverviewSebaceous Gland Carcinoma: OverviewSeborrheic BlepharitisShagreen, CrocodileSiderosis: Signs and SymptomsSipple-Gorlin Syndrome, Enlarged Corneal
NervesSpheroidal DegenerationSquamous Cell Carcinoma, of the ConjunctivaSquamous Dysplasia of ConjunctivaStaphylococcusStaphylomas, Congenital, AnteriorStevens Johnson SyndromeStriate Keratopathy, Intraocular Surgery CausingStriate MelanokeratosisStromal DegenerationsStromal DystrophiesStromal Graft RejectionStromal Keratitis (Herpetic)Stromal Micropuncture, for Recurrent Corneal
ErosionsSubconjunctival HemorrhageSubepithelial Corneal DegenerationsSubepithelial Graft RejectionSuperior Limbic KeratoconjunctivitisSymblepharonSyphilis: OverviewTangier Disease, Corneal ChangesTarsal ConjunctivaTarsal Plates/TarsusTarsorrhaphy
Tay-Sachs Disease (GM2 Gangliosidosis Type I)Tear Breakup TimeTearing (Epiphora)Tectonic Penetrating Keratoplasty, for Herpetic
KeratitisTerrien Marginal DegenerationThermal CauteryThermal Injury: OverviewThiel-Behnke DystrophyThygeson’s Superficial Punctate KeratitisTissue Adhesives, Cyanoacrylate, for Anterior
SegmentTransplantationTransplantation, Amniotic MembraneTreacher Collins-Franceschetti Syndrome
(Mandibulofacial Dysostosis)TrichiasisUlcerative Keratitis DiseaseUlcerative Keratopathy, ToxicUlcersVascular Tumors Disease of the ConjunctivaVernal Conjunctivitis/KeratoconjunctivitisVogt Lines, KeratoconusVortex (Hurricane) KeratopathyWave Front AnalysisWilson DiseaseXanthelasma, DyslipoproteinemiaXanthomasXerophthalmiaXerosis
Fundamentals and Principles
Section Editor: Bhavna P. Sheth
Achromatopsia (Rod Monochromatism), GeneDefects Causing
Anesthesia (Anesthetics), LocalAngiography, FluoresceinAqueous HumorAxenfeld-Rieger Syndrome; Mesodermal
Dysgenesis; LeukomasBergmeister’s PapillaBest DiseaseBeta Carotene, Use and Dosage ofBiomicroscopy, Ultrasound, of Anterior SegmentBipolar Cells
List of Topics xiii
Blood-Aqueous BarrierBlood-Retina BarrierBruch’s MembraneChoroid, Gyrate Atrophy ofCiliary ArteriesCiliary Block (Malignant) Glaucoma, Muscarinic
Antagonists forCiliary BodyColor Vision, Three Cone OpsinsCorneal DystrophiesCorneal LimbusCorticosteroids, Use in OphthalmologyCyclopiaDrugs, Ocular, Absorption ofDrusenFluorescein, as Diagnostic AgentFovea, Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ)FoveolaFundus AlbipunctatusFundus Flavimaculatus (Stargardt Disease/
Juvenile Macular Degeneration)Fundus OculiFundus Salt and PepperGardner Syndrome: Retinal Pigment Epithelium
HypertrophyGlands of Krause, Glands of Moll, Glands of
Wolfring, Glands of ZeisGoldenhar SyndromeHerpes Simplex VirusHerpes ZosterIndocyanine GreenInherited Color Vision DefectsIntraocular Injection of Ocular DrugsIntraocular PressureIris, CharacteristicsLevator Muscle (Levator Palpebrae Superioris)Light AdaptationLight Toxicity, Free Radical Damage; Photic
Damage/Phototoxicity, Free Radical DamageLocal Anesthesia for Ophthalmic ProceduresLuteinMacular DystrophyMacular HolesMarfan SyndromeMeibomian GlandsMelanin in EyesMicrophthalmos (Microphthalmia)
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)Nyctalopia: Night BlindnessOcular Medication Absorption Affected by
ViscosityOcusert Delivery SystemOptic Disc (Optic Nerve Head)Ora SerrataPars Plana; Pars PlicataPedigree Analysis, Symbols Used inPeriocular Injection of Ocular DrugsPersistent Hyperplastic Primary VitreousPersistent Pupillary MembranePhotoreceptor CellsPhototransduction Cone/RodPigment Epithelium, Ciliary Body, and IrisPosterior Embryotoxon, NeurocristopathyProstaglandin AnaloguesPupil, CharacteristicsRetina, Structure ofRetinal Blood VesselsRetinitis Punctata AlbescensRetinoblastomaSchwalbe’s LineStem Cells, Limbal, Corneal Epithelium
MaintenanceStickler Syndrome (Hereditary Progressive
Arthro-Ophthalmopathy)Tear Film (Tears)Tearing, Reflex, Absorption of Ocular MedicationTenon’s CapsuleUsher SyndromeUvea (Uveal Tract)Viscoelastic AgentsVitreolysis, EnzymaticVitreous HumorWatershed Zone of the ChoroidXeroderma Pigmentosum
Glaucoma
Section Editor: George Spaeth, Jens Funk andFrances Meier-Gibbons
Angle ClosureAngle Closure Secondary to Uveal EffusionAngle-Closure SuspectAngle Recession Glaucoma
xiv List of Topics
Angle-Closure GlaucomaCiliary Block “Malignant” GlaucomaFuchs Heterochromic Iridocyclitis, GlaucomaFundamental Considerations Regarding the Optic
NerveGhost Cell GlaucomaHeterochromic Cyclitis Fuchs’ GlaucomaHigh-Pressure GlaucomaHomocystinuriaIridocorneo Endothelial SyndromeJuvenile GlaucomaLens DislocationLens-Induced Angle-Closure GlaucomaMydriasis Induced Secondary Angle ClosureNeovascular Glaucoma in Diabetes MellitusNeovascular Glaucoma in Ocular Ischemia,
OthersNeovascular Glaucoma in VOROpen-Angle GlaucomasOther Uveitic EtiologiesPediatric GlaucomaPigmentary GlaucomaPosner-Schlossman SyndromePrimary Angle Closure and Angle Closure
GlaucomaPrimary Congenital GlaucomaPseudoexfoliative GlaucomaSecondary Angle-Closure GlaucomaSecondary Open-Angle GlaucomaSurgical ApproachesTraumatic GlaucomaUveitic GlaucomaWeill-Marchesani Syndrome
Lens and Cataract
Section Editor: Thomas Kohnen
Accommodation, CataractAcrylic Intraocular LensAcute Angle ClosureAnesthesia, CataractAniridia, TraumaticAnterior CapsuleAnterior CapsulorhexisAnterior Capsulotomy TechniquesAnterior Chamber
Anterior MegalophtalmosAnterior Optic CaptureAnterior SegmentAnterior Segment Partial Coherence
InterferometryAnterior Segment SurgeryAntibiotics for Eye InfectionsAnticoagulants, Ophthalmological TreatmentApodized Diffractive Intraocular LensAspherical Intraocular LensAspiration CuretteAspirin: Usage, Effects, and Dosage in
OphthalmologyAtropine Drug, Usage in OphthalmologyAxial LengthBacterial Adhesion in Ophthalmology,
Characteristics ofBiometry, Use and Principle ofBiomicroscopy, UltrasoundCan-Opener TechniqueCapsular BagCapsular Bag OpacificationCapsular BendCapsular Block SyndromeCapsular Tension RingCapsulotomyCataract SurgeryCataract, Causes and TreatmentCefuroximeClear Corneal IncisionCorneal TopographyCrystalline LensEctopia LentisEndophthalmitisFoldable Intraocular LensFree RadicalsHapticHydrodissectionHydrophilicHydrophilic Acrylic Intraocular LensHydrophobicHydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular LensHypotonyInterlenticular OpacificationIntracameral AntibioticsIntraocular LensIntraoperative Floppy-Iris Syndrome
List of Topics xv
Iris ColobomaIris HooksIris ProsthesisLens Epithelial CellsLensectomyLenticonusLuxated LensMacular EdemaNanophthalmosNeodymium:YAG LaserNuclear FragmentsOphthalmic Viscosurgical DevicesOptical Coherence TomographyPars Plana VitrectomyPartial Coherence InterferometryPeribulbar AnesthesiaPhacofragmentationPhacotrabeculectomyPhacoviscocanalostomyPhotochromic Foldable Intraocular LensPiggyback Intraocular LensPlate-Haptic Posterior Chamber Intraocular LensPosterior Capsule RupturePosterior CapsulorhexisPosterior ChamberPosterior LenticonusPosterior Polar CataractPotential Acuity MeterPresbyopiaPrimary Posterior CapsulorhexisPseudoaccommodationPseudoexfoliation SyndromePupil DilatorPupil StretchScanning Electron MicroscopyScleral Fixation of Intraocular LensScleral TunnelSealed Capsule Irrigation DeviceSilicone Intraocular LensSilicone Oil TamponadeSilicone, Uses in OphthalmologySpherical Intraocular LensSubtenon’s AnesthesiaSurgically Induced AstigmatismTamsulosinTopical Anesthesia in Eye SurgeryToxic Anterior Segment Syndrome
Traumatic AniridiaTrypan BlueUltrasonic PachymetryVitrectomy
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Section Editor: Andrew G. Lee
Accommodation, Functional (Nonorganic/Nonphysiologic) Disorders of
Acetazolamide for Pseudotumor CerebriAchromatopsia CerebralAcute Idiopathic Enlargement of Blind SpotAdie’s Pupil (Tonic Pupil), Pharmacologic
TestingAfferent Pupillary Defects, Relative (Marcus
Gunn Pupil)Afferent Visual PathwaysAgnosia, ObjectAIDS and Neuro-Ophthalmology ManifestationsAkinetopsiaAlexander’s LawAlexia, Without AgraphiaAlternating Skew DeviationAltitudinal Visual Field DefectsAnalgesic Rebound HeadacheAneurysmsAngiofibromas, Facial, in Tuberous SclerosisAngiomas (Angiomatosis)Anisocoria of Small Pupil: Horner SyndromeAnisocoria of the Small PupilAnisocoria: Big PupilAnnulus of ZinnAnterior Chiasmal SyndromeAnterior Cranial FossaAnterior Inferior Cerebellar ArteryApraxia of Lid OpeningArachnoid Mater, Optic NerveArgyll Robertson PupilArterial DissectionArteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyArteritic Ischemic Optic NeuropathyAspirin (for Carotid Artery Disease)Astrocytoma (Astrocytic Hamartoma)Ataxia, Optic
xvi List of Topics
Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T)Balint SyndromeBartonella henselae, Cat ScratchBattle Sign, Facial Nerve PalsyBell’s PalsyBenign Episodic Pupillary MydriasisBenign Essential Blepharospasm: Neuro-
ophthalmic ConsiderationsBinocular DiplopiaBitemporal HemianopsiaBloch-Sulzberger Syndrome (Incontinentia
Pigmenti)Borrelia burgdorferiCancer-Associated RetinopathyCarotid Cavernous FistulaCavernous Sinus AnatomyCavernous Sinus SyndromeCerebral AchromatopsiaCharles Bonnet Syndrome: OverviewChiasmal DisordersCiliary GanglionClaude SyndromeCollier’s SignCommunicating Arteries AnteriorCongenital Ocular Motor ApraxiaCranial Nerve III (Oculomotor Nerve)Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear Nerve), CNIVCranial Nerve V (Trigeminal Nerve)Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens Nerve)Cranial Nerve VIICraniopharyngiomasDemyelination, in Multiple Sclerosis, Optic
NeuritisDiabetic PapillopathyDiffusion-Weighted MR ImageDiplopia in Graves’ OphthalmopathyDiplopia in Multiple SclerosisDiplopia in MyopathiesDiplopia in Vertebrobasilar System DiseaseDiplopia MonocularDiplopia, Restrictive Syndromes CausingDoll’s Head Maneuver/Phenomenon, in
Horizontal Gaze PalsyDorsal Midbrain (Parinaud) Syndrome,
Convergence-Retraction Nystagmus, EyelidRetraction
Double Ring Sign: Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Drugs: AnisocoriaDrugs: HallucinationsDuction TestDuplex UltrasonographyDural Sinus ThrombosisDyschromatopsiaEclampsia, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders,
Transient Visual LossEdinger-Westphal ComplexEfferent Visual System (Ocular Motor Pathways)Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate in Giant Cell
ArteritisFacial Diplegia, Guillain-Barré SyndromeFlutter, OcularFourth Nerve PalsyFoville SyndromeGasserian Ganglion (Semilunar/Trigeminal
Ganglion)Gradenigo SyndromeGraves OphthalmopathyHallucinationHemangioblastomas, with Retinal Angiomatosis
(von Hippel Lindau Disease)Horizontal Gaze CenterIce Pack Test for Myasthenia GravisIce Pick PainsIdiopathic Intracranial HypertensionInfraorbital NerveInternuclear OphthalmoplegiaKearns SyndromeKlippel-Trenaunay-Weber SyndromeLacrimal NerveLanthony Tritan Plates, in Color Vision
EvaluationLeber Hereditary Optic NeuropathyLight, Pupillary ResponseLight-Near DissociationLisch Nodules, in NeurofibromatosisLyme DiseaseMacropsiaMarcus Gunn PupilMethanol, Optic NeuropathyMicropsiaMiller FisherMitochondrial Optic NeuropathyMonocular Transient Visual Loss in Carotid
Artery Disease
List of Topics xvii
Monocular Transient Visual Loss, HypoperfusionCausing
Monocular Transient Visual Loss, OcularCauses of
Monocular Transient Visual Loss, OrbitalCauses of
Monocular Transient Visual Loss, Stroke AfterMonocular Transient Visual Loss, Systemic
Causes ofMonocular Transient, Visual Loss Embolic
Causes ofMorning Glory DiscMunchausen SyndromeMyasthenia Gravis, OverviewNonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyNonorganic Visual LossNystagmus: OverviewOccipital Seizures: Transient Visual LossOcular BobbingOcular Motor ApraxiaOne-and-a-Half SyndromeOphthalmoplegia, InternuclearOptic AtrophyOptic Disc in Central Retinal Vein OcclusionOptic GliomasOptic Nerve (Cranial Nerve II)Optic NeuritisOptic Neuritis: OverviewOptic TractOptokinetic NystagmusOrbital Apex Syndrome in Neuro-OphthalmologyOscillopsiaPalinopsiaParinaud (Dorsal Midbrain) SyndromePeduncular HallucinosisPharmacologic AnisocoriaPhysiologic AnisocoriaPort-Wine Stain (Nevus Flammeus) in Sturge-
Weber SyndromePoser Criteria, for Multiple SclerosisPositron Emission TomographyPosterior Ischemic Optic NeuropathyProgressive Supranuclear PalsyPseudopapilledemaPseudopapilledema: Disc DrusenPseudoptosisPupil Irregularity Caused by Trauma
RAPD (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect)RecoverinRed-Green Color Vision, DefectsReflex BlepharospasmRetinae (Retinal Angiomatosis, von Hippel
Syndrome/Disease)Retinal/Ocular MigraineRetinitis Pigmentosa, Decreased Vision in
Neuro-OphthalmologyRetrobulbar Hemorrhage, Optic Nerve
DysfunctionRetrochiasmal DisordersRosenthal SyndromeSetting Sun SignSeventh Nerve PalsySingle-Photon Emission Computed
TomographySixth Nerve PalsiesSkew DeviationSpasmus NutansSwinging-Light Test, for RAPD
IdentificationT1-Weighted ImageT2-Weighted ImageTerson Syndrome Caused by Subarachnoid
HemorrhageThird Nerve PalsyThyroid Eye DiseaseTonic Pupil (Adie’s Pupil), Pharmacological
Testing forToxic Optic NeuropathyToxic/Nutritional and Hereditary Optic
NeuropathyTransient Obscurations of VisionTransverse (Lateral) Sinus ThrombosisTrigeminal Ganglion (Gasserian/Semilunar
Ganglion)Uveitis in Multiple SclerosisV1 (Ophthalmic Nerve)V2 (Maxillary Nerve)V3 (Mandibular Nerve)Vertical Gaze PalsyVHL SyndromeWallenberg SyndromeWEBINO (“Wall-Eyed” Bilateral Internuclear
Ophthalmoplegia) SyndromeWilbrand Knee
xviii List of Topics
Optics Refraction and Contact Lenses
Section Editor: Jens Bühren
Ametropia: DefinitionAphakic SpectaclesBichrome (Red-Green/Duochrome) TestBifocal LensesBitoricBrightness (Radiance)Candle Power (Luminous Intensity)Carbon Dioxide LaserChromatic Aberration: DefinitionCircularly Polarized LightContrast Sensitivity Function, GeneralDiode LasersDiopter: DefinitionDispersion: DefinitionEmmetropia: DefinitionETDRS Visual Acuity ChartFrequency of Light WaveFresnelFresnel PrismsGeometrical OpticsGlare TestingGlare, GeneralGul Schematic EyeHolmium-YLF Solid-State LaserHruby LensHyperacuity (Vernier Acuity)Illuminance: DefinitionImage Quality, GeneralIndirect OphthalmoscopeInterferometry, GeneralIOL HapticKestenbaum’sKnapp’s LawLaser SpeckleLaw of Reflection: DefinitionLaw of Refraction (Snell’s Law)Legal Blindness: DefinitionLensmeterLuminance: DefinitionMinimum Angle of Resolution/Recognition
(MAR)Minus Cylinder FormMonocular DiplopiaMonocular Distortion
Pelli-Robson ChartPhotodisruptionPhotorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)Refractive AmetropiaRefractive AstigmatismSloan LettersSnellen AcuitySolid-State LasersSpherical EquivalentSpherocylindrical LensesTopography (Corneal)
Orbit, Eyelids, and Lacrimal System
Section Editor: Pete Setabutr
Actinic (Solar) KeratosisAnophthalmic SocketAnterior OrbitotomyAspergillosis and Mucormycosis, Orbital
InfectionsAspergillosis in OrbitBasal Cell Carcinoma of EyelidBasal Cell Nevus Syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome)Benign Essential Blepharospasm: Orbital and
Oculoplastic ConsiderationsBlepharochalasisBlowout FracturesBotox: Spastic EntropionBowen’s DiseaseBuccal Mucous Membrane GraftCanthal ReconstructionCantholysisCanthotomyCheek Elevation, in Eyelid RepairChloasma, of EyelidsCompound NevusContracted SocketCoronal Scalp Flap, for Anterior OrbitotomyCutaneous Horn+B2658Cutler-Beard ProcedureCylindroma of EyelidCysticercosis, Orbital Involvement andDermis-Fat GraftsDouble Convexity DeformityEchinococcus granulosus (Echinococcosis),
Orbital
List of Topics xix
Edema, EyelidEmphysema (Ocular), of Orbit and Eyelids, in
Blowout FracturesEnucleationEphelis (Freckle), of the EyelidEpidermal Cysts, of the EyelidEviscerationExcisional BiopsyExtraperiosteal RouteEyelid ErythemaEyelid TraumaEyelid WeightsFine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) of OrbitFull-Thickness Eyelid BiopsyGlobe, Displacement of, in Orbital DisordersGorlin SyndromeGraves’ DiseaseGuerin (Maxillary) FractureHard Palate GraftHidradenoma, Clear Cell (Eccrine Acrospiroma)Hidrocystoma, ApocrineHorizontal Eyelid ShorteningHughes Procedure/Modified Hughes Procedure,
in Eyelid RepairImplants, OrbitalIncisional BiopsyInfraciliary Blepharoplasty Incision, for Anterior
OrbitotomyIntraorbital Foreign Body (IOFB)Inverted Follicular KeratosisKaposi SarcomaKeratoacanthomaLangerhans Cell HistiocytosisLash Follicle, Tumors Arising inLateral OrbitotomyLe Fort FracturesLentigo Senile (Liver Spots)Lentigo Simplex (Simple Lentigines)Lower Lid RetractionLynch Incision, for Anterior OrbitotomyMelanoma of the EyelidMelasma, of EyelidsMohs’ Micrographic SurgeryMolluscum Contagiosum, of EyelidMustarde FlapNaso-Orbital-Ethmoid FracturesNecrotizing Fasciitis, of Orbit
Neurofibromas, DiscreteNevus, IntradermalNevus, JunctionalOcular ProsthesesOrbit, Inflammation ofOrbital CellulitisOrbital Compartment SyndromeOrbital HemorrhagesOrbitotomyPapillomas, EyelidPenetrating Eyelid InjuriesPilomatrixomasProptosisPseudoproptosisPulsation, OrbitalReconstructive Surgery of EyelidReflex Tear ArcRetractors, Lower EyelidRetro-Orbicularis Oculi Fat (ROOF)Rhabdomyosarcoma of OrbitRing Sign, in Idiopathic Orbital InflammationRosengren-Doane Tear PumpRosenmüller, Valve ofRotational Flap for Eyelid RepairSarcoidosis, Orbit Affected inSarcoma, OrbitalSebaceous AdenomaSebaceous Carcinoma/AdenocarcinomaSebaceous CystSebaceous Glands of Eyelid, Tumors Arising inSebaceous Hyperplasia of EyelidSemicircular Flap for Eyelid RepairShave BiopsySilicone IntubationSinusesSnapback TestSphenoid BoneSpiradenoma, EccrineSpiral Computed Tomography, in Orbital
EvaluationSquamous Cell Carcinoma of EyelidSquamous Cell Papillomas of EyelidSteatoblepharonSub-brow Fat PadsSuperior Orbital FissureSuperior Transverse LigamentSurgical Spaces, Orbital
xx List of Topics
Sutures (Surgical), Quickert, for InvolutionalEntropion
Sweat Glands of EyelidSweat Glands of Eyelid, Tumors Arising inSympathetic Nerves/Pathway, Orbit Supplied byTarsal Fracture Operation, for Cicatricial
EntropionTarsal KinkTarsal Muscles, InferiorTarsal Strip ProcedureTarsotomyTelecanthusTelorbitism (Hypertelorism)Temporal Artery, Eye Supplied byTenzel FlapsTeratomas, OrbitalThree-Dimensional Computed Tomography, in
Orbital EvaluationThrombophlebitis, of Orbital VeinTight OrbitTranscaruncular Route, for Anterior OrbitotomyTransconjunctival RouteTranscutaneous RoutesTransposition Flaps, for Lateral Canthal DefectsTransseptal Route, for Anterior OrbitotomyTrauma, Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal DuctTrauma, CanalicularTreatment for Lid RetractionTrichinella spiralis Trichinosis, Orbital Infection
Caused byTrichoepitheliomaTrichofolliculomaUltrasonography, in Orbital EvaluationUpper Lid RetractionVarices, OrbitalVascular System of OrbitVenography, in Orbital EvaluationVerruca VulgarisVertical Eyelid Splitting, for Anterior OrbitotomyWegener GranulomatosisWies RepairY-V-Plasty for Blepharophimosis SyndromeZ-PlastiesZygomatic BoneZygomatic-Maxillary Complex FracturesZygomaticofacial Canal
Zygomaticotemporal Canal
Refractive Surgery
Section Editor: Thomas Kohnen
AberrometryAccommodating Intraocular LensAnterior Lamellar Keratoplasty, Laser AssistedArtisan LensAspheric Profile Photorefractive KeratectomyAstigmatic KeratotomyAstigmatismBacterial KeratitisBest-Fit SphereCentral Corneal ThicknessCiliary MuscleCollamer Intraocular LensColvard PupillometerComatic AberrationsConductive KeratoplastyConfocal MicroscopyContrast SensitivityCorneaCorneal AblationCorneal AstigmatismCorneal CollagenCorneal DiameterCorneal EctasiaCorneal Stromal HazeDecentrationExcimer Laser PhotoablationExcimer LasersFemtosecond LaserFree Caps, LASIK ComplicationHigher-Order Aberrations, Refractive SurgeryHyperopiaHyperopic ShiftInfrared Digital PhotographyInfrared PupillometersInterface Fluid SyndromeIridotomyKeratitisKeratoconusLaser In Situ KeratomileusisLimbal Relaxing Incisions
List of Topics xxi
MicrokeratomeMitomycin CMycobacterium chelonae KeratitisOptical AberrationsPhakic Intraocular LensPhototherapeutic KeratectomyPosterior Optic ButtonholingPRL Phakic Intraocular LensPupil CenterPupil DiameterPupillometersQ-Factor Customized Ablation ProfileRadial KeratotomyRay TracingRefractive Lens ExchangeRefractive SurgeryResidual Stroma ThicknessRetinal DetachmentScoptopic Pupil DiameterShack-Hartmann AberrometrySteep Central IslandsStromal BedSuperficial KeratectomyTransepithelial Photorefractive KeratectomyTransient Light-Sensitivity SyndromeVerisyse Iris-Supported Phakic Intraocular
LensWavefront-Guided Laser In Situ KeratomileusisWavefront-Guided Laser Refractive SurgeryWound HealingZernike Coefficients
Retina
Section Editor: Anat Loewenstein, UrsulaSchmidt-Erfurth and Barbara Gold
Absorption, Light, Spectra of Visual PigmentsAcute Retinal Necrosis (Necrotizing Herpetic
Retinitis)Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy
(AZOOR)Adult-Onset Foveomacular Vitelliform
DystrophyAge-Related Macular DegenerationAlbinism
Alport Disease/Syndrome, RenalAlström SyndromeAmaurosis FugaxAmniotic Fluid Embolism, Purtscher-Like
RetinopathyAmphotericin B, for Aspergillus EndophthalmitisAmyloidosis/Amyloid Deposits, Vitreous
Involvement inAnatomic Reattachment Surgery, for Retinal
DetachmentAnecortave Acetate (RETAANE), for
Age-Related Macular DegenerationAneurysm Retinal ArterialAngioid StreaksAnomalous TrichromatsAnterior Vitreous Detachment, Contusion
Injury CausingAntivascular Endothelial Growth FactorAntioxidantsArc Welding, Occupational Light Injury andArgon Laser TherapyArteriohepatic Dysplasia (Alagille Syndrome),
Retinal DegenerationAspergillus (Aspergillosis), Endogenous
EndophthalmitisAsteroid HyalosisAtrophy, GeographicAtrophy, GyrateBacteria, Endophthalmitis Caused by,
EndogenousBardet–Biedl Syndrome, RenalBaylisascaris procyonis (Raccoon Ascarid),
Diffuse Unilateral Subacute NeuroretinitisBietti Crystalline RetinopathyBinocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope (BIO), in
Retinal ExaminationBirdshot Retinochoroidopathy (Vitiliginous
Chorioretinitis)Blue Cone MonochromatismBlunt TraumaBright-Flash ElectroretinogramCancer, Retinopathy Associated withCandida (Candidiasis), Ocular Infection/
Inflammation Caused by, EndogenousEndophthalmitis
Canthaxanthin, Retinopathy
xxii List of Topics
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, for CystoidMacular Edema
Carotenoids (Xanthophylls)Cat Scratch Disease, Ocular ManifestationsCellophane MaculopathyCentral Retinal Artery Occlusion, Ocular
Ischemic SyndromeCentral Retinal Vein, Occlusion ofCentral Serous Chorioretinopathy/ChoroidopathyCerebrohepatorenal (Zellweger) SyndromeCeroid LipofuscinosisCharcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Retinal
DegenerationChlorpromazine, Retinal DegenerationCholesterol Emboli (Hollenhorst Plaques)Choroidal HemangiomaChoroidal NeovascularizationChoroidal Neovascularization: MyopiaChoroidal OsteomaChoroidal Perfusion Abnormalities in the
Preeclampsia, Eclampsia, and HELLPSyndrome Complex
Chédiak-Higashi SyndromeColor BlindnessComma Sign, in Sickle Cell HemoglobinopathiesCommotio Retinae (Berlin Disease/Edema)Cone Dystrophies/DegenerationCone-Rod DystrophyConfocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy, in
Retinal ExaminationCongenital Hypertrophy of Retinal Pigment
EpitheliumCorticosteroidsCystic Retinal TuftsCystinosis, Ocular Findings in, Retinal
DegenerationCytomegaloviruses, RetinitisDark Adaptation TestingDay Blindness (Hemeralopia), in Cone
DystrophiesDegenerative Retinoschisis, Typical and ReticularDesferrioxamine RetinopathyDexamethasone ImplantDiabetic Macular EdemaDiabetic Retinopathy, ProliferativeDisciform Scar
DNA, Disorders with Retinal Phenotype,Associated with Mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) Mutations
Doyne’s Honeycomb DystrophyDuchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Retinal
DegenerationEales’ DiseaseEarly Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study
(ETDRS)Ectasia, RetinalEhlers-Danlos Syndrome, Angioid Streaks inElectrically Evoked PotentialsElectromagnetic Energy/Radiation, Adverse
Effects on RetinaElectrooculogramElectroretinogramElschnig SpotsEncircling BuckleIndeterminate Melanocytic Lesions of the
ChoroidIntraocular GasesIntraocular LymphomaIntravitreal InjectionsIntravitreal TriamcinoloneKetorolac TromethamineLaser Focal TreatmentMacroaneurysmsMyopic Chorioretinal Atrophy and Lacquer
CracksNeovascularization, RetinalOptic Nerve EdemaOptic Nerve Head DrusenOptic Neuropathy: Ischemic, ArteriticPathologic MyopiaPerfluorocarbonPigment EpitheliopathyPigment Epithelium DetachmentPolypoidal Choroidal VasculopathyPosterior Vitreous DetachmentPrimary Color Vision DeficiencyPunctate Inner ChoroidopathyRanibizumabRetinal BreakRetinal Detachment RhegmatogenousRetinal HemangiomaRetinal Hole
List of Topics xxiii
Retinal Peripheral DegenerationRetinal Pigment EpitheliumRetinitisRetinopathy of PrematurityRetrobulbar Block
Sickle Cell RetinopathySilicone OilSubretinal FluidTractional Retinal DetachmentUveal Melanoma
About the Editors
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry,Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth is Professor and Chair of the Department of Ophthal-mology at the University Eye Hospital, Vienna, Austria, one of the largestacademic institutions in ophthalmology in Europe. Professor Schmidt-Erfurth’s clinical activities include surgical and medical retina. Her scientificresearch focuses on the development of novel diagnostic techniques, e.g.,retinal imaging and novel treatment strategies such as intravitreal pharmaco-therapy. She has founded the Vienna Study Center (VSC), which serves as theprincipal site for multicenter clinical trials, and the Vienna Reading Center(VRC), an independent institution for digital imaging performing image anal-ysis for over 140 clinical sites worldwide. She is Head of the OPTIMA project,which is a continuation in the development of advanced image analysis(Christian Doppler Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis). ProfessorSchmidt-Erfurth is a member of many professional organizations, includingthe Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO), MaculaSociety, Retina Society, Gonin Club, the European Academy of Ophthalmol-ogists, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. She currently serves asPresident of EURETINA (European Society of Retina Specialists), the largestcommunity of retinologists worldwide. The author of over 260 original arti-cles, Professor Schmidt-Erfurth is on the editorial board of the British Journalof Ophthalmology (BJO), the Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science(IOVS), and others. Professor Schmidt-Erfurth has received numerous grantsand awards, among others the Research Award by the German
xxv
xxvi About the Editors
Ophthalmological Society, the Achievement Award of the American Academyof Ophthalmology, the Roger Johnson Award by the University of Washing-ton, and the Donald Gass Award of the Retina Society. Since 2014, she holdsan appointment as Adjunct Professor at Northwestern University, FeinbergSchool of Medicine, Chicago.
Thomas Kohnen M.D., Ph.D., FEBO is Professor and Chairman of theDepartment of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, which is oneof the busiest teaching hospitals in Germany. He leads a team that helps over35,000 patients annually and is highly active in teaching and research. He isVisiting Professor of Ophthalmology at the Cullen Eye Institute, BaylorCollege of Medicine, Houston, USA.
He originally studied medicine in Germany, Italy, India, and the USAbefore specializing in ophthalmology in 1989. After his residency, he wasawarded a 2-year scholarship from the German Research Foundation to studyat the Cullen Eye Institute in 1995/6 and gained an additional degree inHealthcare Management in 2006/7. During his career, he has worked both asa physician and as a scientist. This dual approach to the clinical and researchaspect of the job is one he continues to be passionate about today.
A leading expert in the anterior segment, he specializes in cataract, IOL,refractive, and cornea surgery as well as treating glaucoma and retinal prob-lems to increase optical quality. His research focuses on intraocular lenses,laser technology and cataract, and refractive and corneal surgery. He publishesand holds lectures worldwide regularly on these subjects.
He is Editor of the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, AssociateEditor of Der Ophthalmologe, Focal Topic Editor of Klinische Monatsblätterfür Augenheilkunde, Editorial Board Member of Graefe’s Archive for Clinicaland Experimental Ophthalmology, and frequently peer-reviews for topjournals. He has received several awards including the AAO LifetimeAchievement Honor Award in 2002. Prof. Kohnen holds senior Board posi-tions for a number of professional organizations including President andTreasurer of the DOG (Deutsche Ophthalmologische Gesellschaft) and isPast President of the DGII (Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft für
About the Editors xxvii
Intraokularlinsen-Implantation, interventionelle und refraktive Chirurgie).Elected Treasurer and Executive Board Member of the ESCRS (EuropeanSociety of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons) and also the current Treasurer ofthe IIIC (International Intraocular Implant Club).
Research Funding: Abbott, Alcon, Hoya, Oculentis, Oculus, Schwind,Zeiss; Consultant or Advisory Board: Abbott, Alcon, Geuder, Oculus,Schwind, STAAR, TearLab, Thieme Compliance, Ziemer, Zeiss.
Section Editors
SECTION: FUNDAMENTALS AND PRINCIPLES
Bhavna P. Sheth Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
SECTION: GLAUCOMA
George Spaeth Wills Eye Institute, Philadelphia, USA
Jens Funk Augenklinik, Zürich, Switzerland
Frances Meier-Gibbons Eye Center Rapperswil, Rapperswil, Switzerland
SECTION: ORBIT, EYELIDS, AND LACRIMAL SYSTEM
Pete Setabutr Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Univer-sity of Illinois, Chicago, USA
xxix
xxx Section Editors
SECTION: LENS AND CATARACT
SECTION: REFRACTIVE SURGERY
Thomas Kohnen Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe University ofFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
SECTION: NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
AndrewG. Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Hous-ton Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill CornellMedical College, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Meth-odist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics,Iowa City, IA, USA
Section Editors xxxi
SECTION: EXTERNAL DISEASES AND CORNEA
Shameema Sikder Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
SECTION: OPTICS REFRACTION AND CONTACT LENSES
Jens Bühren Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
SECTION: RETINA
Anat Loewenstein Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, TelAviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry,Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
xxxii Section Editors
Barbara Gold Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivMedical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Contributors
Tulio Abud MEEI – Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Anita Agarwal Vitreoretinal Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Med-icine, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
Aniruddha Agarwal Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular ImagingResearch and Reading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, Universityof Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Steven Agemy Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate MedicalCenter, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Amier Ahmad Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida,Tampa, FL, USA
Rehan Ahmed Greater Houston Eye Consultants, Houston, TX, USA
I. Aknin Department of Ophthalmology, Clinique Oxford, Cannes, France
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Paris, Paris, France
Lojain M. AlBat’hi Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Abdullmajeed Alfakhri Assistant Professor of Department of Ophthalmol-ogy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ziyad Alharbi Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Saba Al-Hashimi Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University Schoolof Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Rasha Ali Department of Ophthalmology, Wohl Eye Center, University ofMinnesota, Bloomingdale, IL, USA
Majed Alkharashi Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
xxxiii
xxxiv Contributors
Maan Alkharashi Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Mon-treal, QC, Canada
Sumayya J. Almarzouqi Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Insti-tute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Saeed Alwadani Department of Ophthalmology, King Saud University,Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Nagham Al-Zubidi Neuro-Ophthalmology Eye Wellness Center/Neuro-Ophthalmology of Texas, PLLC, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston MethodistHospital, Houston, TX, USA
Brooks P. Applewhite Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,USA
Ahmad A. Aref Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Uni-versity of Illinois, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, IL, USA
Gerd U. Auffarth Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg, Germany
Nur Azem Department of ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical center, Tel Aviv,Israel
Ali Azimi Department of Ophthalmology, Shiraz University of MedicalSciences, Shiraz, Iran
Mansooreh Bagheri Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Centre, Shiraz Uni-versity of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Abeir Baltmr Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
Shahram Bamdad Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Centre, Shiraz Uni-versity of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Francesco Bandello Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
Behin Barahimi Department of Ophthalmology,Wills Eye Institute, ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Yoreh Barak Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Care Campus,Haifa, Israel
HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
Adiel Barak Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
Anne Barmettler Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
Martin Baumeister Klinikum Bad Hersfeld, Klinik für Augenheilkunde,Bad Hersfeld, Germany
Contributors xxxv
Francine Behar-Cohen Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lau-sanne. Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital. Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne,Switzerland
Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team 1 and 17, Sorbonne Universités,UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR 1138, Paris, France
Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR 1138, Paris, France
Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, SorbonneParis Cité, UMR 1138, Paris, France
Department of Ophthalmology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers UMR S872 Equipe 17, Paris, France
Efraim Berco Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel
Brent Betts Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest Baptist Health,Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Melanie Bödemann Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-UniversitätFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Charline Boente Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Eye Institute, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
GustavoBonfadini Department ofOphthalmology, Rio de Janeiro Eye Bank –INTO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
Francesco Boscia A.O.U Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy
Department of Surgical, Microsurgical, and Medical Sciences, Section ofOphthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Tyler D. Boulter College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, CollegeStation, TX, USA
David Boyer Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Vitreous AssocsiatesMedical Group, Beverly Hills, CA, USA
Susan B. Bressler Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Elliott Brodbaker Department of Ophthalmology, Bronx Lebanon Hospital,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
Jens Bühren Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Kelly Bui Eye Associates Northwest, PC, Seattle, WA, USA
Bryn Burkholder Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD, USA
Michelle Butler Glaucoma Associates of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
Alison B. Callahan Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
xxxvi Contributors
Ashley A. Campbell Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, New York, NY, USA
Vittorio Capuano Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France
Joseph J. Carroll Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute- MedicalCollege of WI, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Niccolò Castellino Department of Ophthalmology, Ospedale San Raffaele,University Vita-Salute, Milan, Italy
Marcelo Cerullo School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,MD, USA
Daniel Chang Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA,USA
Emmanuel Chang Retina and Vitreous of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
Roomasa Channa Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Balti-more, MD, USA
Samantha Chao Department of Ophthalmology, Houston Methodist Hospi-tal, Houston, TX, USA
Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Methodist Eye Associate,Houston, TX, USA
Ru-ik Chee Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Allison J. Chen Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Kevin C. Chen Department of Ophthalmology, New York UniversityLangone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Teresa C. Chen Glaucoma Service, Department of Ophthalmology, HarvardMedical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
Ying Chen Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Gemmy Cheung Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore
Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
Emily Y. Chew Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications,National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Eileen Choudhury Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Med-icine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Itay Chowers Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew UniversityMedical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Contributors xxxvii
Eyal Cohen Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
Salomon Y. Cohen Department of Ophthalmology, Centre Ophtalmologiqued’Imagerie et de Laser, Paris, France
Michael Coleman Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School ofMedicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Atif Collins Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, UniversityHospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,OH, USA
Daniel E. Croft Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Neil M. D’Souza Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medi-cine, Houston, TX, USA
Giuseppe D’Amico Ricci A.O.U Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy
Department of Surgical, Microsurgical, and Medical Sciences, Section ofOphthalmology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
John V. Dang Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M, College Station, TX, USA
Kirsten Dansey Department of Ophthalmology, University of South Florida,Tampa, FL, USA
Alejandra Daruich Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne.Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital. Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne,Switzerland
Andrew R. Davis Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Marc D. de Smet Division of Retina and Ocular Inflammation, MIOS Sa,Lausanne, Switzerland
Danielle L. DeBacker College of Medicine, Texas A&M, College Station,TX, USA
Samantha Dewundara Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Insti-tute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Elona Dhrami-Gavazi Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department ofOphthalmology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons,New York, NY, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous-Retina-Macula Consultants of NewYork, New York, NY, USA
Drew D. Dickson Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska MedicalCenter, Omaha, NE, USA
xxxviii Contributors
Jiaxi Ding Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, State Univer-sity of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
Diana V. Do Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Imaging Research andReading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of NebraskaMedical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Univer-sity School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Gad Dotan Department of Ophthalmology, Sourasky Tel Aviv MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel
Susan Downes The Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, UK
Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Kristen E. Dunbar Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Julio Echegoyen Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Insti-tute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Allen O. Eghrari Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,MD, USA
Cornea and Anterior Segment, Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins, Balti-more, MD, USA
Bora Eldem Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe University School ofMedicine, Ankara, Turkey
Michael J. Elman Department of Ophthalmology, Elman Retina Group,John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Honaida Elshiek Department of Cornea Makkah Eye Complex, Sudan EyeCenter Alreyad, Khartoum, Sudan
Parisa Emami-Naeini Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute,Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Michael Engelbert Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous-Retina-MaculaConsultants of New York, New York, NY, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Timo Eppig Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, Saarland University,Homburg, Germany
Benjamin P. Erickson Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer EyeInstitute, Miami, FL, USA
Alireza Eslampoor Eye Research Center, Khatam-al-anbia Eye Hospital,Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
Angelina Espino Barros Palau Centro Medico Zambrano Hellion–TecSalud, Monterrey, Mexico
Jonathan Etter Krieger Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
Contributors xxxix
Jeff Falco Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Texas A&MUniversity, College Station, TX, USA
Hua Fan Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Chang-sha, China
Nicholas Farber Department of Ophthalmology, SUNY Downstate, Brook-lyn, NY, USA
Christoph Faschinger Universitäts-Augenklinik, Graz, Styria, Austria
Sayeeda Fatima Kresge Eye Institute-DMC, Detroit, MI, USA
Nadeem Fatteh Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute, WayneState University, Detroit, MI, USA
Christopher Fecarotta Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Sharon Fekrat Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreoretinal Surgery andDiseases, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
Ronald L. Fellman Attending Surgeon and Clinician, Glaucoma Associatesof Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
Mark M. Fernandez Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
Naomi Fischer Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky MedicalCenter, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Monika Fleckenstein Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn,Bonn, Germany
Shahar Frenkel Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew Univer-sity Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Jens Funk Augenklinik, Zürich, Switzerland
Debora Garcia-Zalisnak Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA,USA
Helene Chokron Garneau Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwest-ern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
Brian Garrett Dalhousie Medical School, Dalhousie University, Halifax,Nova Scotia, NS, Canada
Adam T. Gerstenblith Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Reza Ghaffari Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abdolhossein Ghafourian Department of Ophthalmology, Eye ResearchCenter, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Iran
Ermete Giancipoli A.O.U Sassari, Sassari, Sardegna, Italy
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
xl Contributors
Annette Giangiacomo Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA,USA
Rose Gilbert Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
Chiara Giuffrè Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
Katherine Giuliano Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD, USA
Barbara Gold Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, Tel AvivMedical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Katherine G. Gold Wills Eye Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Phila-delphia, PA, USA
Michaella Goldstein Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Cen-ter and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Matthew B. Goren Cornea and External Diseases, Department of Ophthal-mology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL,USA
Evangelos Gragoudas Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Mas-sachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Yoel Greenwald Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel
Michael Greenwood Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland, OH, USA
Ronald L. Gross Department of Ophthalmology, WVU Eye Institute, Mor-gantown, WV, USA
Davinder S. Grover Attending Surgeon and Clinician, Glaucoma Associatesof Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
Anita Gupta Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infir-mary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Shipra Gupta Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals-CaseMedical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
Ron Gutmark The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins School ofMedicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Zohar Habot-Wilner Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center,Tel Aviv University, Uveitis and Inflammatory Eye Disease Service and RetinaUnit, Tel Aviv, Israel
Yesim Haeussler-Sinangin Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-Univer-sity Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Contributors xli
Paul Hahn Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreoretinal Surgery and Dis-eases, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
Moulaye A. Haidara Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University ofMaryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
Jason E. Hale Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Whitney E. Hall Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Julia A. Haller Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Daniel Hansen Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Carrie Happ Department of Ophthalmology, University of PittsburghSchool of Medicine, Eye and Ear Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
David M. Harmon Jr. Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine,Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, A&M University, Texas, College Station, TX,USA
Jeffrey S. Heier Department of Retina, Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston,Boston, MA, USA
Wolfgang Herrmann Department of Ophthalmology, University of Regens-burg Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
Cornelia Hirn Eye Clinic, City Hospital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland
Frank G. Holz Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn,Germany
Mike P. Holzer Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg, Germany
Michael Hood Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, Uni-versity of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, USA
Sana Idrees The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
Maanasa Indaram Department of Ophthalmology, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Sally Ingham Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Imaging Research andReading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of NebraskaMedical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Suzanne K. Jadico Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
xlii Contributors
Ben Janson School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD,USA
Kathleen Jee Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, JohnsHopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Vishal Jhanji Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chi-nese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC,Australia
Shangli Ji Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University, Chang-sha, China
Elizabeth S. John Department of Ophthalmology, University of CentralFlorida, College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson UniversityHospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
Jost B. Jonas Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim ofthe Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
Gowtham Jonna Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, AlbertEinstein College of Medicine – Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
Gary Joseph Lelli Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
Hoon Jung Department of Ophthalmology, Ross Eye Institute, State Univer-sity of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
Ashutosh Kacker Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Weill College ofMedicine of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
Sibel Kadayıfçılar Department of Ophthalmology, Hacettepe UniversitySchool of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Mona Kaleem Department of Ophthalmology, Euclid Hospital, Cole EyeInstitute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
Patricia Kalout Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and EarInfirmary, Boston, MA, USA
Anselm Kampik Department of Ophthalmology, Klinikum der UniversitätMünchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
Joann Kang Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago,Chicago, IL, USA
Rabia Karani Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, John Hopkins University,Baltimore, MD, USA
Matthew S. J. Katz Albert Einstein College of Medicine Department ofOphthalmology and Visual Sciences, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx,NY, USA
Contributors xliii
Rinat Kehat Department of Ophthalmology, Bnai Zion Medical Center,Haifa, Israel
Maike Keintzel Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main,Germany
Scott Kelly Howerton Eye Clinic, Austin, TX, USA
K. Blaire Kerwin Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Anat Kesler Neurology, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Sackler Faculty of Medi-cine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
M. Ali Khan Retina Service, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Faraaz Khan Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University HealthSystem, Richmond, VA, USA
Khurrum Khan Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medi-cine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Rabeea Khan Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Med-ical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
Samer Khateb Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew Univer-sity Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Gene Kim Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, RobertCizik Eye Clinic, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston,TX, USA
James D. Kim Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston,TX, USA
Jonathan Kim Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Ivana Kim Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, MassachusettsEye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Oliver K. Klaproth Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Christoph Kniestedt TAZZ Talacker Augenzentrum Zurich, Zürich,Switzerland
Shilpa Kodati Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, NationalInstitutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Laurent Kodjikian Department of Ophthalmology, Croix-Rousse Univer-sity Hospital, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
xliv Contributors
Adrian Koh Eye and Retina Surgeons, Singapore, Singapore
Nicole Khadavi Kohan Jules Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School ofMedicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA,USA
Thomas Kohnen Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frank-furt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Sneha Konda Department of Ophthalmology, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University,Temple, TX, USA
Daniel Kook Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians Univer-sity, Munich, Germany
Michal Kramer Head, Uveitis Service, Department of Ophthalmology,Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Mark Krauthammer Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel
Nitya Kumar Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical School,Houston, TX, USA
Barry Kuppermann Department of Ophthalmology, UC Irvine MedicalCenter, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Anne Marie Lane Department of Ophthalmology, Retina Service, Massa-chusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Achim Langenbucher Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, SaarlandUniversity, Homburg, Saar, Germany
Tiago Lansini Department of Ophthalmology, Bruno Born Hospital,Lajeado, RS, Brazil
Nathan Law Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Phuc V. Le Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Department ofOphthalmology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Henry A. Leder Leder Retina, LLC, West Friendship, MD, USA
Contributors xlv
AndrewG. Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Hous-ton Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill CornellMedical College, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Medical Branch,Galveston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Meth-odist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics,Iowa City, IA, USA
W. Barry Lee Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Consultants of Atlanta,Atlanta, GA, USA
Hyunjoo Jean Lee Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine,Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
John E. Legarreta Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer EyeInstitute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Jonathan Lester Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Benjamin Levine Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
Ben Levine Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Ilya Leyngold Department of Ophthalmology, University of South FloridaCollege of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
Michelle C. Liang New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston,MA, USA
Sue Lightman Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology(IO), London, UK
Amy Y. Lin Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary,University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
Moritz Lindner Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn,Germany
T. Peter Lindquist Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Consultants ofAtlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
Dara Liotta Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Weill College of Medicineof Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
xlvi Contributors
Tin Yan Alvin Liu Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Balti-more, MD, USA
Irina Livshitz Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals, CaseWestern Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
Anat Loewenstein Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv University, TelAviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Brent Luedders Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Imaging Researchand Reading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, University ofNebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Laiyin Ma Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Jacey HongjieMa Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University,Changsha, China
Kelly N. Ma Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service Clackamas Medical OfficeNW Permanente, PC, USA
FriederikeMackensen Interdisciplinary Uveitis Center, Department of Oph-thalmology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Vitor Maduro Cornea and External Diseases Section – OphthalmologyDepartment, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
Wipawee Mahatthanatrakul Department of Ophthalmology,Buddhachinaraj Hospital, Pitsanulok, Thailand
Kim Binh T. Mai Department of Ophthalmology, The University of TexasMedical School of Houston, The Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology andVisual Science, Houston, TX, USA
ZaibaMalik Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH, USA
Ronald Mancini Department of Ophthalmology, UT Southwestern MedicalCenter, Dallas, TX, USA
Elizabeth Marlow Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
João Pedro Marques Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar eUniversitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coim-bra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
Michael R. Martinez Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel
N. Massamba Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpétrière, UPMC, Paris, France
Alexandre Matet Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne.Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital. Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne,Switzerland
Jeffrey J. Mattingly Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sci-ences, Robert Cizik Eye Clinic, University of Texas Medical School at Hous-ton, Houston, TX, USA
Contributors xlvii
Kathryn McPherson Department of Ophthalmology, The University ofTexas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, New College, Level 3,Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Victor Menezo Uveitis Service, Institut Catala de Retina, Barcelona, Spain
Farhan I. Merali Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore,MD, USA
Jay J. Meyer Duke University Eye Center, Durham, NC, USA
Mark Mifflin Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A.Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School ofMedicine, Salt Lake City, UT,USA
Michael Mimouni Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health CareCampus, Haifa, Israel
Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty ofMedicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
Yasaman Mohadjer The Aesthetic Institute of West Florida, Largo, FL,USA
Atif Mohiuddin Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington Uni-versity, Washington, DC, USA
Jordi Monés Department of Ophthalmology, Institut de la Màcula i de laRetina, Centro MÃ#dico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
Barcelona Macula Foundation: Research for Vision, Barcelona, Spain
Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nano-medicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
Daniel Montenegro Department of Ophthalmology, Kresge Eye Institute,Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
Michael L. Morgan Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University Hospitals EyeInstitute, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland,Ohio, USA
Eli B. Moses Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas – South-western Medical Center, Dallas, USA
Corneal Associates of New Jersey, Fairfield, NJ, USA
Aisha Mumtaz Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington Univer-sity School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
Wuqaas M. Munir Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
xlviii Contributors
David Loring Nash Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
Nathan Nataneli Department of Ophthalmology, Bronx Lebanon Hospital,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, USA
Neema Nayeb-Hashemi Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola UniversityMedical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
Daniel Nelson Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest Baptist MedicalCenter, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Gregory Nettune Cornea Associates of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA
Marcus Neuffer Department of Ophthalmology, Keesler Medical Center,Biloxi, MS, USA
Hadas Newman Department of Ophthalmology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky MedicalCenter, Tel Aviv, Israel
Carla J. Newton Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine,Bryan, TX, USA
Matthew Nguyen Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Andrew Nightingale Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and EarInfirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Oded Ohana Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
Andrea Oleñik Department of Ophthalmology, Institut de la Màcula i de laRetina, Centro MÃ#dico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain
Kathryn Maier Ortmann Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and VisualSciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Robert Cizik EyeClinic, Houston, TX, USA
Trucian Ostheimer Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medi-cine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Marko Ostovic Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Julia Mathew Padiyedathu Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eyeand Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
Arti Panchal Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin,Milwaukee, WI, USA
Hemang K. Pandya Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit,MI, USA
Claudine E. Pang Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreous-Retina-MaculaConsultants of New York and LuEsther T. Mertz Retinal Research Centre,Manhattan Eye Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Maurizio Battaglia Parodi Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
Contributors xlix
Efthymia Pavlidou Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmol-ogy, University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
Jacob Pe’er Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah-Hebrew UniversityMedical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Robert J. Peralta Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Uni-versity of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA
Gil Peretz Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot,Israel
Ido Perlman Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Paul Petrakos Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Roberto Pineda Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and EarInfirmary, Boston, MA, USA
Ayala Polack Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel
Alexander Port Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical Col-lege, New York, NY, USA
Eran Pras The Matlow’s Ophthalmo-Genetic Laboratory, Assaf HarofehMedical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, RamatAviv, Israel
Chris M. Pruet Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science,University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Nathalie Puche Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France
Ernest Puckett Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Sidharth Puri University of Louisville Ophthalmology, Louisville, KY,USA
Allen Pusateri USF Eye Institute, University of South Florida College ofMedicine, Tampa, FL, USA
Joanna Queen Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University of Texas School of Medicine at Houston, Robert Cizik Eye Clinic,Houston, TX, USA
Giuseppe Querques Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France
Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, UniversityVita-Salute, Milan, Italy
Wolfgang Raab Klinikum Darmstadt GmbH, Augenklinik, Darmstadt,Germany
l Contributors
Gilad Rabina Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, TelAviv, Israel
Department of Ophthalmology, Oculoplastic and Orbital Institute, Tel AvivUniversity, Tel Aviv, Israel
Michael Rabinowitz Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute,Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Alessandro Rabiolo Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute,IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
Tanja M. Rabsilber Department of Ophthalmology, University of Heidel-berg, Heidelberg, Germany
Effie Z. Rahman Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medi-cine, Houston, TX, USA
Deepak Raja Department of Ophthalmology, University of Central Florida,College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
Orlando Eye Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
Fatemeh Rajaii University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Radha Ram Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine,Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Sonia Walia Rana Lansing Ophthalmology in East Lansing, Michigan, MI,USA
B. Ranjodh Singh Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Ashvini Reddy Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Balti-more, MD, USA
Morgan Renner Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester Medical Cen-ter, Rochester, NY, USA
Zachary Richardson Department of Ophthalmology, NYU, New York, NY,USA
Christopher Ricks Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Robert Cizik Eye Clinic,Houston, TX, USA
S. Risard-Gasiorowski Department of Ophthalmology, MedPress, Tel Aviv,Israel
Luba Rodov Department of Ophthalmology, Kaplan Medical Center,Rehovot, Israel
Amir Rosenblatt Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center(Ichilov) and Sackler Faculty ofMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Contributors li
Philip J. Rosenfeld Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer EyeInstitute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Mordechai Rosner Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sheba MedicalCenter, Tel Hashomer, Israel
Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Ahmara G. Ross Department of Ophthalmology, UPMC - The University ofPittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Paisan Ruamviboonsuk Department of Ophthalmology, Rajavithi Hospital,Bangkok, Thailand
Lauren Rushing Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Mazeyar Saboori Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School ofMedicine, Detroit, MI, USA
SriniVas Sadda Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, Uni-versity of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Mohammad Ali Sadiq Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular ImagingResearch and Reading Center, Stanley M. Truhlsen Eye Institute, Universityof Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Shadi Safuri Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Surajit Saha Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore,MD, USA
Ophthalmic Consultants of Long Island Rockville Centre, New York, USA
Sherveen Salek Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, JohnsHopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Sarwat Salim Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Amit Sangave Department of Ophthalmology, U Rochester, Rochester, NY,USA
Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Luis Santiago-Caban Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt LakeCity, UT, USA
Rony R. Sayegh Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals, CaseWestern Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
Karen B. Schaal Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Insti-tute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Jonathan Schell STLVision, Saint Louis, MO, USA
lii Contributors
Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Augenklinikmit Poliklinik, Erlangen, Germany
Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg Department of Ophthalmology, University ofBonn, Bonn, Germany
Shulamit Schwartz Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Cen-ter, Tel Aviv, Israel
Roy Schwartz Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
Shula Schwartz Department of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center(Ichilov) and Sackler Faculty ofMedicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Oliver Schwenn Bürgerhospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Adrienne W. Scott Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Univer-sity School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Kira L. Segal Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Cornell Medical Col-lege, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
Sophie Seguin-Greenstein Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Oph-thalmology, University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London,UK
Bryan Seiff Delaware Eye Institute, Rehoboth Beach, DE, USA
Jessica Selter Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School ofMedicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Pete Setabutr Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Univer-sity of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
Ravi Shah Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Rohan J. Shah Vitreoretinal Diseases, Vanderbilt University School ofMedicine, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
Mehdi Shajari Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-University Frankfurtam Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Omar Shakir University of Florida – Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Yinon Shapira Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth and Bruce RappaportFaculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel, Rambam Health Campus, Haifa,Israel, Atlit, Israel
Lazha Sharief Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
Kevin Shen Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston, TX, USA
Contributors liii
David Shiple Ophthalmic Consultants of Vermont, South Burlington, VT,USA
Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, University of Rochester MedicalCenter, Rochester, NY, USA
Shiri Shulman Ophthalmology Division, Tel-Aviv Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Aazim A. Siddiqui Imperial College London School of Medicine, SouthKensington Campus, London, UK
Shameema Sikder Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Schoolof Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
Rufino Silva Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar eUniversitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coim-bra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
Shira Simon Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University,Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Chicago,IL, USA
Kavitha R. Sivaraman Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye and EarInfirmary, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
Stacy V. Smith Department of Ophthalmology, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX, USA
Mahsa Sohrab Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Mohsin Soleja Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine,Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Rachel Song Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, BostonUniversity School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
G. Soubrane Department of Ophthalmology, Hotel Dieu,Medical UniversityParis V, Paris, France
Shiri Soudry Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health Campus,Haifa, Israel
Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute ofTechnology, Haifa, Israel
Eric H. Souied Department of Ophthalmology, Centre HospitalierIntercommunal de Creteil University Paris Est Creteil, Creteil, France
Arielle Spitze Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Hous-ton Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill CornellMedical College, Houston, TX, USA
liv Contributors
Vishwanath Srinagesh Sinai Hospital, Krieger Eye Institute, Baltimore,MD, USA
Ryan St Clair Department of Ophthalmology, Division of Ophthalmic Plas-tic, Reconstructive and Orbital Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, NewYork, NY, USA
Andrew Stacey University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Kimberly E. Stepien Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences,Medical College of Wisconsin Eye Institute, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Jörg Stürmer Kantonsspital Winterthur, Brauerstrasse, Winterthur,Switzerland
Augenklinik Kantonsspital, Winterthur, Switzerland
Maxwell Su Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, TexasA&M University, College Station, TX, USA
Maria J. Suarez Ocular Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine,Baltimore, MD, USA
Alessandra Sugrañes University of Texas of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX,USA
Ayman Suleiman Department of Ophthalmology, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX, USA
Miel Sundararajan Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Med-icine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Krishna Surapaneni Department of Ophthalmology, UT San Antonio, SanAntonio, TX, USA
Aleena Syed College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station,TX, USA
Mohammed Taha Department of Ophthalmology, McGill University, Mon-treal, QC, Canada
Anna C. S. Tan Duke-NUSMedical School, Singapore National Eye Centre,Singapore, Singapore
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Shibo Tang Aier School of Ophthalmology, Central South University,Changsha, China
Jeremiah Tao Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, GavinHerbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
Yong Tao Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Cap-ital Medical University, Beijing, China
Contributors lv
Simon R. J. Taylor Department of Ophthalmology, University of Surrey,Guildford, Surrey, UK
Whitlow Bryan Thomas Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College ofMedicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Elaine Thung Houston Eye Associates, Houston, TX, USA
Marc Töteberg-Harms Department of Ophthalmology, University HospitalZurich, Zürich, Switzerland
Sohrab Tofigh Department of Ophthalmology, The University of TexasMedical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Oren Tomkins-Netzer Department of Ophthalomology, Moorfields EyeHospital, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London,UK
Omer Trivizki Division of ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, TelAviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Apostolos J. Tsiouris Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Khaled Tuwairqi Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Joshua Udoetuk Kelsey Seybold Clinic, Houston, TX, USA
Tara Uhler Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Institute, ThomasJefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Alan Fremder Utria Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins Schoolof Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Sina Vahedi Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Mithaq Vahedi Department of Ophthalmology, William Beaumont Hospital,Royal Oak, MI, USA
Rasik B. Vajpayee Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Mel-bourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Guadalupe Villarreal Jr. Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital,Baltimore, MD, USA
Burkhard von Jagow Department of Ophthalmology, Goethe-UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Betina Wachter Department of Ophthalmology, Porto Alegre, Rio Grandedo Sul, Brazil
Siegfried Wagner The Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford, UK
Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Aaron Wang Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
lvi Contributors
Eileen Wang Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityHospital/Wills Eye Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Laura L. Wayman Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt UniversityMedical Center, Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Nashville, TN, USA
R. Joel Welch Truhlsen Eye Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Cen-ter, Omaha, NE, USA
Stephen Winkler Krieger Eye Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
William J. Wirostko Eye Institute- Medical College of WI, Milwaukee, WI,USA
Armin Wolf Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität München, München, Germany
Tien Yin Wong Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore
Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
Malgorzata Woronkowicz Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Oph-thalmology, University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London,UK
Rahul Yadav Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Visual Sciences,University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Lawrence A. Yannuzzi Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. HarknessEye Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NewYork, NY, USA
Colleen Yard Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas, MedicalSchool at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
Niloofar Yari Department of Internal Medicine, The University of TexasMedical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
Department of Neurology, Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&MUniversity Health Science Center, Temple, Texas, USA
Michael T. Yen Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, BaylorCollege of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Sojung Yi Hospital and Health Care, School of Medicine and Health Sci-ences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
Jia Yin Kresge Eye Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
Ophelia Yin Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Steven J. Yoon Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Orbital Surgery, GavinHerbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
Contributors lvii
Oren Yovel Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology,University College London; Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
Joshua Zaffos Department of Ophthalmology, Krieger Eye Institute, SinaiHospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
Mehran Zarei-Ghanavati Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran Univer-sity of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Siamak Zarei-Ghanavati Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mash-had, Khora san-Razavi, Iran
Shiri Zayit-Soudry Department of Ophthalmology, Rambam Health CareCampus, Haifa, Israel
Department of Ophthalmology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medi-cine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
Jason Chao Zhang Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Med-icine, Houston, TX, USA
Mingjuan Lisa Zhang Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bal-timore, MD, USA
Xiaolin Zhang University Hospitals, Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH,USA
Jiawei Zhao Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Med-icine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Len Zheleznyak Center for Visual Science, The Institute of Optics, Univer-sity of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
Christopher Zoumalan Department of Ophthalmology, Aesthetic andReconstructive Oculoplastic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC,American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Amer-ican College of Surgeons, Beverly Hills, CA, USA