Encyclopedia of Pathology

Series EditorJ.H.J.M. van Krieken

The scope of this 15–20-volume set encompasses the entire field of pathologyranging from general pathological terms to specific diseases to diagnosticmethods. Published as print edition and online version (eReference) in theSpringer Reference Program each topical volume sticks out by clearly andhomogenously structured entries. A team of international experts guaranteethat the essays and definitions are scientifically sound. The A-Z format of eachtopical volume allow readers to quickly and easily find the information theyneed. The major advantage of the encyclopedia is the way it makes relevantinformation available not only to pathologists, but also to all clinicians andresearchers of the neighboring disciplines working together with pathologistswho occasionally might wish to look up terms online.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14876

Pieter J. SlootwegEditor

Dental and OralPathology

With 359 Figures and 3 Tables

EditorPieter J. SlootwegDepartment of PathologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CenterNijmegen, The Netherlands

ISBN 978-3-319-28084-4 ISBN 978-3-319-28085-1 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-28086-8 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-28085-1

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016934207

# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole orpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way,and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, orby similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exemptfrom the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by SpringerNatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Dedicated to Els, Lotte, Bas and Wouter who are my inspiration.

J.H.J.M. van Krieken

Series Preface

When Denis Diderot started the first encyclopedia in the eighteenth century, itwas a groundbreaking and timely event. It was the time of the Enlightenment,and knowledge was seen as something which was to be spread to many and tobuild upon by creating new knowledge. His ambition was to bring all availableknowledge together in one series of books so that every person who could readhas access to all there is to know. Nowadays, in a time of easily accessibleknowledge, the question is whether there is still need of an encyclopedia. It isobvious that the amount of knowledge is such that it is not possible to bring itall together in one encyclopedia. One may argue that the Internet is theencyclopedia of today, but that misses an important point of Diderot, a pointthat is probably even more valid today. He created a team that valued infor-mation and selected what was worth to be presented in the encyclopedia. Herecognized that science is not a democratic process where the majority decideswhat is true and valuable, but rather a growing body of knowledge in whichradical ideas from individuals may bring about huge changes, even thoughmost would reject these new ideas in the beginning. Indeed, the Internet lackssuch authority and it is not easy to select valuable information from nonsense,especially when one is not an expert in a certain field.

It is therefore that an encyclopedia is only as good as the team that creates it.It goes without saying the team that is responsible for the Encyclopedia ofPathology consists of recognized experts in the field. Pathology is a growingmedical discipline in which the amount of information is probably alreadymore than that the whole encyclopedia of Diderot contained. For experts insubspecialties within pathology, it is already almost impossible to keep anoverview on new developments and to select relevant from less relevant newinformation. There are plenty of textbooks for every disease group, andscientific literature is available for most pathologists through PubMed orGoogleScholar. What is lacking is a systematic overview of what we knowin an alphabetical order, easily accessible to all. The Encyclopedia of Pathologyfills that gap. It is written by experts with the general pathologist in mindand also specialist from other disciplines. It will consist of a series of volumeson subspecialties, and when it is completed there will be an online versioncombining these. Yearly updates from the online version is foreseen and readersare welcome to provide suggestions for improvement. These will be judged

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by the editorial team in order to keep the encyclopedia authoritative yet using theexpertise of many.

Finally, it is my hope that the encyclopedia will grow into a reliable body ofknowledge in pathology, enabling communication though a common lan-guage, and that it will grow and adapt to new developments.

Nijmegen, the Netherlands J.H.J.M. van KriekenFebruary 2016

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Volume Preface

This volume provides an encyclopedic presentation of diseases that may afflictthe oral cavity with, for each of them, a concise and up-to-date descriptionemphasizing the features relevant for diagnosis and treatment. One has torealize that diagnosis and treatment of diseases in the oral cavity is a subjectof attention for two different branches of health care, medicine and dentistry.This may hamper appropriate clinicopathological correlations as knowledge ofclinical aspects usually is well covered by the dental professionals whohowever are less familiar with histopathology. And at the other side, pathol-ogists with their medical training are in general not familiar with the basicanatomy and histology of the oral tissues nor with the clinical aspects of oraldiseases, and therefore they lack the background knowledge required forproper assessment of the pathologic alterations that may occur therein.

As a consequence, dental and oral pathology is still largely a field, ingeneral, poorly known outside the small community of oral pathologists.This volume intends to improve on this by offering state-of-the-art knowledgeon macroscopic and histological changes that are seen in diseases of the oraland dental tissues, thus being helpful in providing the pathologists less familiarwith this area with an accurate description of gross and histological changes ofdiseases that occur in the oral cavity. In this way, reliable guidelines are offeredthat will be helpful for the communication between dentally oriented health-care providers and pathologists. The aim is to enable the pathologist torecognize and interpret alterations in these tissues in such a way that the resultsfrom this investigation yield the correct answers to the questions put by theclinician who has submitted the material, be it either a medical doctor or adental surgeon. In this way, the communication between clinicians and pathol-ogists will be facilitated, thus improving patient care.

A large number of experts have written the text for the diseases that arelisted in this volume that covers diseases of the teeth, tooth-supporting tissues,jawbones, oral mucosa, and peri-oral soft tissues. Among the various types oflesions that are presented are cysts, tumors, inflammatory conditions, anddevelopmental defects. As far as possible, descriptions and illustrationsinclude clinical and gross features as well as radiological and histologicalaspects. So, any medical or dental professional looking for a quick introduc-tion into a specific entity will find all information he or she needs.

Nijmegen Pieter SlootwegFebruary 2016

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Acknowledgments

Pathologists serve new patients everyday based on the knowledge collected inthis encyclopedia gained over more than a century from patients and otherpathologists. I am therefore feeling a deep gratitude to all of them. I also like tothank all who have contributed to the large amount of items but especially theeditors who had the difficult task to collect, select, evaluate, and approve.

J.H.J.M. van Krieken

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Editor Biography

Pieter Slootweg (1950) graduated both in medicine and dentistry. Currentlyhe is Professor of Pathology at the Radboud University in Nijmegen, theNetherlands, since 2004 and since 2015 as emeritus. Formerly, he was Pro-fessor of Oral Pathology at the University Medical Center of Utrecht since1995. He obtained his Board Certification as Consultant Histopathologist in1988.

The mainstream of his professional career lies in the area of head and neckpathology. He has published over 230 peer-reviewed papers and has written,edited, or contributed to almost 20 books in this field. His research interest is inmolecular biology of head and neck squamous cell cancer and its precursorstages and surgical pathology of salivary glands and maxillofacial bones.

Professor Slootweg is a member of the Editorial Board of, VirchowsArchives, Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, International Journalof Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.Moreover, he is member of the WHO-IARC panel on oral carcinogenesis.Recently, he was appointed to be one of the Volume Editors of the update of theWHO Classification of Tumours of the Head and Neck (4th edition).

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Series Editor Biography

J.H.J.M. van Krieken is a pathologist with special expertise in the fields ofhematopathology and the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. He wasprofessor for tumor pathology since 1999 and is since 2005 keeping thechair of pathology at the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre inNijmegen. He furthermore serves as Chairman of the Board of the OncologyInstitute of the Radboud University Nijmegen.

He was the treasurer/secretary of the European Association forHematopathology from 2000 to 2008, and from 2003 to 2011 the treasurer,and from 2013 to 2015 the president of the European Society for Pathology(ESP); he is presently the past-president of the ESP. Furthermore, he coordi-nates the ESP quality assessment program and is the chair of IQNpath. He is(co)author of more than 450 papers in peer-reviewed journals (H-index 76),has written chapters in books on pathology and oncology, is editor of a Dutchtextbook on oncology, and serves on the editorial board of the AmericanJournal of Surgical Pathology and the Journal of Pathology, is managingeditor of Virchows Archiv, and is the chief editor of the Journal ofHematopathology. Since 2011 he is member of the German Academy ofSciences Leopoldina, and since 2014 of Academia Europea and HonoraryFellow of the Royal Society of Pathology of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Contributors

Michael Aldred Dorevitch Pathology, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia

Angela Chi Division of Oral Pathology, Medical University of SouthCarolina, Charleston, SC, USA

Samir K. El-Mofty Department of Pathology and Immunology, WashingtonUniversity School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA

Paula M. Farthing Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School ofClinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK

Keith D. Hunter Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clin-ical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK

Michael A. O. Lewis College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School ofDentistry, University of Cardiff, Cardiff, UK

Brad W. Neville Division of Oral Pathology, Medical University of SouthCarolina, Charleston, SC, USA

Pieter J. Slootweg Department of Pathology, PA-824, Radboud UniversityNijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, NL, The Netherlands

Paul M. Speight Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clin-ical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK

Netasha Steyn Dorevitch Pathology, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia

Anna Talacko Dorevitch Pathology, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia

Jacqueline E. van der Wal Department of Pathology, Martini Hospital,Groningen, The Netherlands

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