End 9th c. Papacy becoming increasinglycorrupt

Early 10th c. Papacy contested between Romanaristocrats

956-63 Pontificate of John XII, until deposedby Otto I

advocates

Map Link: Italy about 1050:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/italy_1050.jpg>

Two issues provoking church reform movement:

Clerical marriage

Simony (selling church offices)

910 Berno and followers persuade Duke ofAquitaine to found abbey at Cluny

Cluny Abbey free from feudal obligations

Emphasis on communal worship

Other Clunaic houses with priors answeringto abbot of Cluny, who answers topope

Other reform movements:

England: St Dunstan, with support of KingEdgar (r. 959-75)

France: Monasteries reforming on Clunaicmodel

Italy: Lay criticism of clerical corruption

Lotharingia/Lorraine: Reform of secularand regular clergy, with imperialsupport. Abbey at Gorze (education)

Papal reform movement, starting mid-11th c.

1046 Emperor Henry III takes control ofpapacy

1049-54 Pontificate of Leo IX

Cardinals, including Hildebrand,Humbert, Peter Damian

1054 Humbert excommunicates Patriarch ofConstantinople

Apocalyptic expectations:

Reform movements aiming to providebetter clergy to lead people, incl.with vernacular preaching

Expressions of concerns with eschatologyin literature (e.g. Anglo-Saxonhomilies and poetry, plays producedat Gorze and elsewhere), art (sculptureand manuscripts)

Ralph Glaber

Ralph (Radulfus) Glaber (c. 985-c. 1047)

Monk and chronicler from Auxerre, Burgundy

Described by some as an unruly wanderer.Travelled around various monasteriesto study and work

Spent some time at St-Germain in Auxerre,with Abbot Helderic

Ralph Glaber

1005-10 At Moutiers-St Jean

Then at Saint-Bénigne, with Abbot Williamof Volpiano

Vita Guillelmi

Ralph Glaber

1030-35 Writes Historiarum Libri Quinqueab Anno Incarnationis DCCCC usque adAnnum MXLIV at Cluny, dedicated toAbbot Odilo

Later moves to St-Germain, where dies