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End-of-pipe Challenges within Waste Management
Waste Management – a multidisciplinary field of knowledge and competence
Associate professor Elisabeth Román, Narvik University College
Waste Management – a multidisciplinary field of knowledge and competence
The waste concept – what is waste?“ At thing or product the holder has discarded or is going to be
discarded”EU: Waste shall mean any substance or object in the categories set out in Anex 1 which the holder discards or is required to discard.
Actual questions: Is waste something no one longer wants? At what moment is a product turned into being waste? Who decide a useful product to turn into being waste?
Waste management does not deal with these questions:When a product is discharged by the owner it is treated as wasteregardless of the further quality of the product for further use.
Mobile life cycle
1. Production
2. Use
3. End of life
Mobiles turned to be waste, is hazardous:
Of ca 63 grams metal 99 % are:
Aluminium (Al)
Iron (Fe)
Copper (Cu)
Cobalt (Co)
Zinc (Zn)
Nickel (Ni)
Tin (Sn)
Crom (Cr)
Lead (Pb)
A new mobile ”is born”
Lifetime of mobiles in 2000? In 2010?
What happens when it is turned to be WEEE?
Producers responsibility?
BAT for recovery and recycling?
Disassembly Production Line?
Taking care of heavy metals and plastics?
Export to Africa or Asia?
Sustainable production?
Reverse chain management?
IncinerationEU: Control of heavy metals and environmental hazardous compounds
Landfill for hazardous waste
Landfill or dumpDiffuse spread of heavy metals and POP into soil and water
EU: Controlled end-of pipe emissions into marine systems
Heavy metals or POPs entering food chain
Alternative routes
Alternative ways of waste management
Increasing
sustainability
Sustainable production
Waste minimizing: Product is made for long life-time
Reuse and recycling: Product or part of the product isrecycled into new products or energy
Incineration: Mass loss, energy production and
emmision control
Landfill: Ultimate method for non-recyclabe products Some emmision control
Dump: The ultimate method for non-developed countries. No emission control
WEEE burning at dump in Archangelsk
Geological delimitation of a landfill
Regional waste company in Narvik, Norway
Landfill 1 -terminated (1997)
Leachate –
pipes into fiord
Administration
Landfill 2 – still under operation
Pipe for burning biogas from landfill 2
Sorting station for waste
Leachate indicators for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and Waste Electronics (WEEE)
Leachate reflects the content of the waste put on the landfill
In general the following parameters are elevated in leachate from landfills of MSW:
MSW Leachate Indicators: Conductivity, COD, NH4-Nitrogen, Iron (Fe), Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd).
WEEE Leachate Indicators: Aluminium (Al), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), Zinc (Zn), Nickel (Ni), Tin (Sn), Crom (Cr), Lead (Pb)
98,9 % of total metals in mobiles are hazardous
Challenges: Sustainable production (SP)
Amounts and new products of mobile phones has increased during last years
Producers intense competition to reach new markets is more important than SP
Producers responsibility is lacking Turnover time is decreasing → more WEEE Lack of open industrial systems Lack of research within Reverse Chain
Management
Challenges: Sustainable Waste Treatment
Lack of organized WEEE collection system
Large distance between Mobile-Producer and Mobile-Waste-Producer
Peoples tendency to ignore their own role as polluter
Challenges: End-of pipe for WEEE
1. Recipients Marine systems Fresh water Ground water Soil2. Heavy metals are persistent Tenfold up-concentration at each level in
food chain Animals migrations moves leachate
pollution over large distances
Still optimistic!
Thank you for attention!