End of the Native Americans

7/28/2019 End of the Native Americans

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The destruction of the

Native Americans


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Stage Set for Conflict

Culture of the Plains Indians

Buffalo provided food, clothing, and shelter for thenomadic lifestyle of the Indians. They did not believeland should be bought and sold, and white farmers feltit should be divided.

Government policy

Instead of continuing to move the Indians westward,the government changed its policy. Indian land wasseized, and they were forced onto reservations.

Destruction of the buffaloThe buffalo-centered way of life was threatened, withvast herds driven to extinction by reduced grazinglands and hunting for sport and profit.


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The Indian Wars

After the massacre, Cheyenne and Sioux steppedup their raids. In return for closing a sacred trail,

the Sioux agreed to live on a reservation. Othernations signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty and weremoved to reservation lands in western Oklahoma.

SandCreek

Massacre

Army troops attacked and massacred surrendering

Cheyenne. Congressional investigators condemnedthe Army actions, but no one was punished in theSand Creek Massacre.

Treaties

George Armstrong Custer led his troops in

headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost. TheBattle of the Little Bighorn was a temporary victoryfor the Sioux. The U.S. government wasdetermined to put down the threat to settlers.

The Battleof theLittle

Bighorn


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The Indian Wars

The Ghost Dance was a religious movement thatinspired hope among suffering Native Americans.Newspapers began suggesting that this signaled aplanned uprising. The military killed Sitting Bull

while attempting to arrest him in a skirmish.

Palo DuroCanyon

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon ended the Indian

Wars on the southern Plains. With their ponieskilled and food stores destroyed, survivingComanches moved onto the reservation.

The GhostDance

The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred the day

after the surrender. Shooting began after a gunwent off, and the fleeing Sioux were massacred.This action marked the end of the bloody conflictbetween the army and the Plains Indians.

WoundedKnee


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The Treaty of Fort Laramie

(the Treaty of 1868)Signed by Chief RedCloud of the Sioux.

Bozeman Trail closed.

Sioux move onto greatSioux reservation.

U.S. Government wouldprovide protection and

supplies.Not signed by Siouxchiefs such as CrazyHorse and Sitting Bull.


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The Sioux Wars of 1870s

American promises of

the Treaty of 1868

were violated.

Bands of Sioux left

the reservation and

resumed previous

way of life.

Many Sioux leaders,like Sitting Bull or

Crazy Horse of the

Lakota had not signed

the treaty.


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Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse

Whites began returning to

Sioux lands in Black Hillswhen rumor of Gold hadbeen discovered on theGreat Sioux Reservation.

General Custer sent toinvestigate & reportedgold indeed had beenfound.

Government tried to buy

Sioux lands.Sioux refused to sell theirsacred ground.

Sioux and Cheyenne helda Sun Dance, Sitting Bull

had vision of victory over


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The Battle of Little Big HornCUSTERS LAST STAND


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Smashing the Sioux Resistance

Defeat of Custer at

the Little Big Horn,

caused the U.S.

Government toincrease the

military effort to

defeat the Sioux

and others thatresisted the

reservation

system.

General Phil Sheridan


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A P A C H E

People of the desertSouthwest

Hunters and Warriors

Texas, New Mexico,

Colorado, Arizona &Northern Mexico

Cochise- Chief who lead

Apache resistance in 1870s


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Geronimo

& the Apache ResistanceLead a band of Apachefrom New Mexico off thereservation in 1881.

Conducted raids for twoyears across theSouthwest.

Surrendered and resumedraiding a few times.

Final surrender was in1886 to General George

Crook, and he and his


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I Will Fight No More, Forever

Nez Perce lived in Northwestof United States.

Peaceful people who earlierhad befriended and helped

Lewis and Clark.Lost much of their lands towhite settlers by treaty.

When gold found on theirremaining lands, whites

attempted to seize that fromthem.

Young Nez Perce raided andkilled white settlers.

U.S. Army moved to quellNez Perce.hief Joseph, Nez Perce


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Chief Joseph, Nez PerceTell General Howard I Know his heart. What he told

me before, I have in my heart. I am tired of fighting.

Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead.

Toohoolhoolzote is dead. The Old men are all dead. It

is the young men who say yes and no. He who lead

the young men is dead. It is cold and we have noblankets. The little children are freezing to death. My

people, some of them, have run away to the hills and

have no blankets, no food; no one knows where they

are perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time tolook for my children and see how many I can find.

Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my

chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From

where the sun now stands, I will fight no more

forever.


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The Ghost Dance movementBegun by Wovoka, a

Paiute prophet whohad a vision thatIndian dead wouldreturn, Buffalo wouldreturn and whites

would disappear.

Spread rapidly. Spreadfrom tribe to tribe.

Pan-Indian movement

Ritual of the GhostDance would bringrealization of thisvision.

Indian lands would be returned


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The Ghost Dance Movement

Whites viewed the Ghost Dance as dangerous

and would lead to Indian uprising.


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Wounded Knee

Sioux ordered tocamp at WoundedKnee Creek near PineRidge.

Lead by Big Foot ofthe Oglala Sioux, theIndians gave up theirweapons to the army.

Then the army openedfire, the result was


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The End of Indian Wars &

Native American Resistance

I Buried My Heart atWounded Knee

The final BATTLE of

the Indian Wars.

December 29, 1890


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The Dawes Severality Act (1887)

Ended tribal holdings ofland.

Lands of IndianReservations surveyed and

divided into 160-acre farms.Individual Native Americansgiven an allotment.

Could not sell or lease it for

25 years.If they adopted habits ofcivilized life they couldbecome citizens.

Excess lands belonged to

U.S.


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Oklahoma Land

Runs

Series of 7 runs

between 1889 and 1893

Settlers purchased

rights to race to landsin Oklahoma and

acquire homesteads.

Lands previously had

belonged to variousNative American tribes

as part of the Organized

Indian Territory (1828)


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Resistance Ends in the West

Resistance in the Northwest

The government took backnine-tenths of the Nez Percland when gold miners andsettlers came into the area.

Fourteen years later they wereordered to abandon the last bitof that land to move into Idaho.

Chief Joseph tried to take hispeople into Canada, but thearmy forced their surrenderless than forty miles from theCanadian border.

Chief Joseph and many others

were eventually sent tonorthern Washington.

Resistance in the Southwest

The Apache people were movedonto a reservation near the GilaRiver in Arizona.

Soldiers forcefully stopped areligious gathering there, andGeronimo and others fled thereservation.

They raided settlements alongthe Arizona-Mexico border foryears before finally beingcaptured in 1886.

Geronimo and his followerswere sent to Florida as

prisoners of war. His surrendermarked the end of armedresistance in the area.


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Life on the Reservation

The government wanted control over all the westernterritories and wanted Indians to live like white Americans.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs began to erase the Indianculture through a program of Americanization. Indian

students could speak only English and could not wear theirtraditional clothing. They learned to live like Americans.

The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up many reservations andturned Native Americans into individual property owners.

Ownership was designed to transform their relationship tothe land. The Indians received less productive land, and fewhad the money to start farms. Most of the land given to theIndians was unsuitable for farming.


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Indian Schools

Indianchildren takenfrom their

homes andplaced ingovernmentrun schools.

Indianchildren wereinstructed inthe ways of

being white.


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Benevolent Assimilation

Native Americans

give up their

beliefs, customs,culture and way of

life and become a

part of white

culture.


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A Century of Dishonor

Helen Hunt

Jackson

Documented themistreatment of

Native Americans

and outlined the

broken promisesof the United

States.

It makes little difference whereone opens the record of the historyof Indians; every page and everyyear has a dark stain.


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Cowboys and

Cattle


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CowboysBecome a romanticized myth ofAmerican cowboys.

Long days 10-14 hours, 18 or

more while on the trail.

Most were young and bow

legged.

Had to be an expert rider and

roper.

If carried a gun, probably never

shot anyone.

More likely to die of disease or

an accident or outlaws than

Indians.


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The Golden Era of the Cowboy1866-1885

As many as 55,000Cowboys worked in theWest.

Season began with Spring

Round-up.Drive cattle from ranchesto shipping yards.

Wasnt paid until drive wascomplete.

Overgrazing, drought,prairie fires and recordheat & cold killed offlivestock between 1883-87.

Fencing in of the plains. -


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What impact had the WEST

had upon the United States?


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The Significance of the Frontier

in American History

By Frederick JacksonTurner

1890 Census announcedthe end of the frontier as a

clear dividing line betweensettled and undevelopedareas.

Stressed that theavailability of free land and

influence of the frontier hadplayed a major role indevelopment of democracyin the U.S.

Asked what would happen

to the nation now that the


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Wild West

Shows

Buffalo Bill &Sitting Bull

Documents

End of the Native Americans