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ENDANGERED SPECIESENDANGERED SPECIES

ByByMasinah binti SahidMasinah binti Sahid

And And

Habibah binti Jaafar Habibah binti Jaafar



What is endangered species?What is endangered species?

Species:

All the organismspotentially able to

breed in nature andproduce fertileoffspring.

Endangered:

very high risk of extinction in thewild.

Endangered Species

The U.S Endangered

Species Act (ESA)defines as:

³one that is in

danger extinction

throughout all or asignificant portionof its range.´



The HistoryThe History

Plato in the 4th centuryB.C complained thatGreece once blessed withabundant forest of pine

trees. After the trees cutto build houses andships, heavy rain washedthe soil into the sea,leaving only a skeleton of

a body wasted bydisease.

Pierre Poivre a Frenchgovernor of Mauritius wasappalled at theenvironmental and social

devastation caused bydestruction of wild life andthe felling of ebonyforests by Europeansettlers. In1796 he

ordered one quarter of the island was topreserved in forest.



Endangered species

Vulnerable

Interderminate

Rare

Out of Danger

Likely to extinct if nothing changes

very high risk of extinctionin the wild.

a

Population sizes are

decreasing or whosehabitat is being steadily lost

In no particular danger butcontaining few individuals

Belong in the first twocategories but have beenrescued from risk.

Do not have enoughInformation but are suspected

to be in danger

The Red Data Books

Arms.K.(1997) Enviromental Science. Saunders College Pub. Holt,Rinehart and Winston,Inc.Orlando Florida



What is the IUCN Red List?What is the IUCN Red List?International Union of Conservation of NatureInternational Union of Conservation of Nature

The worldµs comprehensive inventory of the global conservation

status of plant and animal species which has strong scientific base.

It uses a set of criteria to evaluate the extinction risk of thousands of species which are relevant to all species and all regions of theworld.

The overall aim : to convey the urgency and scale of conservationproblems to the public and policy makers, and to motivate the globalcommunity to try to reduce species extinctions.

LC NT VU EN CR EW EX

http://www.iucnredlist.org/

http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/2008RL_stats_table_5_v1223294385.pdf



Red ListRed ListMalayan Box TurtlesMalayan Box Turtles

The Malayan Box Turtle isconsidered the commonestfreshwater turtle.

Illegal Trade in Malayan BoxTurtles continues disappearingacross Malaysia despite a ban onits export.

high demand in East Asia for their meat and for use in traditionalChinese medicine.

19 January 2009

a new report by TRAFFIC, the w ildlife trade monitoring network and a joint programme between IUCN and WWF.

Malayan BoxT

urtles



Red ListRed List

Marine turtles (Marine turtles (Cheloniidae)Cheloniidae) The leatherback turtle, which

was previously classified asvulnerable, is now consideredto be an endangered species.

Predators such as crabs, foxes,and birds often kill thehatchlings as they make their

way from the nest to the sea,and when they reach theshallows, many more smallturtles are taken by fish.



Borneon orangBorneon orang--utan (utan ( pygmaeus) pygmaeus)

is found only on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Globallyclassified as endangered dueto their habitat beingdestroyed, fragmented and

poaching,

Orang-utans in Sabah andSarawak are probably bestclassed as µvulnerable¶.

. Most of the remainingpopulations are found inforests that are protected or under natural forestmanagement.



Sumatran rhinocerosSumatran rhinocerosDicerorhinus sumatrensisDicerorhinus sumatrensis

Believed to be fewer than 300individuals left in the world dueto poaching and habitatfragmentation, Sumatranrhinos are criticallyendangered.

Previous estimates suggestthat there were 30 to 70 rhinoson the island of Borneo, all inSabah. However, a surveyconducted in 2005 found

evidence of only 13 rhinos inSabah¶s interior!

- wwf malaysia



Red ListRed ListTiger Tiger (P anthera tigris)(P anthera tigris)

The tiger, is also one of the mostthreatened. Less than 4,000remain in the wild, most in isolatedpockets spread acrossincreasingly fragmented forests

stretching from India to south-eastern China and from theRussian Far East to Sumatra,Indonesia.

The tiger is classified as anendangered species due to theprojected tiger population

declining to at the highest 50%due to an index of abundance anda decline in area of occupancy.



Asian ElephantAsian Elephant

(El ephas maximus)(El ephas maximus) Classified as an endangered

species due to a reduction of at least 50% of the asianelephant population over thelast three generations basedon an index of abundance anda decline in area of occupancy.

The Asian elephant has four subspecies: the Indian,Ceylon, Sumatran, andMalaysian elephants.

http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/media/press/2008/WWFPresitem10982.html



Red ListRed ListAfrican ElephantAfrican Elephant

The African Elephant(Lo x odonta africana) occurssub-Saharan Africa. Poachingfor ivory and meat hastraditionally been the major threat to the species. Across

the continent, the totalpopulation is believed to havesuffered a decline of approximately 25% between1979 and 2007, which falls shortof the 30% threshold requiredfor a Vulnerable listing.

-has been downlisted from theVulnerable category to Near Threatened.



Red ListRed ListT

heT

he Iberian Lynx (Iberian Lynx (L

ynx par d

inus)L

ynx par d

inus)Total population of only 84-143adults, restricted to areas of Spain and Portugal, qualifyingthe species as CriticallyEndangered.

The continued decline in theLynx¶s population is- due in part to the severe

depletion of its primary prey,the European Rabbit.

- accidental deaths fromspeeding vehicles on theexpanding road network.

-Disease and illegal shootingalso threaten the population.

-



GorillaGorilla (G ori ll a g ori ll a)(G ori ll a g ori ll a)

The gorilla is classified asan endangered speciesdue to the projectedgorilla populationdeclining to at the highest50% due to a decline inarea of occupancy. Thegorilla is the largest and

most powerful primatealive.



Red ListRed ListGolden Lion TamarinGolden Lion Tamarin ( Leont o pithecus r osal ia)( Leont o pithecus r osal ia)

The golden lion tamarin

primate)is classified as acritically endangered speciesdue to the fact that it onlyexists in severely fragmentedsubpopulations consisting of no more than fifty maturetamarins each, and that therehas been continuing decline inthe golden

The golden lion tamarin is oneof the most endangered of allmammals



Red ListRed ListAyeAye--ayeaye

(Daubent o

nia mad

agascariensis)(Daubent o

nia mad

agascariensis)

The aye-aye is classified as anendangered species due to aprojected reduction of at least50% of the aye-aye population

over the next ten years basedon levels of exploitation and adecline in area of occupancy.

Also, the aye-aye has anestimated population of lessthan 2500 and an observedcontinuing decline in the form

of severely fragmentedsubpopulations. It can be found on the African

island



Florida Cougar Florida Cougar (P uma c onc ol or c oryi)(P uma c onc ol or c oryi)

The Florida cougar is classifiedas a member of the order Carnivora (Carnivores) and isa member of the familyFelidae. It is also known as theFlorida panther and the FloridaPuma.

It is classified as a critically

endangered species due to anestimated population of lessthan 50 mature individuals.Florida cougars can be foundin the United States.



Amur LeopardAmur Leopard(P anthera par d us oriental is)(P anthera par d us oriental is)

The amur leopard is classified asa member of the order Carnivora(Carnivores) and is a member of the family Felidae. It is classifiedas a critically endangered species

due to a reduction of at least 80%of its population over the pastthree generations because of adecline in area of occupancy,extent of occurance, or quality of habitat.The amur leopard population is

also estimated to be less than 50mature individuals. Amur leopardscan be found in eastern Asia.



Red ListRed ListGiant PandaGiant Panda

A four-year survey wascompleted in 2004 andcounted 1,600 pandas in thewild, 40% more than werethought to exist.

The giant panda is classifiedas an endangered species dueto the fact that it only exists inseverely fragmentedsubpopulations consisting of up to 250 mature adults, andthat there has been continuingdecline in the area of habitat.



Red ListRed ListTheThe Tasmanian DevilTasmanian Devil

The Tasmanian Devil(S arc o phi l us harrisii) is now athreatened species, movingfrom Least Concern toEndangered. The size of a smalldog and found only on theAustralian island state of Tasmania, the Devil is thelargest carnivorous marsupialin the world.

The global population of thisspecies has declined by more

than 60 percent over the last 10years due to a fatal infectiouscancer. Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD), is spreadamongst Tasmanian Devilsthrough biting and from sharingthe same food.



Red ListRed ListWild HorseWild Horse (Eq uus ferus)(Eq uus ferus)

TheWild Horse (Eq uus ferus) previouslywas listed as Extinct in the Wild, but as aresult of ongoing reintroduction efforts itis now showing signs of improvementand has moved down a category toCritically Endangered.

There are currently around 325 free-ranging Wild Horses in Mongolia. Thepast decline of this species has beenattributed to a variety of threats,including hunting, military activities,climatic change, habitat changes andcompetition with domestic livestock.

The main current threat to thereintroduced population is hybridization

with and the potential for diseasetransmission from domestic horses.Habitat degradation and predation bywolves also threaten the population.



Red ListRed ListNorthern White RhinoNorthern White Rhino

The northern white rhinois critically endangered.There are four subspecies of thecritically endangeredblack rhino, eastern,southwestern, southerncentral and western. The

western subspecies isthought to be extinct.



BisonBison

In 1850- 60 millionbison roamed thewestern Great Plains.

-killed only for their hides or tongues

-after 40 years , onlyabout 150 wild bisonalive



Marine Otter Marine Otter ( Lutra fel ina)( Lutra fel ina)

The marine otter is classifiedas a member of the order Carnivora (Carnivores) and isa member of the familyMustelidae.

It is classified as anendangered species due to themarine otter populationdeclining because of the levelsof exploitation and a decline inits area of occupancy. Marineotters can be found in South

America.



Red ListRed ListTheThe Caspian SealCaspian Seal (P usa caspica)(P usa caspica)

. Its population has declined by90 percent over the last 100years due to unsustainablelevels of commercial hunting,habitat degradation andpollution.

Since 2005 the number of pups born has plummeted by acatastrophic 60 percent to just6,000-7,000. A low survivalrate among pups has led

researchers to fear there arebarely enough breedingfemales to keep the populationviable.



Red ListRed ListTheThe Squaretail Coral Grouper Squaretail Coral Grouper (Pl ectr o pomus(Pl ectr o pomus areol atus)areol atus)

- found on the coral reefs of theIndo-Pacific. It is listed asVulnerable because of itsimportance in the luxury livereef food fish trade (LRFFT).

The huge market for LRFFTamongst wealthy consumers inChina and in Chinesecommunities around the world.

The Squaretail Coral Grouper cannot be farmed therefore all

fish are caught from the wild.As a result of this increasinglyheavy fishing pressure atspawning aggregations, manyhave now disappeared fromsome countries



Siberian SturgeonSiberian Sturgeon(Acipenser baerii baerii)(Acipenser baerii baerii)

It is classified as anendangered speciesdue to a projected

reduction of at least50% of the Siberiansturgeon populationover the next ten

years based on actuallevels of exploitation.



Red ListRed ListTheThe Rameshwaram Parachute Spider Rameshwaram Parachute Spider

A species of Indiantarantula listed as CriticallyEndangered. Found only onthe island of Rameshwaram.

The total population of thisspider is likely to number less than 500 adults. Itsnatural habitat has almostcompletely been destroyeddue to the development of plantations for other uses, amajor threat to this species.



Red ListRed ListWhaleWhale

Seven out of the 13 great whalespecies are still endangered or vulnerable after decades of protection.

Facing a multitude of hazardscollisions with ships andentanglement in fishing gear threaten the North Atlantic rightwhale with extinction, while theCritically Endangered WesternNorth Pacific gray whale is atserious risk because of

intensive oil and gasdevelopment in its feedinggrounds.Alarm is also growingover other hazards includingtoxic contamination, the effectsof climate change and habitatdegradation.



Red ListRed ListNorthern Rockhopper PenguinNorthern Rockhopper Penguin

The Northern Rockhopper Penguin (E udyptes moseleyi)

± which is principally found onUK territories in the South

Atlantic ± has declined by 90%over the last 50 years.

Historical records estimate thatmillions of penguins used tooccur on Tristan da Cunha andGough Island, but, declines (of more than 90%) havedramatically reduced their

numbers in the last half century. Bird Conservation International 2009, 19: 1-

12 http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2009/01/rockhop

per_decline.html



E nd angered Bir d sE nd angered Bir d s

Marquesan Kingfisher (T od irhamphus g od effr oyi)

It is classified as an endangeredspecies due to a severelyfragmented population and aprojected decline of mature

marquesan kingfishers.

Rufous-lored Kingfisher (T od irhamphus winchell i)

It is classified as an endangeredspecies due to a reduction of at

least 50% of the population over thelast three generations based on adecline in area of occupancy, and aprojected decline of at least 50%over the next three generationsbased on the same reason.



Endangered BirdsEndangered Birds

The blue-bellied parrot is anendangered species due to thefact that it only exists in severelyfragmented subpopulations of nomore than 250 mature parrotseach.

The Mauritius kestrel is classifiedas an endangered species due toan estimated population of lessthan 250 mature Mauritiuskestrels

The California condor a criticallyendangered species due to an

estimated population of less than50 mature individuals. TheCalifornia condor can be found inthe United States.

Mauritius kestrel

California Condor Gouldian Finch

Passerines

Hawaiian Crow



Red ListRed ListRafflesia magnificaRafflesia magnifica

Rafflesia is among the group of plants that produce the largestsingle flowers in the world.Endemic to the Philippines andBorneo, only a few individuals of R. magnifica have been recorded,

all of them male.T

he species islisted as Critically Endangeredbecause of its very smallpopulation size and restrictedrange.

Construction of a national highwayin the area has facilitated easier human access and disturbance

poses a threat to this rare plant asits unusual flowers are oftentreated as visitor attractions



Pitcher Plant (Pitcher Plant (S arraceniaS arracenia

oreophila)oreophila) Commercial collecting of wild

plants such as orchids, pitcher plants, tongkat ali and kacipFatimah is also endangeringthe survival of these species.

It is estimated that more thantwo per cent or about 170 of the estimated 8,500 species of flowering plants in Peninsular Malaysia have become extinctin the last 50 years.



Kg Kuantan FirefliesKg Kuantan Fireflies((P teroptyx tener P teroptyx tener ))

Their numbers are dimming.Damming the Selangor River upstream and agriculturalencroachment alter the mangroveecosystem. So it is unknown howlong these bright bugs will

continue to shine in the night sky.

TheWater Enactment (1920)provides protection for 50 feetwide river reserve, but only if it isspecifically gazetted. In the caseof riverine mangroves in KampungKuantan, which is a habitat for thefireflies, it is unfortunate that thisarea is not yet been given anyprotection status as river reserve.



Fireflies inhibit around thebranches of the ³Berembang´trees along the riverbank. Atdusk fireflies gather in

berembang trees to suck treesap and flash to attract a mate. Bats pollinate the flowers of

the berembang tree. So thesurvival of this mangrovespecies depends on the bat.

And fireflies depend on the

berembang trees. That's hownature works on the Selangor River.

Kg Kuantan FirefliesKg Kuantan Fireflies



There has also been anincrease in land clearingactivities at the catchment areaof Sungai Selangor, whichresulted in an increase of sediment levels in the water.

Effluents and run-off from largeagricultural areas andagricultural-based industriesare other contributing factorsthat lead to poor water quality.

These may account for thedecrease of Berembang treesover the years.

Kg Kuantan FirefliesKg Kuantan Fireflies



Why are some spesies endangeredWhy are some spesies endangered

Some prone with to extinction of others

Increase of death rate will wipe out all of

them Difficult to find mates or to breed

( especially which can breed only in group)



Why are some spesies endangered?Why are some spesies endangered?

EndemicEndemic Species are endemic, they

easily become endangeredwhen the habitat is disturbedor changed in any way. Aspecies is said to be endemic

when it is found naturally inonly a single geographicalarea and nowhere else.

For example, the genus Aleisanthia (which belongs tothe coffee-family or

Rubiaceae) is endemic to thepeninsula

Aleisanthia



Why are some spesies endangered?Why are some spesies endangered?

reproduce slowlyreproduce slowly

Produce one or fewer offspring each year.

The young take many

years to reach sexualmaturity.

albatrosses

cheetah



Why are some species endangered?Why are some species endangered?Genetic driftGenetic drift

A founder effect or demographic bottleneckoccurs when just a few members of aspecies survive a catastrophic event or

colonise new habitat isolated from other members. Any deleterious genes present inthe founders will be overpresented in thenext generation. In breeding, mating closely

related individuals also makes expression of recessive genes more likely



Why are some species endangered?Why are some species endangered?Genetic driftGenetic drift

All the male cheetahthroughout of the world appear to be nearly geneticallyidentical, suggesting that theyall share a single male

ancestor.

The lack of diversity maycause by extreme low fertilityrate,high abundance of abnormal sperms, low survival

rate of offspring whichthreatens the survival of thespecies.



Why are some species endangeredWhy are some species endangered??Unused to competitionUnused to competition

Species unused tocompetition

Extinct when

competitors fromother areas areintroduced (usuallythose that accompanyhuman invasion) e.ggoats,dogs,cats,rats

Giant tortoise in the GalapagosIsland extinct, competition of goatsfor the plants.





Why are some species endangered?Why are some species endangered?Need large areasNeed large areas

A Panda's daily menuconsists almost entirely of the leaves, stems, andshoots of various bamboospecies. Bamboo contains

very little nutritional value,so pandas must eat 12-38 kga day to meet their energyneeds.

In 1970s, huge acreages of

bamboo flowered and manypanda starved.



Why are some species endangered?Why are some species endangered?

OverharvestingOverharvesting

Cactus ³rustlers´ stealcacti by the ton from the American southwest andMexico ± price ranging as

high as $1,000 for rarespecies.

Wild ginseng has beennearly eliminated

because of the Asiandemand for folk medicine.



Why are some species endangered?Why are some species endangered?WhalingWhaling




illegal ivory tradeillegal ivory trade




OverfishingOverfishing Human kill about 100 million of

sharks, skates and rays.

In North Atlantic all coastalshark species plunged ataverage of 61% between 1986

and 2000. Hammerheadsharks dropped by 89%

A single fin from a whale sharkcan now sell for more than $10000 in Asian Market.

In 1990s rapidly increasingprices boosted the shark fintraffic Hawaii, from 90,000 kgto more than 2 million kg per year.









Extermination of the American passenger pigeon.

200 years ago ± (3 to 5billion) 20 years between 1870 ±

1890 decreasing. The last known wild bird

was shot in 1900 and thelast existing a femaleMartha died in 1914 inthe Cincinnati zoo.




Why are some species endangered?Why are some species endangered?Tiger Tiger-- Poisoned, trapped, snared,Poisoned, trapped, snared,

shot, captured...shot, captured...

. Today, tigers are poisoned, shot, trapped

and snared, and the majority of theseanimals are sought to meet the demandsof a continuing illegal wildlife trade - whichincludes traditional Chinese medicine.




Profit Commercial productsProfit Commercial products

Tiger and leopard fur coat can bringUS$100,000 in Japan

and Europe. Powdered rhino horn

fetches US$28,000per kg



Profit Commercial ProductProfit Commercial Product





Limited Habitat:Limited Habitat:Fragmented by human activitiesFragmented by human activities

Large mammals like tigers or wolves , need large expansesof contiguous range relativelyfree of human incursion.

The most comprehensivescientific study of tiger habitatsever done finds that tigersreside in 40 percent lesshabitat than they were thought

to a decade ago and nowoccupy only seven percent of their historic range.(wwf 2005)




Habitat destructionHabitat destruction

Forest Fires

Dam construction

Deforestation






Trade in wild species for petsTrade in wild species for pets

- 5 million live birdsare sold each year mostly in Europe andNorth America.

-currently illegalimport 1 millionamphibians andmammals, 500,000

birds and 128 milliontropical fish eachyear.



W hy S ave E nd angered S pecies? W hy S ave E nd angered S pecies?

Plants and animals hold medicinal,agricultural, ecological, commercialand aesthetic/recreational value.

Endangered species must be protectedand saved so that future generationscan experience their presence and

value.




Drugs and Medicines SourcesDrugs and Medicines Sources



The Pacific yew, a slow-growing treefound in the ancient forests of thePacific Northwest, was historically

considered a "trash" tree (it wasburned after clear cutting). However, asubstance in its bark taxol was recentlyidentified as one of the most promising

treatments for ovarian and breastcancer.


Drugs and Medicines SourcesDrugs and Medicines Sources






EcologicalEcological

Plant and animal species are the foundation of healthy ecosystems. Humans depend onecosystems such as coastal estuaries, prairiegrasslands, and ancient forests to purify their air,

clean their water, and supply them with food.

When species become endangered, it is an indicator that the health of these vital ecosystems isbeginning to unravel. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service estimates that losing one plant species cantrigger the loss of up to 30 other insect, plant andhigher animal species.



EcologicalEcologicalWhy tree need salmon?Why tree need salmon?

Together the fish, bears andbirds transport and distributenutrients and around theMcNeil River, Alaska.

The carcasses of the fish leftby the bears provide about120kg of nitrogen per hectareof forest.

Thus 80 000 to 120 000 bearscould transferring 60 million kgof salmon tissue into therainforest every year.

Reimchen, T., et al.2003. Isotopic evidence for enrichment of salmon derived nutrients invegetation soil and I riparian zones incoastal British Columbia. AmericanFisheries Society Symposium

InWashington, Oregon andCalifornia most salmon populationshave fallen by 90 % from their historic numbers and somestocks are now extinct.




Commercial and recreationalCommercial and recreational Various wild species are

commercially raised, directlycontributing to local andregional economies.

Commercial and recreationalsalmon fishing in the PacificNorthwest provides 60,000

jobs and $1 billion annuallyin personal income, and isthe center of Pacific

Northwest Native Americanculture.




AgriculturalAgricultural

There are an estimated 80,000 edible plants in theworld. Humans depend upon only 20 species of these plants, such as wheat and corn, to provide90% of the world's food. Wild relatives of thesecommon crops contain essential disease-resistant

material. They also provide humans with the means to

develop new crops that can grow in inadequatelands such as in poor soils or drought-stricken areasto help solve the world hunger problem. In the 1970s,

genetic material from a wild corn species in Mexicowas used to stop a leaf fungus that had previouslywiped out 15% of the U.S. corn crop.



STEPS TO SAVE

ENDANGERED

SPECIES

W Y C H l E d dW Y C H l E d d



W ays Y ou Can Hel p E nd angered W ays Y ou Can Hel p E nd angered

S peciesS pecies

If you have friends who live on farms,encourage them to keep patches of bush aswildlife habitats and to leave old treesstanding, especially those with hollowssuitable for nesting animals.

By removing rubbish and weeds andreplanting with natives you will allow thenative bush to gradually regenerate. This willalso encourage native animals to return.



THE SPECIES APPROACHTHE SPECIES APPROACH

-protect endangered species by

identifying them, giving them legal

protection, preserving and managing their critical habitats,

propagating species in captivity

and reintroduction species insuitable habitats

W Y C H l E d d S iW Y C H l E d d S i



W ays Y ou Can Hel p E nd angered S peciesW ays Y ou Can Hel p E nd angered S pecies

Obey the wi l d l ife c od eObey the wi l d l ife c od e

When you visit anational park, makesure you obey thewildlife code: follow fire

regulations; leave your pets at home; leaveflowers, birds¶ eggs,logs and bush rockswhere you find them;

put your rubbish in abin or, better still, takeit home.

W h l E d d S i ?W h l E d d S i ?



W ays y ou can hel p E nd angered S pecies? W ays y ou can hel p E nd angered S pecies?

Protected AreasProtected Areas

There are more than3,500 protected areas inexistence worldwide.These areas include

parks, wildlife refugesand other reserves. Theycover a total of nearly

2 million square miles

(5 million square km), or 3% of our total land area.



CON SE RVATION OF

AS IAN ELEPH ANT S IN MAL AY S IA

El h t S t K lEl h t S t K l



Elephant Sanctuary KualaElephant Sanctuary KualaGandah, PahangGandah, Pahang

Elephant Sanctuary KualaGandah, PahangOver the past 25 years the strongteam has helped to prevent thefurther decline of the elephantpopulation by relocating more than300 wild elephants!

Kuala Gandah also aims topromote public awareness of theelephant's plight in Malaysia andto support research into elephanttranslocation and conservation. Italso aims to educate the public

about the importance of habitatand environmental preservation.























GaramaWetlandGaramaWetland

Proboscis Monkeys andFirefly (GaramaWetland) -BorneoBeside having the opportunityto see the Proboscis Monkey,

one may also get the chanceto see variety of birds, thecommon Macaque gathering inlarge numbers, sighting of therare Silver Langour, largegroup of water buffalo and if you're lucky enough, you maysee a crocodile in the river bank.



Way to Save Endangered SpeciesWay to Save Endangered Species



W ay t o S ave E nd angered S peciesW ay t o S ave E nd angered S pecies

Make Space For Our WildlifeMake Space For Our Wildlife

Build a birdfeeder andestablish a birdbath for theneighborhood birds.

Plant a tree and build a

birdhouse in your backyard.

Start composting in your backyard garden or on your balcony. It eliminates theneed for chemical fertilizerswhich are harmful to animalsand humans, and it benefitsyour plants!

THEWILDLIFE MANAGEMENTTHEWILDLIFE MANAGEMENT



THEWILDLIFE MANAGEMENT THEWILDLIFE MANAGEMENT APPROACH APPROACH

-manage species, mostly gamespecies for sustained yield by

using laws to regulate hunting,establishing harvest quotas anddeveloping population

management plans





Reinforcement of LawReinforcement of Law

Endangered SpeciesAct (ESA) 1973

Committee on theStatus of Endangered Wildlifein Canada(COSEWIC)1976

Akta PerlindunganHidupan Liar 1972

International WildlifeTreaties.

In 1975 Conventionon International Tradein EndangeredSpecies (CITES) wasa step towardworldwide protection

of endangerd floraand fauna.





Join An OrganizationJoin An Organization

There are many community groups workingon conservation activities. Join anorganization in your area and start helpingtoday!

TRAFFIC, the wildlife trade monitoring network,works to ensure that trade in wild plants andanimals is not a threat to the conservation of

nature. TRAFFIC is a joint programme of IUCNandWWF.





Join An OrganizationJoin An Organization





Make Your Voice HeardMake Your Voice Heard State and territory government conservation agencies are

responsible for the management of national parks and theprotection of wildlife. They are sometimes supported by publicfoundations.

Tell your family, friends and work mates about threatenedspecies and how they can help them.

Start a group dedicated to protecting a threatened plant or animal in your area or perhaps to help care for a national park.

Write articles or letters about threatened species tonewspapers.

Ring up talk-back radio programs to air your concerns, or arrange to talk on your community radio station.

Sources of Information: Greenpeace Canada,WWF Canada,Geocites, and Environment Australia




Campaign and ConferenceCampaign and Conference

to create awarenessto create awareness





EducationEducation



Students¶sActivitiesStudents¶sActivities

Make A Storybook - Select a single, or many, endangered speciesthat interest you. Do research in your local library and on the internetto learn more about the species. Determine where they live and why,what they eat, what eats them, who shares their home, and why theyare endangered. Draw pictures to illustrate your story. Share your storybook with others.

Personal Reading - Read and learn as much about endangeredspecies as you can. Your local library is probably the best place tobegin. You could look in encyclopedias, reference books, picturebooks, storybooks, magazines, and even cd-roms using a computer.

Local Species Research - Research to determine if there are anyendangered species in your hometown. Try to find out what other people in your community are doing for these species. Perhaps youcan interview them and ask why they are interested, and what they are

doing. Tell Others! - Share your new knowledge with others. Tell them

about endangered species and explain why they are endangered.Encourage others to learn more about endangered species. Let themknow that together, we can all make a difference.

Source Of Information - © . 1997 NationalWildlife Federation. All rightsreserved.

SS



Students¶sActivitiesStudents¶sActivities

Make Masks And Costumes- Based on a picture of an

endangered species, make amask or a costume usingpaper mache, paper bags,construction paper, or

whatever you can findaround the house or in theart room at school. You caneven make it a group projector a game at a party.Whenyou finish, maybe you andyour friends can wear your

costumes and march in aparade. Be sure to takephotographs.

S d ¶ A i i iS d ¶ A i i i



Students¶ ActivitiesStudents¶ Activities

Make Puppets Find photographs from

magazines or books of endangered species. Fromthese images, create a puppet

that looks like your favoriteendangered animal.. Once youhave made your puppet, youcan create a story explainingwhy the species has becomeendangered. Use your locallibrary and the internet to

research why the species hasbecome endangered. Use your local library and the internet toresearch why the species isendangered. Using your puppet, tell your story to anaudience

Controversial issues in theControversial issues in the



Controversial issues in theControversial issues in theclassroomclassroom

Enviromental concerns regarding protection of endangered species

Part of science education for students student in our schools is learning how to deal with opinions of personswhose views differ from their own.

To bring about necessary learning, changes in attitudes,understanding of other¶s people opinions or interactionskills with people with different ideas.

Incorporating activities that address controversial issueswill enhance student learning and present opportunities

to develop abilities to think critically and resolve conflicts. Students will build of civic responsilibity

Designing Controversies for theDesigning Controversies for the



Designing Controversies for theDesigning Controversies for theScience ClassroomScience Classroom

Identify the conflict and the theme for the controversy. ± endangeredspecies

Introduce the scientific or technological problem. Clarify the conflict. Be sure there is a controversy (choice between two alternatives)

Describe the situation and controversy to the student inunderstandable terms. Delienate the possible decision in the dilema. Review the ethical positions and describe what you perceive to be

the pro/con positions for each stage. Ask for a definitive decision with reference to the controversy.

Remember that a good controversy is simple, straightforward andrelevant to students. Ask for a justification for the response.



Role-playing

Debate

Creativitysynectics

TeachingStrategies

Group

discussion

D b tD b t C t i l IC t i l I



DebateDebate-- Controversial IssueControversial Issue

As wildlife habitat has diminished outsideparks, many people also want parks to befor haven for wildlife. Ecologists would like

to see balanced populations of predatorsbut residents surrounding parks oftendislike the idea of grizzlies and wolves in

neighborhood.

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Creative SynecticsCreative Synectics

Created by William J.J.Gordon (1960) Using 3 types of metaphors which are -direct analogy ( compare and two objects or concepts) - personal analogy ( student state how they would feel if

they were an endangered species of animal) -compressed conflict. Students are asked to identifycontradictions in the analogies and work to resolve themby making certain concessions or accommodations

- help students perceive problems in a more a diverseand creative manner. Have motivation to exploresomething unfamiliar and create something new or different.-ability to see a problem from another person¶spoint of view and avoid responding to problems instereotypical ways.

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ReferencesReferences

http://www.theslatefoundation.org/index.html

http://www.endangeredspecie.com/

http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/ http://www.nature-escapes-kuala-

lumpur.com/Kampung-Kuantan-

Fireflies.html http://www.arbec.com.my/endangered%20plants.htm

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ReferencesReferences

Cunningham W.P.,CunninghamM.A.,Saigo.B.W.(2007) Enviromental Science: AGlobal Concern, Mc Graw Hill, New York.

Arms.K.(1997) Enviromental Science. SaundersCollege Pub. Holt, Rinehart andWinston,Inc.Orlando Florida.

Campbell N.A. et al (2003).Biology; Concept and

Connection. Benjamin Cummings. SanFrancisco.

Documents

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