EnergyEnergy

and microbial lifeand microbial life

Universal Energy CurrencyUniversal Energy Currency

What molecules serve as “instant What molecules serve as “instant energy packets” for all living cell?energy packets” for all living cell?

ATPATPEnergy Currency of ALL Living CellsEnergy Currency of ALL Living Cells

Adenosine Tri-PhosphateAdenosine Tri-Phosphate

ATPATP““Adenosine Tri-Phosphate”Adenosine Tri-Phosphate”

Universal Energy Currency for ALL Universal Energy Currency for ALL life forms on Earthlife forms on Earthhumans, worms, daffodils, bacteria)humans, worms, daffodils, bacteria)

Are Energy “quarters”Are Energy “quarters”Examples:Examples:

How do we rebuild “broken” ATPHow do we rebuild “broken” ATP(We need to replenish our ATP!)(We need to replenish our ATP!)

ATP ATP ADP + P + ADP + P + ENERGY to do stuffENERGY to do stuff

HOW get energy so that:HOW get energy so that:

Energy + ADP + P Energy + ADP + P ATP??? ATP???

ANSWER:ANSWER:

We get energy to rebuild our ATPs We get energy to rebuild our ATPs from:from:

FOOD!FOOD!

IMPORTANT!IMPORTANT!Breaking down food intro small Breaking down food intro small pieces = Digestion (Hydrolysis!)pieces = Digestion (Hydrolysis!)

Breaking the covalent bond of the Breaking the covalent bond of the small food pieces (like glucose) to small food pieces (like glucose) to release stored energy = release stored energy = RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

(Cellular Respiration)(Cellular Respiration)

Two Types of Cellular RespirationTwo Types of Cellular Respiration(Two ways to get E from food!)(Two ways to get E from food!)

AnaerobicAnaerobic

Glucose is partially Glucose is partially broken down into 2 broken down into 2 pyruvatespyruvates

Occurs in cytoplasmOccurs in cytoplasm

Yields 2 ATPs Yields 2 ATPs (NET)(NET)

Does NOT Require oxygen Does NOT Require oxygen gas!! (Ogas!! (O22)”)”

Performed by ??Performed by ??

AerobicAerobic

Glucose (2 pyruvates) Glucose (2 pyruvates) completelycompletely broken down broken down

Occurs in mitochondriaOccurs in mitochondria

Yields 36 ATPs Yields 36 ATPs (NET)(NET)

DOES require oxygen gas!! DOES require oxygen gas!! (O(O22))

Performed by ??Performed by ??

Anaerobic Cell. RespirationAnaerobic Cell. Respiration(it’s not pretty!)(it’s not pretty!)

What happens when you put yeast What happens when you put yeast in grape juice and incubate?in grape juice and incubate?

Hint: Hint:

Anaerobic Respiration akaAnaerobic Respiration aka“Fermentation”“Fermentation”

(See board)(See board)

What happens when you put What happens when you put bacteria in milk and incubate?bacteria in milk and incubate?

Hint: Hint:

Anaerobic Respiration akaAnaerobic Respiration aka“Fermentation”“Fermentation”

(See board)(See board)

How does Aerobic Cellular How does Aerobic Cellular Respiration Work?Respiration Work?

Glucose fragments (pyruvates) are Glucose fragments (pyruvates) are transported into a mitochondriontransported into a mitochondrion

Remember: Mitochondria only Remember: Mitochondria only function in presence of oxygen gas!function in presence of oxygen gas!

How does Aerobic Cellular How does Aerobic Cellular Respiration Work?Respiration Work?

Mitochondria completely “pulverize” the Mitochondria completely “pulverize” the glucose “halves”, (pyruvate). Most of the glucose “halves”, (pyruvate). Most of the covalent bonds are broken; the atoms are covalent bonds are broken; the atoms are now only bonded in the form of water and now only bonded in the form of water and carbon dioxide. The water & CO2 are carbon dioxide. The water & CO2 are released as waste products. released as waste products.

As the covalent bonds are broken (See As the covalent bonds are broken (See above.) enough energy is released to re-above.) enough energy is released to re-build 32 more ATP.build 32 more ATP.

Aerobic Cellular RespirationAerobic Cellular RespirationMitochondria QuestionsMitochondria Questions

Why do we need oxygen to live?Why do we need oxygen to live?

What does cyanide do?What does cyanide do?

(Bacteria Review)(Bacteria Review)

What do you already know about What do you already know about bacteria??bacteria??

Major Episodes in the History of LifeMajor Episodes in the History of Life

Visual Summary 15.1

Millions of years ago

475570

1,0001,7002,5003,5004,500

Major Episode

Plants and fungi colonize landAll major animal phyla establishedFirst multicellular organismsOldest eukaryotic fossilsAccumulation of atmospheric 02

Oldest prokaryotic fossilsOrigin of Earth

Two types of Prokaryotic organisms: Two types of Prokaryotic organisms: Eubacteria (bacteria) and ArchaeaEubacteria (bacteria) and Archaea

Visual Summary 15.3

Prokaryotes

Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea(e.g., extremophiles)

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in several respectsdiffer in several respects

Figure 4.4

Prokaryotic cell Nucleoid region

Eukaryotic cell Nucleus Organelles

The Two Major Categories of CellsThe Two Major Categories of Cells

SUMMARY OF KEY CONCEPTSSUMMARY OF KEY CONCEPTS

Visual Summary 4.1

Figure4.5x2Figure4.5x2

What’s going on?What’s going on?

Review of Prokaryote StructureReview of Prokaryote Structure

Plasma membranePlasma membrane

Outer cell wallOuter cell wall

Big loop of DNABig loop of DNA

Little loops of DNA (plasmids)Little loops of DNA (plasmids)

RibosomesRibosomes

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Detriments to HumansDetriments to Humans

Bad breath, tooth decayBad breath, tooth decay

Food poisoningFood poisoning

Some are pathogenicSome are pathogenicpathogenicpathogenic – –

Some diseases caused by bacteria:Some diseases caused by bacteria:• Strep throat, “staph” infectionStrep throat, “staph” infection• Cholera, “The Plague”Cholera, “The Plague”• Syphilis, gonorrhea,Syphilis, gonorrhea,

How cure bacterial infections?How cure bacterial infections?

(Antibiotics)(Antibiotics)

Homework:Homework:Should we drop “bacteria bomb?”Should we drop “bacteria bomb?”

Are there benefits to bacteria that Are there benefits to bacteria that outweigh their detriments to outweigh their detriments to

humans?humans?